Chapter 06 Lecture Outline. See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes.

Transcription

1 Chapter 06 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education Pearson Permission Education, required Inc. for reproduction or display.

2 Cardiovascular System: Blood SPL/Science Source, (inset) Andrew Syred/Science Source

3 Points to ponder What type of tissue is blood and what are its components? What is found in plasma? Name the three formed elements in blood and their functions. How does the structure of red blood cells relate to their function? Describe the structure and function of each white blood cell. What are disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets? What do you need to know before donating blood? What are antigens and antibodies? How are ABO blood types determined? What blood types are compatible for blood transfusions? What is the Rh factor and how is this important to pregnancy? How does the cardiovascular system interact with other systems to maintain homeostasis?

4 Circulatory System Components Heart Blood vessels Blood

5 Three Primary Functions of the Blood Transportation Nutrients, waste, hormones Regulation Temperature, water volume, ph Defense Against infections and bleeding

6 Food and water intake Oxygen intake Elimination of carbon dioxide Respiratory system The Human Body O 2 CO 2 Digestive system Nutrients, salt, water Water, salts, metabolic waste Circulatory system Urinary system Metabolic waste Transport to and from all cells Elimination of food residues, metabolic wastes Elimination of excess water, salts, metabolic wastes Figure 7.1

7 Blood components Measurement: hematocrit Males 41-53% Females 31-46% Plasma (55%) Whole blood Platelets and WBC (1%) RBC (44%) a) Whole blood. b) Blood after being spun in centrifuge. c) A table-top centrifuge. Figure 7.2

8 Plasma 55% 91% water and 9% ions & plasma proteins Constituent Major functions Water Ions (blood electrolytes) Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Plasma proteins Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulins (antibodies) Solvent for carrying other substances Osmotic balance, ph buffering, and regulation of membrane permeablity Osmotic balance, ph buffering Clotting Defense Separated blood elements Substances transported by blood Nutrients Waste products Respiratory gases Hormones

9 Figure 42.17b Cell type Cellular elements 45% Number per L (mm 3 ) of blood Leukocytes (white blood cells) 5,000 10,000 Functions Defense and immunity Separated blood elements Basophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes Platelets 250, ,000 Blood clotting Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 5 6 million Transport of O 2 and some CO 2

10 6.1 Blood: An Overview Where do the formed elements come from and what are they? stem cells (top): Doug Menuez/Getty RF; stem cells for the white blood cells erythroblasts lymphoblasts monoblasts myeloblasts megakaryoblasts Red Blood Cell (erythrocyte) transports O 2 and helps transport CO 2 Lymphocyte active in specific immunity Monocyte becomes large phagocyte Neutrophil (contains granules) phagocytizes pathogens Eosinophil (contains granules) active in allergies and worm infections Basophil (contains granules) releases histamine Platelets (thrombocytes) aid blood clotting Figure 6.1 How cells in the blood are formed.

11 Red Blood Cells Functions: transport O 2 and CO 2 & buffer Measurements: hematocrit hemoglobin» males g/dl» Female g/dl Life span: 120 days

12 6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen Production of red blood cells Erythropoietin Normal O 2 blood level 1. Low O 2 blood level 2. Kidney increases production of erythropoietin. 4. O 2 blood level returns to normal. 3. Stem cells increase red blood cell production. Figure 6.4 Response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood oxygen concentration.

13 Erythropoietin O 2 availability Increase Set point Decrease O 2 -sensitive cells in kidneys respond to a decline in O 2 availability by increasing erythropoietin production Increased number of RBCs returns O 2 availability to normal Erythropoietin stimulates increased RBC production by stem cells in bone marrow Figure 7.6

14 6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen What is blood doping? It is any method of increasing the number of RBCs to increase athletic performance. It allows more efficient delivery of oxygen and reduces fatigue. EPO is injected into a person months prior to an athletic event. It is thought to be able to cause death due to thickening of blood that leads to a heart attack.

