THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SOIL GENESIS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF BIOGENIC ELEMENTS IN LYSIMETRIC WATER

Transcription

1 Izmantotā literatūra 1. Lapins D., Berzins A., Kopmanis J., Melngalvis I., Sanzarevska R. (2005) Possibilities of soil tillage and sowing technologies optimizations in spring barley // Latvian Journal of Agronomy, Nr. 8, Jelgava, Lapins D., Vilde A., Berzins A., Plume A., Rucins A. (2006) Investigations in Precision Agriculture in Latvia Studies of Soil Properties and Tillage / Soil Management for Sustainability, Advances in Geology 38 / A cooperation Series of the International Union of Soil Science / Reiskirchen, Kiel, THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SOIL GENESIS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF BIOGENIC ELEMENTS IN LYSIMETRIC WATER Katutis K., Repsiene R., Baltramaityte D. Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture s V žaičiai Branch, V žaičiai, Klaip da district, Lithuania, LT , phone: , filialas@vezaiciai.lzi.lt Abstract Lysimetric experiments were set up at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture s V žaičiai in The article summarises the experimental data generated during Our experimental evidence suggests that the concentration of biogenic elements in lysimetric water depends on soil genesis and texture. Podzolization processes are more intensive in West and East Lithuania s soils compared with those in Central Lithuania. More rapid leaching of biogenic elements occurs on lighter-textured soils compared with heavier-textured soils. The largest amount of biogenic elements is leached during the winter spring period when percolation of excess water through the soil occurs. The concentration of calcium ions in lysimetric water out of the tested (Ca ++, Mg ++, K + ) cations was the highest ( mg kg -1 ), that of magnesium made up 11 %, and that of potassium 3 %, when calculating from the total amount of cations tested. The concentration of sulphate (SO ) ions in lysimetric water was determined to be the highest out of the tested (SO 4 - -, NO 3 -, Cl - ) anions ranging from 61.2 mg kg -1 in Juknaičiai Podzols to 70.7 mg kg -1 in Dubingiai Planosols. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 - ) in lysimetric water was found to be markedly higher than that of potassium or magnesium, but lower than that of sulphates, ranging from 31.9 mg kg -1 in V žaičiai Bathihypogleyi- Albic Luvisols to 66.2 mg kg -1 in Rumokai Bathihypogleuic- Calc(ai)ic Luvisols. The total concentration of the ions tested in the lysimetric water ranged from mg kg -1 (in Juknaičiai) to mg kg -1 (in V žaičiai). Key words Lysimetric water, biogenic elements, leaching, soil Introduction A leaching moisture regime is characteristic of Lithuania s soils, gravitational water percolates through the soil to the ground water table annually. Due to this the movement of various substances, including such elements-biophylls as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and others, from surface accumulative horizons into the subsoil horizons occurs. Many Lithuanian and foreign authors who investigated the leaching of biogenic elements from the soils differing in genesis indicate that the largest amounts (75-80 %) of the most important nutrients are leached from light-textured, wellcultivated calcareous loamy soils during the winter-spring period. The contents of calcium, magnesium and sulphur leached are determined not by the amount of water percolated, but by the contents of these elements in the soil. The migration of nutrients into deeper soil layers depends on the amount of precipitation, the anthropogenic activity as well as on the plant species (Herbst and Stumpe, 1984; Mažvila et al., 1992; Ežerinskas, 1995; Tyla, 1995; Umarova et al., 1996; Čiuberkien and Ežerinskas, 2000; Gaigalis and Račkauskait, 2001). Calcium is a readily leached element. The findings of many researchers suggest that the concentrations of Ca 2+ ions in lysimetric water were found to be the highest (Adomaitis et al., 2002; Ežerinskas, 1995; Čiuberkien and Ežerinskas, 2000). When the soil solution contains high contents of calcium and potassium ions, assimilation of magnesium by plants becomes poorer and 37

