Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Transcription

1 Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood

2 Blood Liquid connective tissue 1. Transportation - Gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste. 2. Regulation - ph, body temperature, and blood pressure. 3. Protection Clotting and white blood cells.

3 Blood Blood plasma water liquid extracellular matrix 91.5% water, 8.5% proteins Hepatocytes make most plasma proteins (like antibodies) Other solutes include electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases and waste products

4 Blood breakdown

5 Elements of Blood

6 Formation of Blood Cells Hemopoiesis: making RBC s. They are made in the bone marrow using pluripotent stem cells. Hemoglobin oxygen carrying protein in RBC. No nucleus or mitochondria!

7 Red Blood Cells RBC life cycle Live only about 120 days Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and destroyed by macrophages in spleen and liver

8 Circulation for about 120 days Amino Globin acids 4 Reused for protein synthesis Fe Heme Ferritin Fe 3+ Transferrin + Bilirubin Globin 9 + Biliverdin Bilirubin Red blood cell 11 Liver Vitamin B death and Small Erythopoietin phagocytosis Kidney intestine 8 Erythropoiesis in 13 Bilirubin 12 red bone marrow Urobilin Macrophage in Urobilinogen Bacteria Key: spleen, liver, or in blood red bone marrow Stercobilin Large 14 intestine in bile Urine Feces Fe 3+ Transferrin Fe 3+

9 Erythropoiesis

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11 White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes Granular leukocytes Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranular leukocytes Lymphocytes and monocytes General function to combat invaders by phagocytosis or immune responses Have nuclei Do not contain hemoglobin Lymphocytes live for years. Other WBC s live for a few days.

12 Types of White Blood Cells

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14 WBCs Neutrophils respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria. Monocytes take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes. These turn into macrophages. Both are phagocytes eat other cells.

15 WBCs Basophils release granules containing histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation. This Intensifies the inflammatory reaction. But can cause allergies. Eosinophils phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against parasites.

16 Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are the major soldiers of the immune system B cells destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins T cells attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells and some bacteria. Natural Killer (NK) cells attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells

17 Emigration of WBCs Many WBCs leave the bloodstream Emigration Stick to and then squeeze between endothelial cells

18 Platelets Red blood cell Platelet Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug 1 Platelet adhesion Collagen fibers and damaged endothelium Megakaryocyte makes platelets Liberated ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2 2 Platelet release reaction Platelet plug 3 Platelet aggregation

19 ABO Blood Group Type A blood has only antigen A Type B blood has only antigen B Type AB blood has antigens A and B Universal recipients Type O blood has neither antigen Universal donor

20 ABO Blood Group

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22 Hemolytic Disease Rh blood group People whose RBCs have the Rh antigen are Rh + People who lack the Rh antigen are Rh - Normally, blood plasma does not contain anti-rh antibodies Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) if blood from Rh + fetus contacts Rh - mother during birth, anti-rh antibodies made Affect is on second Rh + baby

23 Test Review Google: Anatomy and Physiology Online Quiz Ch.19: 20, 22-27, Ch.20: 6,8,10. Ch.21: 1,7,10. Ch.22: 1,5,7,8,13,20,22,25,26.

24 Reflection Chemicals such as benzene can destroy red bone marrow, causing aplastic anemia. What symptoms would you expect to develop as a result of the lack of: 1. red blood cells 2. platelets 3. leukocytes