Online Version ISSN: X Volume 5, Number 1 March 2013

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Online Version ISSN: X Volume 5, Number 1 March 2013"

Naomi Johnston
5 years ago
Views:

1 2013 Online Version ISSN: X Volume 5, Number 1 March 2013

2 Editor-in-Chief Tsanko Yablanski Faculty of Agriculture Trakia University, Stara Zagora Bulgaria Co-Editor-in-Chief Radoslav Slavov Faculty of Agriculture Trakia University, Stara Zagora Bulgaria Editors and Sections Genetics and Breading Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria) Ihsan Soysal (Turkey) Max Rothschild (USA) Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria) Nutrition and Physiology Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria) Peter Surai (UK) Zervas Georgios (Greece) Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria) Production Systems Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria) Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria) Banko Banev (Bulgaria) Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria) Agriculture and Environment Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria) Ramesh Kanwar (USA) Product Quality and Safety Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria) Stefan Denev (Bulgaria) Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria) English Editor Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria) Scope and policy of the journal Agricultural Science and Technology /AST/ an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues. Submission of Manuscripts All manuscript written in English should be submitted as MS-Word file attachments via to ascitech@uni-sz.bg. Manuscripts must be prepared strictly in accordance with the detailed instructions for authors at the website and the instructions on the last page of the journal. For each manuscript the signatures of all authors are needed confirming their consent to publish it and to nominate on author for correspondence. They have to be presented by a submission letter signed by all authors. The form of the submission letter is available upon from request from the Technical Assistance or could be downloaded from the website of the journal. All manuscripts are subject to editorial review and the editors reserve the right to improve style and return the paper for rewriting to the authors, if necessary. The editorial board reserves rights to reject manuscripts based on priorities and space availability in the journal. Internet Access This journal is included in the Trakia University Journals online Service which can be found at Address of Editorial office: Agricultural Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University Student's campus, 6000 Stara Zagora Bulgaria Telephone.: Technical Assistance: Nely Tsvetanova Telephone.: ascitech@uni-sz.bg

3 Online Version ISSN: X Volume 5, Number 1 March

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL., No, pp -, 2 The flavonoid content in the white oil bearing rose ( osa a a L.

Zagora, Bulgaria stract eywords: L., flavonoids Introduction The hite rose is the second of importance for our rose production. In the past it occupied up to of the areas here it as gro n ith Mill.

The interest in essential oil is e tremely high and e ceeds the capabilities of production. Its price is t ice higher than that of Mill.

5 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL., No, pp -, 2 The flavonoid content in the white oil bearing rose ( osa a a L.) 2 A Dobreva, M Gerdzhikova Institute for Roses, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Osvobozhdenie, Kazanlak, Bulgaria 2 Department of Plant production, aculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria stract eywords: L., flavonoids Introduction The hite rose is the second of importance for our rose production. In the past it occupied up to of the areas here it as gro n ith Mill. palov,. Today, L. is gro n and processed separately, and its plantation area has increased continuously.organicroseoil.eu,.dartsne s.bg Ne s. The interest in essential oil is e tremely high and e ceeds the capabilities of production. Its price is t ice higher than that of Mill. Bulgaria is the only producer in the international trade offers and the definition is Bulgarian rose oil, hite rose. Ho ever, the plant is not ell studied in recent years in-depth research in technology and selection has begun, hich reveals the specific genotype. Its potential as a source of biologically active substances is almost unkno n. Data for other types of roses reveal that their flo ers contain significant amounts of flavonoids and their glycosides Cai et al., 2 Novak, Kumar et al., 2. The main representatives are of flavonols uercetin and kempferol but anthocyanins are present in minute uantities aimand et al., 2 Kumar et al., 2 Velioglu et al., Zolotovich and Decheva,. Considering that the color of L. flo ers is hite, the significance of anthocyanins can be defined as void. Therefore, our attention is focused on the uantitative parameters of uercetin and kempferol. Moreover, literary sources indicate that uercetin contains the healing properties of roses it defines the antio idant Achuthan et al., 2 Cai et al., 2 Ng et al., 2, antiviral Mahmood et al., 2, inflammatory zkan e al., 2, UV protective Boskabady et al., 2 and other biological properties. It is interesting to trace hat amounts remain in utilized flo ers after distilling the essential oil, as the substance is non-volatile. or Mill. there is Figure 1. he hases of flower o enin for Rosa alba L. rom left to ri ht hases. anadobreva abv.bg 134