15 Stem cells are located in red bone marrow Stem cells multiply and become specialized Mature blood cells Pluripotent cells Erythroblast Nucleus lost Erythrocyte (red blood cell) Neutrophil Myeloblast Eosinophil Granular leukocytes Stem cell Basophil White blood cells Monoblast Monocyte Agranular leukocytes Lymphoblast Lymphocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets Figure 7.5

16 White Blood Cells Functions Protection from infection Regulation of the inflammatory reaction

17 Granular Leukocytes Neutrophils 60% of circulating wbcs First on the scene to fight infection by engulfing microorganisms Eosinophils 2 4% of circulating wbcs Defend against large parasites (worms) Moderate severity of allergic reactions Basophils 0.5% of circulating wbcs Histamine in granules role in inflammation

18 Agranular Leukocytes Monocytes 5% Leave the blood and transform into macrophages Lymphocytes 30% Two types B lymphocytes antibodies T lymphocytes specific immune response

19 Platelets Small cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes Important role in hemostasis Collagen fibers Platelet Platelet plug Fibrin clot Red blood cell 5 m Clotting factors from: Platelets Damaged cells Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K) Fibrin clot formation Prothrombin Enzymatic cascade Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin

20 Hemostasis Red blood cell Three stages Vascular spasm: constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow Platelet plug formation: sealing of the ruptured blood vessel Coagulation: formation of a blood 2 clot Complicated series of reactions Fibrinogen Fibrin Bleeding disorder Hemophilia 1 3 Vessel injury. Damage to a blood vessel exposes the vessel muscle layers and the tissues to blood. Vascular spasm. The blood vessel contracts, reducing blood flow. Platelets Platelet plug formation. Platelets adhere to each other and to the damaged vessel. Fibrin strands 4 Clot formation. Soluble fibrinogen forms an insoluble mesh of fibrin, trapping RBCs and platelets. Figure 7

21 ABO Blood Type Type A Type B Type AB Type O Antigen A Antigen B Antigens A and B Neither A nor B antigens Red blood cells Plasma antibodies Incidences: U.S. Caucasians U.S. African Americans Native Americans B 40% 27% 8% A 10% 20% 1% Neither A nor B 5% 4% 0% A and B 45% 49% 91% Figure 7.12

22 Blood being tested Antibodies Type A (Contains antigen A) Anti-A Anti-B Agglutinated blood Type B (Contains antigen B) Type AB (Contains antigens A and B) Type O (Contains neither A nor B antigens)

23 RH RH + RH + a) When an Rh positive man fathers a child by an Rh negative woman, the fetus may inherit the Rh positive antigen. Figure 7.13a

24 Placenta separating from uterus Placenta Umbilical cord Uterus Fetal red blood cells (Rh + ) Fetal circulation Maternal red blood cells (Rh ) Maternal circulation b) During pregnancy or more commonly at childbirth, a small amount of fetal blood enters the mother s circulation. Figure 7.13b

25 Anti-Rh antibodies RH Blood flow after pregnancy Maternal circulation c) Over the next several weeks the woman develops antibodies and an immune memory against the Rh antigen. Figure 7.13c

26 Anti-Rh antibodies Anti-Rh antibodies RH RH + Fetal circulation Maternal circulation d) When the woman becomes pregnant with her second Rh positive child, her immune system quickly produces antibodies that attack the fetus red blood cells. Figure 7.13d

27 Blood donation

28 Blood Disorders Red Blood Cells Anemia: reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity due to inadequate number of red blood cells or inadequate hemoglobin Iron-deficiency anemia: caused by inadequate intake or malabsorption of dietary iron Hemorrhagic anemia: caused by blood loss Pernicious anemia: caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency Hemolytic anemia: caused by destruction of red blood cells

29 Blood Disorders White Blood Cells Leukemia Forms of cancer due to proliferation of white blood cells Multiple myeloma Form of cancer involving the proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow Mononucleosis Contagious Epstein-Barr virus infection of lymphocytes

30 Blood Disorders Septicemia (blood poisoning) Bacteria proliferating in blood, overwhelming body s defenses Thrombocytopenia Reduction in platelet number Unusual bruising and bleeding