Soluble and particulate matter quantifications

Transcription

1 Soluble and particulate matter quantifications Ep Eding Aquaculture and Fisheries Group (AFI), Wageningen University, The Netherlands

2 Content INTRODUCTION - Why waste production quantification? BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FISH WASTE PRODUCTION - The axis feed fish-waste - Factors affect. the quantity of faecal loss & non faecal loss - Methodology for waste production determination WASTE PRODUCTION CALCULATIONS - Soluble waste Non faecal loss - Particulate waste Faecal loss

3 Why waste production quantification? 1. Production plan (maximum carrying capacity) 2. Waste production calculations (in g/kg feed) 3. Diurnal variation in waste production 4. Water quality limits (C limit ) 5. Suspended Solids control systems 6. Biofiltration (principles and design) 7. Gas control 8. Denitrification 9. RAS design concept (Q rec., Q e etc.) 10. Heat (energy) balance model

4 Why waste production quantification? Recirculation system Feed intake = Growth + Waste Fish Waste production = waste removal Treatment Peak feed load Maximum carrying capacity

5 The axis feed-fish-waste Recirculation system Feeds Composition? Species Temperature? Growth interval? Fish Waste -Quantity? -Quality? -Diurnal variation? Treatment Peak feed load Maximum carrying capacity

6 The axis feed-fish-waste Consumption Digestion Utilization + Feed Uneaten feed + feed spillage Faecal loss Non-faecal loss (Branchial & urinary loss, mucous) Respiration (Heat) Gain (Growth)

7 Factors affecting uneaten feed + feed spillage Feed consumption (% Wt.d -1 ) Uneaten feed Uneaten + feed + Feed spillage Feed spillage Factors : - Species - Feed + feeding - Water quality - Etcetera R max Feeding ration (% wt.d -1 )

8 Factors affecting the quantity of faecal losses Faecal Loss is : - Quantifiable - Related to digestibility Faecal Loss = Feed intake (1- Digestibility (fraction))

9 Factors affecting the quantity of faecal losses Digestibility affected by: Secundary: - Susceptibility for digestive enzymes - Activity digestive enzymes - Retention time feed in the intestine - Species, age, physiological conditions, water temperature, diet related factors, feeding level, feeding frequency.

10 Factors affecting the quantity of faecal losses Nutrient type (Oreochromis niloticus) DRY MATTER CRUDE PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY (%) DIGESTIBILITY (%) Duckweed Single cell protein Fishmeal Soybean meal Soybean extract 50 Duckweed Single cell protein Fishmeal Soybean meal Soybean extract NUTRIENT NUTRIENT (Schneider et al., 2002)

11 Factors affecting the quantity of faecal losses Water temperature AD (%) of sunflower oil meal (Hydrolysable carbohydrate) Species: Common carp DIGESTIBILITY (%) WATER TEMPERATURE ( C) (Shcherbina and Kazlauskene, 1971).

12 Factors affecting the physical properties of faeces Factors: - Fish Species - Dietary composition - Commercially used binders Important feaces characteristics: - Settleability of faeces - Resistance to with and mechanical strain

13 Factors affecting the physical properties of faeces Type of fibre Fibre A Fibre B Recovery DM ADC DM Fiber A Fiber B (Amirkolaie et al. 2004)

14 Non faecal losses Effect of feeding regime N-excretion (mg) Feeding Fed Starvation Amount effected by: 1) Quality dietary protein 2) Protein to energy ratio Ammonia Urea Ammonia Urea Time (hours) (Based on Brett and Zala, 1975 ).

15 Respiration g O2 / kg Feed Gaseous exchange European eel African catfish Feeding level (g / BW 0.8 /d)

16 Respiration Gaseous exchange Oxygen consumption per kg feed affected by: - Dietary composition (low digestibility) - Environmental and animal related factors Carbondioxide production: - Can be estimated from the O 2 consumption through respiration quotient (RQ) - RQ = g CO 2 production/g O 2 consumption = g CO 2 / g O 2 (Timmons et al., 2002)

17 Methodology to quantify solid and soluble waste (Exp.) 12 RESPIROMETERS for NUTRIENT & ENERGY BALANCE studies in fresh, marine, warm and cold water fish species Air flow meters Water flow meters Feces collection Back side Fish tank Front side

18 Methodology to quantify solid and soluble waste (Exp.) 12 RESPIROMETERS for NUTRIENT & ENERGY BALANCE studies in fresh, marine, warm and cold water fish species On line measurement in water of: TAN, NO 2 -N, NO 3 -N, PO 4 -P, CO 2 On line measurement in the air of: O 2 and CO 2

19 Methodology to quantify solid and soluble waste (Exp.) Energy budget Growth : 15 g 900 g Period : 5 months FCR : 0.88 Growth performance (MJ / kg feed) BUE = 1.0 MJ/kg H fish = 3.8 MJ/kg GE = 19.4 MJ DE ME RE=8.3 MJ/kg FE = 6.3 MJ/kg UE