6 evidence of significant amounts of its glycosides in the used material (Özkan et al., 2004; Schieber et al., 2005). The aim of this work is to trace the distribution of flavonoid substances in parts of the flower, their dynamics during bud opening and quantity in the tissue after processing to extract its volatile components. Material and methods Rose flowers from a population of Rosa alba L. are used as material. The plantation is located in the experimental field of the Institute for roses, Kazanlak. It was established in the adopted technology. The flowers are picked up in the morning (6 8 am). It was separated in phases of flower development from bud to overblown, according to the description by Staykov and Zolotovich (1956) (Figure 1). Other flowers were divided per calyces and petals. Flowers with semi-opened and fully-opened petals were distilled for essential oil. After extraction the distilled water was ejected and the material was prepared for analysis. Whole fresh flowers were also examined. The samples were dried in a convective dryer to dry weight. The content of flavonoids (quercetin) was determined spectrophotometrically at λ = 425 nm. (Pharmacopea, 1981). It has been calculated as an absolute quantity. Results and discussion Table 1. The flavonoid content in the flowers of Rosa alba L Distribution Petals Calyces with germen and sepals The whole flower before distillation The whole flower after distillation Flavonoids, mg/g 11 ± ± ± ± 0.5 The data on the dynamics of flavonols in Rosa alba L. are shown in Figure 2. With the opening of the petals of flavonoids content increases and reaches a maximum in the V phase (fully open flower). A sharp decline occurs in the overblown phase, whose levels are defined as a minimum (VI phase). Research on flavonoid substances in Rosa damascena Mill. concluded that with the development of the flower the content of flavonoids gradually decreased from 1.86 % to 1.05 % (Zolotovich and Decheva, 1967). At first sight this is contrary to our result. The difference comes from the percentage and absolute amount of calculation. The percentage calculation determined flavonols by a significant accumulation of other substances such as essential oils, sugars, etc. (Zolotovich, 1965). In this case there is no conflict with that trend in Rosa damascena Mill. The results show that the biosynthesis of flavonoids follows the trend of this component in the essential oil, but with less intensity (Staikov et al., 1975). The similarity in localization and biogenesis of the two groups of substances indicate that they are interrelated. Conclusion The data on the content of flavonoids are listed in Table 1. The results show that the target substance is contained in all parts of the flower, but the main amount is concentrated in the petals. The same distribution is indicated for other types of roses (Zolotovich and Decheva, 1967; Novak, 1994). The flavonoids are slightly yellow colored and they have less influence on the primary color staining (a function of anthocyanins). But they are copygments and it can be expected that their quantities will be higher in roses with deeper colors (red, purple). Our results show that the white rose contains significant amounts of flavonoids, comparable to those of other oil- bearing types (Zolotovich and Decheva, 1967; Kumar et al., 2009). They confirm that the petal color is not an indication of the contents of flavonols. The flowers of Rosa alba L. contained large amounts of flavononoids (13 mg/g), which are concentrated mainly in the petals. With the opening of the bud their volume increases and reaches a peak at fully opened flower, and after that decreases in the phase of full bloom. Data about fresh and exhaust flowers demonstrate that the substance does not decompose under the conditions of distillation (high temperature, presence of moisture) and remains in the same amount in rose flowers after the separation of the essential oil, therefore it can also be used as a source for the extraction of flavonoids. The valuable information for the practice exists in the data about References fresh and used flowers. They prove that the substance does not decompose under the conditions of distillation (high temperature or Achuthan C, Baby B and Padikkala J, Antioxidant and humidity) and stays in the same amount in the waste after separation hepatoprotective effects of Rosa damascena. Informa Healthcare of essential oil. Similar results (such as total phenols and glycosides) Pharmaceutical Biology, 41, 5, were obtained for Rosa damascena Mill. (Özkan e al., 2004; Boskabady M, Shaffer M, Saberi Z and Amini S, Schieber et al., 2005). The utilized flowers of the white oil-bearing Pharmacological Effects of Rosa damascena. Iranian Journal of rose can be used as a source for extraction of flavonoids. It is Basic Medical Sciences, 14, 4, interesting to follow the quantitative changes during flower opening. Cai Yi-Zhong, Xing J, Sun M, Zhan Z and Corke H, Phenolic Phases of the flower opening VI V IV III II I Flavonoid content, mg/g Figure 2. Dynamics of the flavonoids in the flowers of Rosa alba L. 135

