BLOOD. Dr. Vedat Evren
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1 BLOOD Dr. Vedat Evren
2 Blood Liquid suspension of formed elements Blood = Blood cells + plasma Plasma = Coagulation factors + serum Cells = Erythrocytes + Leukocytes + Thrombocytes 8 % of the total body weight
3 Blood function Respiration Nutrition Excretion Thermoregulation Salt and water balance Acid base balance Coagulation Immunity Endocrine carrier
4 Centrifugation
5 Centrifugation
6 Centrifugation
7 Microscope
8 Plasma Liquid part of blood Pale yellow Colloid: Liquid that contains suspended substances which do not settle out Albumin: Regulation of water movement and transport Globulin: Immune system or transport Fibrinogen: Blood clot formation
9 Cells RBC (Erythrocytes) WBC (Leukocytes) Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Thrombocytes (Platelets)
10 Hematopoiesis Observed 18 days after fertilization First weeks: Yolk sac After 6 weeks (intrauterine): Liver After 20 weeks (intrauterine) >>> 5 years of age: Bone marrow (all of them) After 20 years of age : Flat bones
11 Hematopoiesis
12 Hematopoiesis Erythropoietin: Stimulates RBC production Glycoprotein 90 % renal cortex, some from liver Stimulate the growth of «early» stem cells Can be measured in plasma and urine Anemia High altitude Heart failure Lung disease Triggers!!
13 Hematopoiesis Erythropoietin: Stimulates RBC production
14 Hematopoiesis
15 Hematopoiesis
16 RBC Most abundant cell type (25 * 10^12) Without nucleus and organelles (mature) Average 7um, 90 fl Contains estimated 600 million Hb Average lifespan 120 days
17 RBC % water Organic and inorganic substances Hb, glucose, enzymes, vitamins, Fe, Cu, Zn Energy production: Anaerobic glycolysis
18 RBC
19 RBC 4,5 5,5 million /mm 3 (males), 3,5 4,5 million /mm 3 (females) Diameter Normocyte (7-8 um) Microcyte (<6um) Macrocyte (>8um) Color Normochrome Hyperchrome Hypochrome
20 Hemoglobin 4 globin + 4 heme molecules Binds Oxygen g % (males), g % (females)
21 Hemoglobin breakdown
22 Anemia Deficiency oh hemoglobin Iron-deficiency Pernicious Hemorrhagic Hemolytic Sickle-cell
23 Leukocytes Protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris Movements Ameboid Diapedesis Chemotaxis Passive Immunity Active Immunity Antigen Antibody
24 Leukocyte types Neutrophils: Most common; phagocytic cells destroy bacteria (60%), activated during acute infections, lifespan 1 2 days Eosinophils: Parasitic infections, allergic rinite, asthma (2%) Basophils: Allergic reactions; Release histamine, heparin increase inflamation response (1%) Lymphocytes: B & T Cell types. IgG, IgM, IgA-Resp & GI, IgE- Allergy, IgD-immune response Monocytes: Become macrophages
25 Leukocyte types
26 Thrombocytes Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow ( / mm 3 ) Important in preventing blood loss Platelet plugs Promoting formation and contraction of clots
27 Hemostasis Arrest of bleeding Prevents excessive blood loss Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels Platelet plug formation Coagulation or blood clotting
28 Platelet plug formation
29 Coagulation Stages Activation of prothrombinase Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Pathways Extrinsic Intrinsic
30 Clot formation
31 Fibrinolysis
32 Diagnostic blood tests Type and crossmatch Complete blood count Red blood count Hemoglobin measurement Hematocrit measurement White blood count Differential white blood count Clotting
33 Blood Types Blood Type Membrane Antigen Plasma Antibody Type A A Anti-B Type B B Anti-A Type AB A & B No antibody Type 0 No antigen Anti-A & Anti-B
34 Blood Types
35 Transfusion problem AGGLUTINATION: Antibody has more than one binding sites Each site binds an erythrocyte and pairs them Each erythrocyte has more than one antigen These stem repeats itself and all the erythrocytes are gathered together via antibodies Occludes capillaries Results in hemolysis
36 Erythroblastosis Fetalis Rh- pregnant mom, Rh+ Fetus!!! Anti-Rh antibodies are produced Allmost no harm to the baby during first pregnancy
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