The Climafruit transnational trial
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1 The Climafruit transnational trial A. Foito 1, S. Freitag 1, S. Conner 1, S. Devlin 1, R. Faby 2, B, Svensson 3, K. Rumpunen 4, A. Wold 5, A. Nes 6, L. Andersen 7, H. Pedersen 7, M. Williams 7 and D. Stewart 1,6
2 Transnational trials Ribes nigrum Ben Alder Ben Gairn Ben Vane Ben Klibreck Ben Hope Rubus idaeus Glen Ample Glen Fyne Octavia Rubus fruticosus Karaka black (Loch Ness) Tulameen Autumn Treasure (Polka) (Erika)
3 Biochemical analysis LC-MS Anthocyanins Cyanidin-3-O-Sophoroside Cyanidin-3-O Rutinoside Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O-Sambubioside Cyanidin-3-Glucosyl-2-Rutinoside Cyanidin-Sambubioside-Rhamnoside Pelargonidin-3-Glucosyl-Rutinoside Pelargonidin-3-Sophoroside Flavonols Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide Hyperoside HPLC PAD (pulse amperometry) Glucose, Sucrose and Fructose HPLC conductivity Citrate Malate
4 Biochemical analysis 5 varieties Glen Ample Glen Fyne Tulameen Octavia Autumn Treasure 2 years Locations Denmark Germany Norway Sweden United Kingdom Minimum 3 blocks 4 different chromatography batches Minimum of 150 samples to be analysed
5 Separation of analysis between batches 5 batches All the samples of one variety analysed in one batch Prioritize comparison of the same variety across different locations and different years Comparison between varieties could be unpractical due to differences in the response of analytical method between different batches Addition of reference material will allow to estimate such effects
6 Autumn Treasure PCA
7 Autumn Treasure PCA
8 Cyanin Cyanindin-3-O- Sophoroside Cyaninidin- Rutinoside Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O- Sambubioside Cyanidin-3-Glucosyl- Rutinoside Cyanidin- Sambubioside- Rhamnoside pelargonidin-3- Glucosyl-Rutinoside Pelargonidin-3- Sophoroside Quercetin-3-O- Glucuronide Hyperoside Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose Autumn Treasure ANOVAs Autumn Treasure Germany mean UK mean * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Norway 2012 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * mean * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2011 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sweden mean Denmark mean Mean Mean F pr. location <.001 < < < <.001 <.001 <.001 < <.001 year < <.001 < location.year < < S.E.D
9 Autumn Treasure polyphenol composition Denmark 2012 Sweden 2012 UK 2012 Germany 2012 Denmark 2011 UK 2011 Germany 2011 Cyanin Cyanindin-3-O-Sophoroside Cyaninidin-Rutinoside Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O-Sambubioside Pelargonidin-3-Sophoroside Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide Hyperoside Note: No levels were detected for oher bi-glycosilated anthocyanins
10 Autumn Treasure carbohydrate composition Denmark 2012 Sweden 2012 UK 2012 Germany 2012 Denmark 2011 UK 2011 Germany 2011 Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose
11 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Concentration Concentration Autumn treasure metabolites levels Cyanin ng/mg Location: <0.001 Year: Location x Year: < Pelargonidin-3-Sophoroside ng/mg Location: <0.001 Year: <0.001 Location x Year: 0.001
12 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Concentration Autumn treasure metabolite levels Malate µg/mg 6 5 Location: Year: Location x Year:
13 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Concentration Concentration Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Concentrations Concentration Cyanidin-3-Glucoside ng/mg Location: Year: Location x Year: Cyanidin-3-O-Sambubioside ng/mg Location: <0.001 Year: Location x Year: Cyanin-3-O-Sophoroside ng/mg Sucrose µg/mg Location: <0.001 Year: Location x Year: Location: <0.001 Year: Location x Year: 0.107