7 Antioxidants (Hydrozable Tannins, Flavonols and Anthocyanins) Food Science and Technology International, 10, 4, Identified by LC-ESI-MS and MALDI-QIT-TOF MS from Rosa Jaimand K, Rezaee M, Aghdaei S and Meshkyzadeh S, chinensis Flowers. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 53, Determination of flavonoid compounds in Rosa damascena Mill. 26, Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9, 36, Kumar N, Bhandari P, Singh B, Gupta A and Kaul V, Pharmacopea Helvetica, 1981, Bern. Reversed phase-hplc for rapid determination of polyphenols in Schieber A, Mihalev K, Berardini N, Mollov P and Carle R, flowers of rose species. Journal of Separation Science, 31, Flavonol Glycosides from Distilled Petals of Rosa damascene Mill. Kumar N, Bhandari P, Singh B and Bari Sh, Antioxidant Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 60c., activity and ultra-performance LC-electrospray ionization- Velioglu Y and Mazza G, Characterization of Flavonoids in quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for phenolic-based Petals of Rosa damascena by HPLC and Spectral Analysis. Journal fingerprinting of Rose species: Rosa damascena, Rosa of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 39, bourboniana and Rosa brunonii. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, Staikov V, Decheva R and Balinova-Tsvetkova A, Studies on the composition of rose oil obtained from the flowers in different Mahmood N, Piacente S, Pizza C, Burke A, Khan A and Hay A, stages of their development. Rivista Italiana, 57, 4, The anti-hiv activity and mechanisms of action of pure compounds Staikov V and Zolotovich G, Dynamics of the essential oil in isolated from Rosa damascena. Biochemical and Biophysical the blossoms of the Kazanlak oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Research Communications, 229, 1, Mill.). Science Works of the Plant Growing Institutes of MA, 10, 155- Ng Т, Gao W, Niu S, Zhao L, Liu J, Shi L, Fu M and Liu F, Rose (Rosa rugosa) - flower extract increases the activities of Zolotovich G, Investigation on the synthesys of the terpene antioxidant enzymes and their gene expression and reduces lipid substances in the flowers of Rosa damascena Mill. Thesis for PhD, peroxidation. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kazanlak, Bulgaria. 83, Zolotovich G and Decheva R, On the flavonoid substances Novak R, Flavonidy w Rodzaju Rosa l. Herba Polonica, V.XL, in the Kazanlik rose (Rosa damascena Mill.). Plant Science, IV, 9, 3, Özkan G, Sagdiç O, Baydar N and Baydar H, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Rosa Damascena Flower Extracts. 136

8 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 1, 2013 CONTENTS 1 / 3 Review Status of remote hybrids in the Poaceae: problems and prospects H. Stoyanov* 3 Genetics and Breeding Genetic divergence among accesions of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) N. Dyulgerov, B. Dyulgerova Yield stability of contemporary Bulgarian winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) in Dobrudzha P. Chamurliyski, N. Tsenov Assessment of initial material for stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) breeding Tz. Kikindonov Grain yield of winter feed barley varieties B. Dyulgerova, D. Dimova, D. Valcheva, D. Vulchev, T. Popova, M. Gocheva A study on the biological and economic qualities of common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) I. Stankov, S. Tsvetanov, P. Stankova, I. Yanchev, T. Raycheva Nutrition and Physiology Drought induced changes in photosynthesis of young cowpea plants K. Uzunova, Z. Zlatev Effect of organic fertilizers on photosynthesis of young tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Z. Zlatev, V. Popov Production Systems Productivity of sunflower grown in a periodic water deficit conditions R. Petrova, A. Matev, H. Kirchev, A. Sevov Variation of capillary rise of water in the slightly leached chernozem soil of Dobrudzha region under the effect of long-term use of some soil tillage practices P. Yankov Influence of the variety and sowing rate on the green mass productivity of Sudan grass and Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrids Tz. Kikindonov, S. Enchev, K. Slanev Effect of the irrigation regime on the productivity of root celery by drip irrigation in the Plovdiv region B. Harizanova-Petrova, A. Ovcharova

9 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 1, 2013 CONTENTS 2 / 3 Study of a zeolite water experimental refrigeration module intended for animal raising R. Georgiev, K. Peichev, A. Pavlov, K.Trendafilov, G. Dineva, I. Binev Method for rapid determination of the percentage rate of grain losses by the combine harvester according to its parameters N. Delchev, K. Trendafilov Phase frequency characteristics of three types of milking clusters with a different volume and shape of the pulsation chamber B. Banev, K. Peychev, V. Vlashev, G. Dineva Nondestructive (NIRS) determination of some technological traits of Bombyx mori L. cocoons M. Panayotov, S. Atanassova, S. Petrova Researching the resistance of bees fattened up with additive of extract of Tribulus terrestris L. during wintering I. Hristakov, I. Zhelyazkova, V. Hvarchilkov Influence of liming with Ca(OH) on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in foliage of vine 2 varieties K. Trendafilov, V. Valcheva, S. Todorova Content and composition of the essential oil of Rosa alba L. during flower development A. Dobreva, M. Gerdzhikova Effectiveness of application of the leaf fertilizers Hortigrow in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum var. glabratum) V. Ivanov, I. Yanchev, T. Raycheva, K. Stoyanov Agriculture and Environment A study of macromycetes in Maglenishki Rid, Eastern Rhodopes Mts. II. Recent data of study M. Lacheva Agroclimatic conditions of existence of almond trees in Plovdiv region during the winter period D. Ivanova, N. Shopova Phytoplankton growth and chlorophyll a content in the surface layer of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal waters in 2011 D. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov Ecological status of Varna Bay through the state of phytoplankton, macrozoobenthos and macrophytes during the autumn of 2011 D. Petrova, E. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov, V. Vachkova, R. Bekova Environmental studies of the macrozoobenthos in the nearby coastal zone along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast E. Petrova, S. Stoykov

