UNDERSTANDING INSECTICIDES AND HOW THEY WORK IN THE AGE OF SWD. Greg Loeb, Department of Entomology, NYSAES, Geneva, NY!

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1 UNDERSTANDING INSECTICIDES AND HOW THEY WORK IN THE AGE OF SWD Greg Loeb, Department of Entomology, NYSAES, Geneva, NY!

2 Photo: Hannah Burrack Highest risk Raspberries Blackberries Blueberries Strawberries Sweet Cherries Moderate risk Peaches Grapes Pears Tomato Alternate hosts Wild plants with berries, such as Snowberry Elderberry Pokeweed Dogwood

3 MALE SWD identification FEMALE two rows of serrations on ovipositor no dark spots on wings M. Hauser dark spot on each wing two dark bands on each foreleg M. Hauser

4 Spotted wing drosophila detections and chronology map in the continental US. 4 H. Burrack, NC State

5 LIVING WITH SWD SWD is here to stay and insecticides will continue to play a central role in managing them, at least in the short term!

6 SWD INSECTICIDES FOR RASPBERRIES IN NY PRODUCT AI 1 IRAC group EPA# RATE/A REI 3 DTH 4 Max. Prod/ A/yr (ai) Total applic s Spray Interval Probable efficacy ^@ Entrust Naturalyte (2ee) ^@ Entrust SC Delegate WG (2ee) Brigade WSG (2ee) Brigade EC (2ee) Danitol 2.4EC spinosad oz 4 hr 1 d 9 oz (0.45 lb) spinosad fl oz 4 hr 1 d 29 fl oz (0.45 lb) spinetoram oz 4 hr 1 d 19.5 oz (0.305 lb) bifenthrin 3A oz 12 hr 3 d 2 lb (0.2 lb) bifenthrin 3A fl oz 12 hr 3 d 12.8 fl oz (0.2 lb) fenpropathri 3A fl oz 24 hr 3 d 32 fl oz n (0.6 lb) 3 per crop 6 d Good to Excellent # 3 per crop 6 d Good to Excellent # 6 4 d Excellent # 1 post bloom - Excellent 1 post - Excellent bloom 2 - Excellent Mustang Max Insecticide (2ee) Triple Crown! zetacypermethrin bifenthrin, imidacloprid, zetacypermethrin 3A fl oz 12 hr 1 d 24 fl oz (0.15 lb) 3A,4A fl oz Malathion 5EC (2ee) Malathion 5EC (2ee) Malathion 8 Aquamul (2ee) Malathion malathion 1B (2ee) 3883 Assail 30SG acetamiprid 4A hr 3 d 10.3 fl oz (0.181 lb) malathion 1B pts 12 hr 1 d 9 pts (6.0 lb) malathion 1B pts 12 hr 1 d 9 pts (6.0 lb) malathion 1B pts 12 hr 1 d 6 pts (6.0 lb) 3.0 pts 12 hr 1 d 9 pts (6.0 lb) oz 12 hr 1 d 26.7 oz (0.5 lb) 6 7 d Excellent 1 post bloom 7 d Good to excellent 3 7 d Good 3 7 d Good 3 7 d Good 3 7 d Good 5 7 d Good #

7 OUTLINE OF TALK What you need to take into account! Insecticide classes, mode of action, IRAC codes, and resistance! Update on insecticide efficacy trials from NY! Developing an insecticide program for SWD!

8 CHOOSING AN INSECTICIDE Efficacy! Mode of action, insecticide resistance! Toxicity through contact or ingested! Residual activity and rain fastness! Impact on pollinators, other beneficials! Days to harvest restrictions! # applications, days between applications, total seasonal amounts! Costs!

9 CLASSES OF SWD INSECTICIDES Class IRAC Code Examples SWD Efficacy Organophosphates 1B Malathion Excellent to good Pyrethroids 3A Brigade, Danitol, Mustang Max Excellent Spinosyns 5 Delegate, Entrust Excellent to good Neonicotinoids 4A Assail Good to poor Carbamates 1A Sevin Good to poor Diamide 28 Exirel* Excellent to good *Just received EPA label for blueberries, not raspberries

10 IRAC MOA CLASSIFICATION IRAC = Insecticide Resistance Action Committee! MOA = Insecticide Mode of Action! Promote insecticide resistance management strategies!

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12 INSECTICIDE SITE OF ACTION Class IRAC Code Site of Action Organophosphates 1B Nerve action: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Pyrethroids 3A Nerve action: sodium channel modulators Spinosyns 5 Nerve action: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activators Neonicotinoids 4A Nerve action: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists Carbamates 1A Nerve action: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Diamide 28 Nerve & muscle action: ryanodine receptor modulators Examples Malathion [malathion] Imidan [phosmet] Danitol [fenpropathrin] Brigade [bifenthrin] Mustang Max [zetacypermethrin] Delegate [spinotoram] Entrust [spinosad] Assail [acetamiprid] Sevin [carbaryl] Lannate [methomyl] Exirel [cyantraniliprole]

13 CHOOSING AN INSECTICIDE Product Efficacy Contact/ ingested Rain fastness* Pollinators Delegate Excellent I & C Poor ok, avoid direct contact Entrust Good I & C Poor? ok, avoid direct contact Malathion Good to Excellent C Poor Poor, avoid direct contact Danitol Excellent C Good? Bad Mustang Max Excellent C Good Bad Brigade Excellent C Good? Bad Assail Good I & C Poor ok, avoid direct contact * Based on published & unpublished data from Rufus Isaacs, MSU