20 Waste production calculations Starting points MASS BALANCE Feed intake = Growth + Waste - Fish species African catfish - Temperature 25 C - Growth interval * Max carrying capacity (day ) - Feed composition Culture scheme - Feeding level Culture scheme - Feed conversion Culture scheme - Feed digestibility See Figure - Fish composition See Figure

21 Waste production calculations Starting points ASSUMED FEED COMPOSITION Nutrient % Kj/g gcod/g Crude protein (16% = N) Crude fat Carbohydrates Ash 11 Dry matter 92 Gross energy (MJ/kg FEED) 19.7

22 Waste production calculations Starting points FEEDING LEVEL (RATION) & FEED COVERSION RATION (FCR) (Eding and Van Weerd, 1999)

23 Waste production calculations Starting points Digestibility Nitrogen and Dry matter (African catfish) Digestibility (%) Nitrogen Dry matter Nitrogen Drymatter Feeding level (g kg -0.8.day -1 ) (After Heinsbroek et al,1989)

24 Waste production calculations Starting points NUTRIENT MASS BALANCES (g/kg feed) Consumption Digestion + Feed Uneaten feed + feed spillage Faecal loss Utilization Gain (Growth) Non-faecal loss Respiration Branchial & urinary loss, mucous (Bovendeur et al., 1987; Heinsbroek, 1988; Heinsbroek and Kamstra 1990; Nijhof, 1994; Einen et al., 1995)

25 Waste production calculations Starting points CHANGES IN BODYCOMPOSITION IN GROWING FISH 200 Protein (g/kg) y = 119,37x 0,0475 R 2 = 0, Bodyweight (g)

26 Waste production calculations Starting points RELATION BETWEEN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND FEEDING LEVEL g O 2 / kg F eed European eel African catfish African catfish O 2 =1531R (r 2 =0.98) O 2 in g kg Feed -1 R in g Feed G -0.8 d -1 Feeding level (g / BW 0.8 /d)

27 Waste production calculations Starting points STOCKING DENSITY AND CULTURE VOLUME Biomass progress Feed load progress

28 Waste production calculations GROWTH and BIOMASS PROGRESS Maximum biomass (day 150)

29 Waste production calculations MAXIMUM CARYING CAPACITY Maximum carrying capacity STARTING POINTS Crop Age Avg. Number Biomass Growth interval Amount weight of fish Day 150 Day 151 of feed G i G f (Days) (g) (%) (Kg) (g) (g) (kg.d -1 ) I II III IV V VI Total 327 Peak feed load

30 Waste production calculations FEED- AND FISH COMPOSITION Crop Age Feed Feed Fish Fish Composition Digestibility Composition Composition DM N DM N Day 150 Day 151 (Day) (g.kḡ 1 ) (g.kḡ 1 ) (%) (%) (DM, %) (N, %) (DM, %) (N, %) I II III IV V VI

31 Waste production calculations FEED DRY MATTER DIUSTRIBUTION Growth interval day Crop Age DM distribution pro kg feed fed FL NFV F gain DM pro DM DM DM Kg feed (Days) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) I II III IV V VI

32 Waste production calculations NITROGEN BUDGET Growth interval day Crop Age N distribution pro kg feed fed FL NFV F gain Total N feed N N N N (Days) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) I II III IV V VI

33 Waste production calculations OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION Crop Age Feeding Oxygen CO 2 Growth interval day Level ConsumptionProduction (Age) (g.g ) (g.kgfeed -1 ) (g.kgfeed -1 ) I II III IV V VI

34 Waste production calculations AVERAGE WASTE LOAD PER Kg feed Dry matter Nitrogen (g/kg Feed) (%) (g/kg Feed) (%) Feed Faecal loss Settable Non settable Non faecal loss Growth (gain) O 2 consumption CO 2 production (Eding and van Weerd, 1999)

35 Waste production calculations Branchial - N N-consumption Digested-N Retained-N Faecal-N Urinary-N After Eding and van Weerd, 1999 N-cons. 78 Catfish Spill Dig.-N Faecal-N Branchial + Urinary - N 31 Retained-N

36 Waste production calculations NITROGEN FLOWS (g/kg feed) Recirculation system N-Feed 78.4 g/kg Fish N-Growth =31g/kg Peak feed load Non settable FL N = 3 g/kg Settable FL N = 4 g/kg Treatment NFL N= 40 g/kg Maximum carrying capacity

37 Waste production calculations Fish waste simulator ((Machiels 1986, Aquaculture 56)

38 Summary 1. Feed intake = growth (gain) + waste 2. Tool: Mass balance calculations (g/kg feed) 3. Important for water quality control: 1. Absolute amount of waste 2. Chemical composition of the waste 3. Physical composition of the waste 4. Evaluate the origin of the data you are going to use e.g. : * Digestibility coefficients * NH 4 -N production values * Solid waste production data * O 2 consumption and CO 2 production values

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