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1 From Texas A&M University HOWDY!!!!!!!!! Use of Bioflocs as Ingredients in Shrimp Feeds December 07, 2010 Papeete, Tahiti Addison Lee Lawrence Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M System 1

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Figure 3. The time course of observed (brown triangles) and projected (green circles)marine food production and the bottlenecks and changes required to maintain growth.

The projected food production was derived assuming wild fisheries and harvest of natural macroalgal stocks to be maintained at 2005 levels, and mariculture to maintain its

2003); the projected time at which fish feed to raise fish and crustaceans will be exhausted, estimated as the time at which the potential fish feed will be consumed; and the

3 Figure 3. The time course of observed (brown triangles) and projected (green circles)marine food production and the bottlenecks and changes required to maintain growth. Observed marine food production includes mariculture products, wild fisheries, and harvest of natural macroalgal stocks (FAO 2006a). The projected food production was derived assuming wild fisheries and harvest of natural macroalgal stocks to be maintained at 2005 levels, and mariculture to maintain its current 7.5%per year growth. The figure shows the projected marine food production in 2020 (Delgado et al. 2003); the projected time at which fish feed to raise fish and crustaceans will be exhausted, estimated as the time at which the potential fish feed will be consumed; and the space occupied by mariculture, using present yields, at the projected production by (from: CM Duarte, et al.: Will the Dec 07, 2010, Papeete, Tahiti, oceans A.L.Lawrence help feed humanity? Bioscience December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11 Bioflocs pp ) as Ingredients in Shrimp Feeds 3

4 Fish Meal ADVANTAGES * High protein level * Excellent source of minerals * Excellent source of HUFA * Excellent source of essential AA * Chemoattraction * Unknown growth factors Fish Meal DISADVANTAGES * Expensive * Fishmeal Quality Variable * Supply Unpredictable * Heavy Metal Levels * Fishery Sustainability 4

5 Biofloc Program Part of Alternative Feed Ingredient Program to Replace Fish Meal Other Programs are: * Dry Distillers Grains with Solubles (DGGS) * Fisheries By-Products with Grains produced by Dry Extrusion * Algae By-Products for Biodiesel/BiofuelBiofuel * Plant Protein Ingredients (65-80% protein) Biofloc (aka microbio floc, single cell protein) Produced in Aquaculture Production Systems Reduced to zero water exchange Heterotrophic, chemo-autotrophic, and cyano bacteria Micro and macro invertebrates Phytoplankton Uneaten feed Molts if shrimp production Produced in Sequencing Batch Reactors, Membrane Biological Reactors and Continuous Reactors Starting with above with and without added carbon source Heterotrophic, chemo-autotrophic, and cyano bacteria 5

6 Biofloc Sustainable Aquaculture Bioreactors are used to remove nutrients/pollutants from fish effluent, cleaning it up prior to discharge Nutrients are converted into bacterial protein in bioreactors Bioflocs are harvested from bioreactors Bioflocs are incorporated into shrimp feed and replace soybean and dfi fish meals Bioflocs technology offers a sustainable option for the aquaculture industry *NOTE: Bacterial protein = Biomass = Bioflocs = Microbial flocs Evaluate the treatability of tilapia effluent using SBR s and MBR s Tilapia Effluent Bioreactor Treated Effluent Bioflocs for Shrimp Feed 6

7 Performance of Two High Growth Lines of L. vannamei in Response to Different Dietary Protein Sources and Levels Hui Gong, Addison L. Lawrence, Frank Alig, Donghuo Jiang WAS, Busan, Korea, 2008 College of Natural & Applied Sciences University of Guam Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M System Experimental Diets 3 semi-purified diets and 2 commercial diets (Rangen 35/0 and 40/5) as references Diet Dietary Protein (%) Soybean Fish Meal Squid M. Inclusion Inclusion Inclusion (%) (%) (%) A B C Ref N/A N/A 0.0 Ref N/A N/A 5.0 7

8 Growth Rate vs. Dietary Treatment Shrimp growth from 1.72 to 2.33 g/wk RESULTS 88 week growth trial, 82-87% 87% survival 104/m 3 initial iti stocking density Initial size: 10.3 to 10.5 g/shrimp Final size: 24.1 to 29.2 g/shrimp 1.71 to 2.33 g/week growth rate 2.23 to 2.49 kg/m 3 final biomass 8