14 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Concentration Concentration Autumn treasure metabolite levels Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide ng/mg Hyperoside ng/mg Location: <0.001 Year: <0.001 Location x Year: Location: <0.001 Year: Location x Year:
15 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 UK 2011 UK 2012 Norway 2011 Norway 2012 Sweden 2011 Sweden 2012 Denmark 2011 Denmark 2012 Concentration Autumn Treasure metabolite levels Citrate µg/mg Location: <0.001 Year: Location x Year: 0.008
16 Autumn Treasure summary Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside levels are highest in Denmark Flavonol levels are higher in Germany followed by Denmark and lowest in Sweden and UK (2012) Highest levels of organic acids found in samples from Germany Significantly higher levels of Sucrose in the UK
17 Tulameen PCA
18 Tulameen PCA
19 Tulameen Polyphenol composition Cyanin UK 2012 Sweden 2012 Norway 2012 Denmark 2012 Germany 2012 Cyanindin-3-O-Sophoroside Cyaninidin-Rutinoside Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O-Sambubioside Cyanidin-3-Glucosyl-Rutinoside UK 2011 Sweden 2011 Germany 2011 Cyanidin-Sambubioside- Rhamnoside pelargonidin-3-glucosyl- Rutinoside Pelargonidin-3-Sophoroside Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide Hyperoside
20 Tulameen Carbohydrate composition UK 2012 Sweden 2012 Norway 2012 Denmark 2012 Germany 2012 UK 2011 Sweden 2011 Germany 2011 Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose
21 Cyanin Cyanindin-3-O- Sophoroside Cyaninidin- Rutinoside Cyanidin-3- Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O- Sambubioside Cyanidin-3- Glucosyl- Rutinoside Cyanidin- Sambubioside- Rhamnoside pelargonidin-3- Glucosyl- Rutinoside Pelargonidin-3- Sophoroside Quercetin-3-O- Glucuronide Hyperoside Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose Tulameen ANOVAs Tulameen Germany mean UK mean Norway 2011 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * mean Sweden mean Denmark 2011 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * mean mean mean F pr. location < <.001 < <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 < year < <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 < location.year < <.001 < <.001 <.001 < < S.E.D
22 Tulameen summary Cyanidin-3-O-Sophoroside levels are highest in UK and lowest in Germany Flavonols are significantly higher in Norway but variable across years Citrate levels are the highest in Denmark followed by UK The levels of Malate are highest in UK Sugar levels highest in Germany and Denmark
23 Octavia PCA
24 Octavia PCA
25 Octavia Polyphenol composition Denmark 2012 Norway 2012 Sweden 2012 UK 2012 Germany 2012 Cyanin Cyanindin-3-O-Sophoroside Cyaninidin-Rutinoside Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O-Sambubioside Cyanidin-3-Glucosyl-Rutinoside Norway 2011 Sweden 2011 UK 2011 Germany 2011 Cyanidin-Sambubioside-Rhamnoside pelargonidin-3-glucosyl-rutinoside Pelargonidin-3-Sophoroside Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide Hyperoside
26 Octavia carbohydrate composition Denmark 2012 Norway 2012 Sweden 2012 UK 2012 Germany 2012 Norway 2011 Sweden 2011 UK 2011 Germany 2011 Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose
27 Cyanin Cyanindin-3- O-Sophoroside Cyaninidin- Rutinoside Cyanidin-3- Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O- Sambubioside Cyanidin-3- Glucosyl- Rutinoside Cyanidin- Sambubioside- Rhamnoside pelargonidin- 3-Glucosyl- Rutinoside Pelargonidin- 3-Sophoroside Quercetin-3- O-Glucuronide Hyperoside Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose Octavia ANOVAs Octavia Germany mean UK mean Norway mean Sweden mean Denmark 2011 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * mean mean mean F pr. location < < <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 < <.001 year location.year < S.E.D
28 Octavia Summary Cyanidin-3-O-Sophoroside is highest in UK and lowest in Germany (~3-fold difference) Flavonols are highest in Denmark followed by Germany and lowest in Sweden and UK Organic acid levels higher in the UK Sucrose levels higher in Sweden