10 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 1, 2013 CONTENTS 3 / 3 Product Quality and Safety Evaluation of pork meat quality and freshness using colorimetric and spectral methods S. Atanassova, T. Stoyanchev, S. Ribarski Reducing the hyperspectral feature spaces of ready-to-cook minced meat products K. Kolev Effect of cold storage terms on physico-chemical characteristics of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) meat S. Ribarski, A. Genchev, S. Atanasova The flavonoid content in the white oil bearing rose (Rosa alba L.) A Dobreva, M Gerdzhikova

11 Instruction for authors Preparation of papers Papers shall be submitted at the editorial office typed on standard typing pages (A4, 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). The editors recommend up to 15 pages for full research paper ( including abstract references, tables, figures and other appendices) The manuscript should be structured as follows: Title, Names of authors and affiliation address, Abstract, List of keywords, Introduction, Material and methods,results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (if any), References, Tables, Figures. The title needs to be as concise and informative about the nature of research. It should be written with small letter /bold, 14/ without any abbreviations. Names and affiliation of authors The names of the authors should be presented from the initials of first names followed by the family names. The complete address and name of the institution should be stated next. The affiliation of authors are designated by different signs. For the author who is going to be corresponding by the editorial board and readers, an address and telephone number should be presented as footnote on the first page. Corresponding author is indicated with *. Abstract should be not more than 350 words. It should be clearly stated what new findings have been made in the course of research. Abbreviations and references to authors are inadmissible in the summary. It should be understandable without having read the paper and should be in one paragraph. Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords should be selected not repeating the title but giving the essence of study. The introduction must answer the following questions: What is known and what is new on the studied issue? What necessitated the research problem, described in the paper? What is your hypothesis and goal? Material and methods: The objects of research, organization of experiments, chemical analyses, statistical and other methods and conditions applied for the experiments should be described in detail. A criterion of sufficient information is to be possible for others to repeat the experiment in order to verify results. Results are presented in understandable tables and figures, accompanied by the statistical parameters needed for the evaluation. Data from tables and figures should not be repeated in the text. Tables should be as simple and as few as possible. Each table should have its own explanatory title and to be typed on a separate page. They should be outside the main body of the text and an indication should be given where it should be inserted. Figures should be sharp with good contrast and rendition. Graphic materials should be preferred. Photographs to be appropriate for printing. Illustrations are supplied in colour as an exception after special agreement with the editorial board and possible payment of extra costs. The figures are to be each in a single file and their location should be given within the text. Discussion: The objective of this section is to indicate the scientific significance of the study. By comparing the results and conclusions of other scientists the contribution of the study for expanding or modifying existing knowledge is pointed out clearly and convincingly to the reader. Conclusion: The most important consequences for the science and practice resulting from the conducted research should be summarized in a few sentences. The conclusions shouldn't be numbered and no new paragraphs be used. Contributions are the core of conclusions. References: In the text, references should be cited as follows: single author: Sandberg (2002); two authors: Andersson and Georges (2004); more than two authors: Andersson et al.(2003). When several references are cited simultaneously, they should be ranked by chronological order e.g.: (Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson and Georges, 2004). References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first author. If an author is cited more than once, first his individual publications are given ranked by year, then come publications with one co-author, two co-authors, etc. The names of authors, article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or alphabet different from Latin, should be transliterated into Latin and article titles should be translated into English. The original language of articles and books translated into English is indicated in parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian = Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.) The following order in the reference list is recommended: Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example: Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Health, Netherlands. Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, C3- variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, , Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK. Todorov N and Mitev J, Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perforth mance in dairy cows,ix International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.). Thesis: Penkov D, Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp. The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.

12 Volume 5, Number 1 March 2013

Online Version ISSN: X Volume 5, Number 1 March 2013

Online Version ISSN: X Volume 5, Number 1 March 2013 2013 Online Version ISSN: 1314-412X Volume 5, Number 1 March 2013 Editor-in-Chief Tsanko Yablanski Faculty of Agriculture Trakia University, Stara Zagora Bulgaria Co-Editor-in-Chief Radoslav Slavov Faculty