2 it is leached, since K, Ca and Mg are antagonists. The percolating water leaches down into subsoil several times less of Mg 2+ than that of Ca 2+, since the contents of absorbed and total magnesium in the soil are far lower than those of calcium. The leaching of Mg 2+ ions directly correlates with Ca 2+ leaching (Ežerinskas, 1995; Čiuberkien and Ežerinskas, 2000). Phosphorus is one of the least mobile elements in the soil and not more than 1 kg ha -1 of it is leached into the subsoil with percolating water per year (Balzarevičien, 1978, Ušakova, 1987). Less potassium is leached from the soil compared with the other cations (Ca +2, Mg +2 ). Some researchers report that with higher potassium fertilization rates, potassium leaching increases (Ušakova, 1987). However, research done by J. Balzarevičien on irrigated grassland indicates that the concentration of potassium ions in drainage water depended only on its reserves in the soil, and various other factors did not change its concentration in drainage water (Balzarevičien, 1978). The objective of the present paper was to assess the effects of different soil genesis under changed environmental conditions on the concentration of biogenic elements in lysimetric water. Materials and Methods The experimental materials included 10 different soils, chosen according to different genesis and their texture, the most prevalent in the following sites of Lithuania: East Lithuania 1. Trakai Vok (Entri-Endohypergleyic Arenosols ARg-n-h-eu, sandy loam on gravel, ph 5.9); 2. Dubingiai (Orthieutric Planosols PLe-o, sandy loam on loam, ph 6.2); South Lithuania 1. Perloja (Hapli-Albic Arenosols, ARa-ha, sand, ph 5.1); Central Lithuania 1. Dotnuva (Endocalcar- Endohypogleyic Cambisols- CMg-n-w-can, loam, ph 7.1), 2. Upyt (Endocalcar- Endohypogleyic Cambisols CMg-n-w-can, loam, ph 7.4), 3. Rumokai (Bathihypogleyic- Calc(ai)ic Luvisols LVkgld-w, clay, ph 6.4); West Lithuania 1. Samališk s (Orthidystric Albeluvisols ABd-o, light loam, ph 5.2), 2. V žaičiai (Dystri Epihypogleyic Albeluvisols ABg-p-w-dy, light loam, ph 5.2), 3. V žaičiai (Bathihypogleyi- Albic Luvisols LVa-gld-w, loam, carbonates on 80 cm to depth, ph 6.0), 4. Juknaičiai (Orthi-Endohypogleyic Podzols PZg-n-h-et, sandy loam on loam, ph 5.6), Soil monoliths (120 cm in height and 100 cm in diameter), without disturbing structure, were taken by the chisel method in metal cylinders in three replications from cultivated fields and were delivered to the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture s V žaičiai Branch. Cylinders with the monoliths were put into tubes whose diameters were 20 cm larger than those of cylinders, at the bottom of the tube on the concreted funnel shape there was set up drainage layer of washed sand and gravel for the collection of lysimetric water. The bottom of the tubes with the drainage present were connected by a flexible tube with tipping over measurer fitted in the underground gallery designed to measure the amount of lysimetric water and to take water samples. The paper presents the data of the 1 st and 2 nd rotations of the five-course crop rotation ( ). Crop rotation crops: winter wheat, row crops (potatoes, fodder beet), spring rape, barley + undersowing, perennial grasses. A plant we shall raise with the accepted technology in Lithuania. Lysimetric water analyses were carried out 4 times a year. Experimental data were grouped into separate seasons according to the peculiarities of lysimetric water formation. Winter period, in which precipitation was recorded as snow. Spring period active soil washing. The first and second halves of summer when the effects of fertilization and other human activities reveal themselves on the amount of leached elements. Late autumn period the effect of plant residue mineralization. Annual and long-term means of the data were derived from separate periods. Lysimetric water was analysed for cation (Ca ++, Mg ++, K + ) and anion (SO 4 - -, NO 3 -, Cl - ) concentrations. Chemical analyses of water were determined by standard methods. The scatter of the statistical data of the experiment is characterised by standard errors, relationships between factors by regression and correlation analysis methods. Errors of the experimental data were calculated by analysis of variance (Tarakanovas, 1999; Tarakanovas and Lietuvos žemdirbyst s institute taikomų cheminių ir mikrobiologinių dirvožemio ir augalų analizių metodų apibendrinimas. Kameralinių darbų ataskaita m. (Mašinraštis). Dotnuva, 1999, 130 p. Summary of chemical and microbiological soil and plant analyses methods applied at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. Report on chamber work (typescript). Dotnuva, 1999, 130p. 38