29 Glen Ample PCA
30 Glen Ample PCA
31 Glen Ample polyphenol composition Denmark 2012 Norway 2012 Sweden 2012 UK 2012 Germany 2012 Cyanin Cyanindin-3-O-Sophoroside Norway 2011 Sweden 2011 UK 2011 Germany 2011 Cyaninidin-Rutinoside Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O-Sambubioside Cyanidin-3-Glucosyl-Rutinoside Cyanidin-Sambubioside- Rhamnoside pelargonidin-3-glucosyl- Rutinoside Pelargonidin-3-Sophoroside Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide Hyperoside
32 Glen Ample carbohydrate composition Denmark 2012 Norway 2012 Sweden 2012 UK 2012 Germany 2012 Norway 2011 Sweden 2011 UK 2011 Germany 2011 Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose
33 Cyanin Cyanindin-3-O- Sophoroside Cyaninidin- Rutinoside Cyanidin-3- Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O- Sambubioside Cyanidin-3- Glucosyl- Rutinoside Cyanidin- Sambubioside- Rhamnoside pelargonidin-3- Glucosyl- Rutinoside Pelargonidin-3- Sophoroside Quercetin-3-O- Glucuronide Hyperoside Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose Glen Ample ANOVAs Glen Ample Germany mean UK mean Norway mean Sweden mean Denmark 2011 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * mean mean mean F pr. location < < <.001 <.001 < <.001 < year <.001 < location.year <.001 < < < S.E.D
34 Glen Ample Summary Highest levels of Cyanidin-3-O-Sophoroside in the UK and the lowest are found in samples from Germany Flavonols are highest in Germany and Norway and Lowest in Sweden and UK 2012 Organic acid levels tend to be highest in the UK Samples from Norway have the lowest levels of Sucrose, but they also contain the highest levels of Fructose and Glucose
35 Glen Fyne PCA
36 Glen Fyne PCA
37 Glen Fyne Polyphenol composition Denmark 2012 Norway 2012 Sweden 2012 UK 2012 Germany 2012 Norway 2011 Sweden 2011 UK 2011 Germany 2011 Cyanin Cyanindin-3-O-Sophoroside Cyaninidin-Rutinoside Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O-Sambubioside Cyanidin-3-Glucosyl-Rutinoside Cyanidin-Sambubioside-Rhamnoside pelargonidin-3-glucosyl-rutinoside Pelargonidin-3-Sophoroside Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide Hyperoside
38 Glen Fyne Carbohydrate composition Denmark 2012 Norway 2012 Sweden 2012 UK 2012 Germany 2012 Norway 2011 Sweden 2011 UK 2011 Germany 2011 Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose
39 Cyanin Cyanindin-3-O- Sophoroside Cyaninidin- Rutinoside Cyanidin-3- Glucoside Cyanidin-3-O- Sambubioside Cyanidin-3- Glucosyl- Rutinoside Cyanidin- Sambubioside- Rhamnoside pelargonidin-3- Glucosyl- Rutinoside Pelargonidin-3- Sophoroside Quercetin-3-O- Glucuronide Hyperoside Citrate Malate Fructose Glucose Sucrose Glen Fyne ANOVAs Glen Fyne Germany mean UK mean Norway mean Sweden mean Denmark 2011 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * mean mean mean F pr. location <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 < <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 < year < location.year < <.001 < <.001 < <.001 <.001 < S.E.D
40 Glen Fyne Summary Norway, Denmark and UK have high levels of Cyanidin-3- O-Sophoroside The levels of most anthocyanins are high in samples from Norway and Denmark There are high levels of flavonols in Germany and UK (2011) whereas in Sweden there are low levels High levels of organic acids in UK and Norway High levels of sugars in Sweden, Norway (2011) and Germany (2011)
41 General trends found Samples from UK tend to have higher levels of Cyanidin-3- O-Sophoroside and organic acids Samples from Germany tend to have the highest levels of Flavonols Samples from Sweden tend to have the least levels of flavonols
42 Acknowledgements The James Hutton Institute Dr. Rex Brennan Nikki Jennings Sandra Gordon Rob Stewart Rory McLeod Lee Horne Mark Young Sara Jager funding by Interreg IVB as part of the NSR programme: Climafruit (Project No ).
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