Use of Bioflocs as an Ingredient in Shrimp Feed

meal or soybean protein at various levels Nutrients

9 Use of Bioflocs as an Ingredient in Shrimp Feed David Kuhn, Greg Boardman, Addison Lawrence, Lori Marsh, George Flick Jr. Feeding Trial Microbial floc protein replaced fish meal or soybean protein at various levels Nutrients in all diets held constant 35 day feeding trial 4 shrimp per tank, 12 replicates per diet 9

10 Ingredients for dietary treatments Composition of shrimp feed No significant differences (P > 0.05) between diets were observed for crude protein, carbohydrate, total fat, or fiber 10

11 Shrimp survival rates No differences (P > 0.05) between survival rates Shrimp Weight Gain Microbial floc diets significantly (P < 0.01) outperformed control diets 11

Experimental Conditions Recirculating filtered marine water 5.7 ± 0.4 ppm dissolved oxygen Fifteen feeding periods/day Salinity 31 ± 4 ppt, ph 7.7 7.9 Water temperature 30.3 ± 0.

014 g/shrimp Eight replicate tanks/diet 6 shrimp/tank, 35-day period Estimated weight at the end of each week (gms) and growth rate (change in weight) for the week (gms/week).

12 Experimental Conditions Recirculating filtered marine water 5.7 ± 0.4 ppm dissolved oxygen Fifteen feeding periods/day Salinity 31 ± 4 ppt, ph Water temperature 30.3 ± 0.4 C Unionized ammonia < 0.16 ppm 222% daily water exchange Initial weight, 0.39 ± g/shrimp Eight replicate tanks/diet 6 shrimp/tank, 35-day period Estimated weight at the end of each week (gms) and growth rate (change in weight) for the week (gms/week). *average initial and final weights Weight at end of Week (value in gms) * * with biofloc 0.39* * no biofloc Growth for the Week (gms/week) with biofloc no biofloc 12

5 Crude fiber 1-2 Carbohydrate 13-1414 Biofloc versus

13 Biofloc by Continuous Reactor Composition % Crude protein Crude fat 6.5 Mineral material 12.5 Crude fiber 1-2 Carbohydrate Biofloc versus Fish Meal Made using Continuous Bioreactor from Plant Waste 13

14 Ingredient Cont. Exp. Fishmeal, Menhaden BioFloc, Oberon SCP Wheat Starch Plant/Animal Ingredients Mineral Premix Lipid Premix Vitamin Premix Alginate NaHexaMeta PO Cellulose Bioflocs Dec 07, 2010, as Ingredients Papeete, Tahiti, in Shrimp A.L.Lawrence Feeds Better results for biofloc meal versus fish meal 9% faster growth over period 8% larger animals 16% reduction in FCR Bioflocs Dec 07, 2010, as Ingredients Papeete, Tahiti, in Shrimp A.L.Lawrence Feeds 14

15 What information does the preceding experiments provide concerning nutrients responsible for increase growth with replacement of fish and soybean meals by biofloc Semi-purified diets were used With replacement of fish and soybean meals with biofloc many nutrients were held constant by adjusting gp pure ingredient levels Thus, for the nutrients held constant, they would not be responsible for what makes biofloc great in shrimp feeds What is not responsible for increase growth with replacement of soybean or fish meal by biofloc Not crude protein, crude fat, total ash, energy, marine fat, crude fiber, or carbohydrate Not essential amino acids or fatty acids Not phospholipids, carotenoids or cholesterol Not sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, selenium Not choline, ethanolamine, or inositol Not vitamin A, D, E, C, B 12, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, pantothenic acid biotin, folic acid 15

16 What is responsible for increase growth with replacement of soybean or fish meal by biofloc Unknown growth factor Unknown chemoattractant Unknown stress resistant factor Unknown k???????? Such as Bioamines, nucleotides, small molecular weight lipids, dipeptides, oligopeptides, sterols,????? What is next!!!! Sustainability Biofloc produced from agricultural production waste as ingredients (e.g. fish meal replacement) for aquaculture Biofloc produced from aquaculture production waste as ingredients for pet foods, cattle, swine and chicken Biofloc produced from shrimp production waste as ingredient for fish aquaculture and vice versa 16

17 From Texas A&M University Thank You!!!!! 17

Evaluation of Algae Co-Products as a Potential Alternative Ingredient for Cattle, Fish and Shrimp Feeds

Evaluation of Algae Co-Products as a Potential Alternative Ingredient for Cattle, Fish and Shrimp Feeds Biofuels Co-Products Workshop Waimanalo, Hawaii December 1-2, 2011 Addison L. Lawrence 1, Tryon A.