3 Raudonius, 2003). Correlation and regression coefficients were computed using "Microsta" and "Excel" software. Discussion The intensity of plant nutrient leaching depended on soil solution concentration and the amount of percolated precipitation. With the latter increasing (in spring or late in the autumn) the soil solution was diluted and the concentration of chemical elements declined. Certain variations of the concentration occurred not only due to aeration, meteorological conditions but also based on the composition and amount of fertilizers applied. The data of lysimetric water analyses show that the amount of cations leached varied in the following reducing order: Ca ++ Mg ++ K +, anions SO NO 3 - Cl - (Table 1). The concentration of calcium (Ca ++ ) ions in lysimetric water was the highest ( mg kg -1 ) of all the cations tested. An especially high concentration of calcium in lysimetric water was identified for the soils that had formed from lighter-textured rock sandy loams, slightly less for sandy and loams 129.9, and mg kg -1, respectively. The lowest concentration of calcium ions (90.1 mg kg -1 ) in lysimetric water was identified for clays. When comparing soil formation sites, the highest concentration of calcium ions in lysimetric water was determined for Planosols taken from Dubingiai mg kg -1, while the lowest for Luvisols taken from Rumokai 90.1 mg kg -1. The leaching of magnesium (Mg ++ ) is closely related to calcium leaching. Although the concentration of magnesium ions, compared with calcium concentration in soil solution made up about 13 %, with the later increasing, the concentration of magnesium ions increased too. Soil peculiarities had a greater effect on magnesium concentration in the soil solution. The highest concentration of magnesium ions (24.0 mg kg -1 ) in lysimetric water was identified for Trakai Vok Arenosols. Although lime had been applied in Samališk s Albeluvisols, the concentration of magnesium ions in lysimetric water was very low 10.5 mg kg -1, like for Juknaičiai Podzols and other sandy soils tested. The concentration of potassium (K + ) ions in lysimetric water was low mg kg -1, which made up about 3 % of the total sum of cations tested, although this element is attributed to the mobile classes. Higher contents of potassium are leached into lysimetric water from East Lithuania s prevailing Arenosols Trakai Vok, Perloja, Dubingiai soils, while the least contents are leached from the rest of prevailing soils of Lithuania. The concentration of sulphate (SO ) ions in lysimetric water was the highest of all anions tested. Their concentration in lysimetric water was influenced by the soil sampling site. The lowest sulphate concentration in lysimetric water was determined for Juknaičiai Podzols 61.2 mg l-1and Dubingiai Planosols 70.7 mg kg -1. The contents of sulphates in lysimetric water of the other tested soils ranged from mg l-1to mg kg -1. Nitrates (NO 3 - ). Nitrate nitrogen concentration in lysimetric water was markedly higher than that of magnesium but lower than that of sulphates. Its content was less affected by the soil than by the site where it formed. In the lysimetric water of Rumokai Luvisol the concentration of nitrates was 66.2 mg kg -1, and that of V žaičiai Luvisol 31.9 mg kg -1. In the lysimetric water of the rest of Lithuania s soils the nitrate content varied from 38.1 to 52.2 mg kg -1 39

4 Table 1. The effect of soils of different genesis on the chemical composition of the soil solution, mg kg -1 (V žaičiai, average ) Soil Site Ca ++ Cations Mg ++ K + Σ - - SO 4 Anions - NO 3 Cl - Σ Total Σ Arenosols Perloja [ph 5.1] Trakų Vok [ph 5.9] Albeliuvisols Samališk [ph 5.2] V žaičiai [ph 5.2] Podzols Juknaičiai [ph 5.6] Luvisols V žaičiai [ph 6.0] Rumokai [ph 6.4] Planosols Dubingiai [ph 6.2] Cambisols Dotnuva [ph 7.1] Upyt [ph 7.4] LSD The concentration of chlorine (Cl - ) in lysimetric water was markedly lower than that of sulphates or nitrates. Their concentration depended on soil ph. In the lysimetric water of Dubingiai Planosols the content of chlorides was the lowest 19.2 mg kg -1, and in that of Rumokai Luvisols the highest 54.0 mg kg -1. The total sum (concentration)of ions studied. The effect of soil genesis on the total sum of ions tested was considerable. Although the total concentration of ions tested in the lysimetric water was affected by soil genesis, the soil formation site had a greater effect. The total ion concentration in lysimetric water taken from Rumokai Luvisols was mg kg -1, and that of the same Luvisols present in V žaičiai mg kg -1. While comparing soils differing in texture according to the concentration of tested ions in the lysimetric water no great differences were found, the soil formation site had a greater effect than texture. The effect of soil genesis on the content of biogenic matter in lysimetric water. Calculations were done to determine the effects of soil genesis on the chemical composition of lysimetric water and the relationships revealed are presented in Table 2. We tried to express soil genesis by the agrochemical indicators of the soil. These calculations suggest that various soil agrochemical indicators had a diverse effect on the contents of the investigated ions in lysimetric water. As we can see from the data in Table 2, in general all the ions tested were more affected by the humus content in the soil and some of the tested ions by other soil indicators. Table 2. Correlation coefficients between soil agrochemical indicators and the content of biogenic matters in the lysimetric water Researched factors Ca ++ Mg ++ K + Ions - NO SO 4 Cl - In soil: humus ph P 2 O K 2 O Ca Mg Note. Number of pairs n = 48. Statistically significant limit of the correlation coefficients r > In the table significant correlation coefficients are present in bold type. Apart from the afore mentioned humus content in the soil, the calcium content in lysimetric water was also affected by soil ph. And this is right, since calcium content in the soil determines soil ph. The magnesium content in lysimetric water was affected by the content of phosphates, calcium, and magnesium in the soil. The content of calcium and magnesium in the soil and the content of magnesium in lysimetric water made a positive correlation, and with soil phosphates a negative correlation. Potassium content in lysimetric water did not correlate strongly with any of the soil agrochemical indicators, except humus content. 40

5 Of the tested anions, only the sulphate content in lysimetric water was affected by all the soil agrochemical indicators tested. The contents of nitrates and chlorides in lysimetric water did not correlate strongly with soil agrochemical indicators, except the humus content in the soil. Conclusions Long-term research of the effects of different soil genesis under changed environmental conditions (soil monoliths were delivered to the Lithuania) on the concentration of biogenic elements in lysimetric water led to the following conclusions: -the concentration of biogenic elements in lysimetric water depended on soil genesis and texture. Soil podzolization processes are more intensive in West and East Lithuania s soils compared with Central Lithuania s soils. More rapid leaching of biogenic elements occurred in lighter-textured soils compared with heavier-textured soils prevailing in Central Lithuania. - the concentration of biogenic elements in lysimetric water was influenced by different soil genesis. While comparing soils differing in texture according to the concentration of tested ions in the lysimetric water no great differences were found the soil formation site had a greater effect than texture. The total ion concentration in lysimetric water taken from Rumokai Luvisols was mg kg -1, and that of the same Luvisols present in V žaičiai mg kg the concentration of calcium (Ca ++ ) ions in lysimetric water was determined to be the highest of all cations tested mg kg - 1 or 86 %, of magnesium (Mg ++ ) made up about 11 %, of potassium 3 % from the total amount of cations tested. The concentration of sulphate (SO ) ions in lysimetric water was identified to be the highest mg kg - 1 or 54 %, of nitrates (NO 3 - ) made up 32 %, of chlorides (Cl - ) 14 % from the total content of anions tested. - out of the tested agrochemical indicators, the humus content in the soil had the greatest effect on the concentration of biogenic elements in lysimetric water. References 1. Adomaitis T. ir kt. (2002) Maisto medžiagų išplovimas karsto zonos dirvožemiuose // Žemdirbyst : mokslo darbai / LŽI, LŽŪU. - Akademija,, t.79, (In Lithuanian) 2. Čiuberkien D., Ežerinskas V. (2000) Agrocheminių rodiklių ir maisto medžiagų migracijos kitimai įvairiai kalkintame ir tręštame dirvožemyje // Žemdirbyst : mokslo darbai. Akademija, 71, (In Lithuanian) 3. Ežerinskas V. (1995) Kalkinimo ir tręšimo įtaka augalų maisto medžiagų išplovimui // Žemdirbyst : mokslo darbai. Dotnuva -Akademija, 50, (In Lithuanian) 4. Gaigalis., Račkauskait A. (2001) Azoto ir fosforo išplovimo ekosistemose ypatumai // Vandens ūkio inžinerija: mokslo darbai, 16/38. Kaunas-Akademija. Vilainiai, (In Lithuanian) 5. Herbst F., Stumpe H. (1984) Stickstoffnerbest und Sticktoffurrkung bei Dungerausbringung im Herst // Archiv Acker und Bodenkunde, Bd. 28, 10, Tarakanovas P. (1999) Statistinių duomenų apdorojimo programų paketas Selekcija. Vilnius, 57 (In Lithuanian) 7. Tarakanovas P., Raudonius S. (2003) Agronominių tyrimų duomenų statistin analiz taikant kompiuterines programas ANOVA, STAT, SPLIT-PLOT iš paketo SELEKCIJA ir IRRISTAT. - Akademija, 57 (In Lithuanian) 8. Балзарявичене Я. (1998) Выщелачивание K 2 O и P 2 O 5 дренажным стоком орошаемых дождеванием // Вопросы орошения сельскохозяйственных культур на орошаемых землях. Вильнюс, Умарова А.Б. и др. (1996) Закономерности формирования лизиметрического стока и баланса некоторых элементов в модельной дерново-подзолистой почве // Тезисы докладов II съезда общества почвоведов. -Москва, -Книга I., Ушакова Г.И. (1987) Влияние удобрении на миграцию химических элементов в профиле иллювиально-гумусново подзола // Почвоведение. 7,