14 Effect of Rain on Some Common Insecticides (From Rufus Isaacs, MSU) DAT 5 DAT 7 DAT No Rain 3 DAT 5 DAT 7 DAT Rain Percent control Percent control inches of rain on treated bushes 1 day after application

15 CHOOSING AN INSECTICIDE Efficacy" Mode of action, insecticide resistance " Action through contact or ingested" Residual activity and rain fastness" Impact on pollinators, other beneficials" Days to harvest restrictions! # applications, days between applications, total seasonal amounts! Costs"

16 CHOOSING AN INSECTICIDE Product Rate Days to harvest Max Product/yr Tot Appl Spray Interval Delegate 3-6 oz oz 6 4 d Entrust SC 4-6 fl oz 1 29 fl oz 3 per crop 6 d Malathion 5 EC 3.0 pts 1 9 pts 3 7 d Danitol 16 fl oz 3 32 fl oz 2 Mustang Max Brigade WSG 4 fl oz 1 24 fl oz 6 7 d 8-16 oz 3 2 lb 1 Assail oz oz 5 7 d

17 OUTLINE OF TALK What you need to take into account " Insecticide classes, mode of action, IRAC codes, and resistance " Update on insecticide efficacy trials from NY! Developing an insecticide program for SWD"

18 USE OF FEEDING STIMULANTS Sugar stimulates flies to feed (mouthpart extension) -2 lb/100 gallons! Synergizing some insecticides! Experiments -fall raspberry semi-field trial -day neutral strawberry field trial! Collaborators -Rich Cowles (Connecticut experiment station) -Cesar Rodriguez-Saona (Rutgers)!!

19 FALL RASPBERRY SEMI-FIELD TRIAL Treatments -insecticide + sugar (2 lb/a) -insecticide! Sample unit: shoot tip + ripe fruit! Timing: 1, 3 & 7 days after treatment! Assay: adult survival after 24 hr exposure!

20 FALL RASPBERRY SEMI-FIELD TRIAL Treatment Sugar Rate Product/A Delegate! Yes! 3 oz! Delegate! No! 3 oz! Assail! Yes! 5 oz! Assail! No! 5 oz! Entrust SC! Yes! 4 fl oz! Entrust SC! No! 4 fl oz! HGW 86! Yes! 16.9 fl oz! HGW 86! No! 16.9 fl oz! Mustang Max! No! 4 fl oz! Malathion 5EC! No! 3 pts! Sugar only! Yes! -! Water only! No! -!

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22 1d$Post/ApplicaJon$ Mustang$Max$ Delegate$ Delegate$+$Sugar$ Entrust$ Entrust$+$Sugar$ Assail$ Assail$+$Sugar$ Malathion$ HGW$86$SE$ HGW$86$SE$+$Sugar$ Water$ Water$+$Sugar$ LI/700$ 3d$Post/ApplicaJon$ Mustang$Max$ Delegate$ Delegate$+$Sugar$ Assail$ Assail$+$Sugar$ Entrust$ Entrust$+$Sugar$ HGW$86$SE$ HGW$86$SE$+$Sugar$ Malathion$ Water$ Water$+$Sugar$ LI/700$ 7d$Post/ApplicaJon$ Mustang$Max$ Delegate$ Delegate$+$Sugar$ Assail$ Assail$+$Sugar$ Entrust$ Entrust$+$Sugar$ HGW$86$SE$ HGW$86$SE$+$Sugar$ Malathion$ Water$ Water$+$Sugar$ LI/700$ 0.02$ 0.07$ 0.07$ 0.05$ 0.08$ 0.08$ 0.07$ 0.10$ 0.08$ 0.16$ 0.16$ 0.13$ 0.17$ 0.17$ 0.20$ 0.21$ 0.23$ 0.22$ 0.26$ 0.30$ 0.28$ 0.28$ 0.40$ 0.39$ 0.46$ 0.43$ 0.50$ 0.51$ 0.49$ 0.54$ 0.56$ 0.70$ 0.74$ 0.80$ 0.78$ 0.84$ 0.83$ 0.90$ 0.94$ 0.0$ 0.1$ 0.2$ 0.3$ 0.4$ 0.5$ 0.6$ 0.7$ 0.8$ 0.9$ 1.0$ Propor%on'Dead'SWD'A/er'48'Hours'

23 DAY NEUTRAL STRAWBERRY FIELD TRIAL TREATMENTS: 1. Water Control once per wk 2. Water + Sucrose (.24%) once per wk 3, Entrust SC (8 fl oz/a) once per wk 4. Entrust SC+ Sucrose once per wk 5. Brigade WSB (16 oz/a) once per wk 6. Brigade WSB twice per wk ASSESSMENTS: 1. Eggs per fruit 2. SWD reared from fruit 3. Fruit rot

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25 INCREASING INSECTICIDE EFFICACY WITH FEEDING STIMULANTS Increased mortality to adult SWD for some insecticides -spinosyns (Entrust, Delegate) -some pyrethroids (Bifenthrin) -some neonicotinoids (Assail)! Others, no effect (e.g. Movento)! Concerns with adding sugar!

26 EFFICACY OF EXIREL DuPont product (trade name: Exirel)! IRAC MOA 28: anthranilic diamide -different than other SWD materials! Targets: lepidoptera, some sucking insects, fruit fly larvae?! Works through ingestion, some contact activity! Reduced risk, avoid directly spraying pollinators?!!

27 FALL RASPBERRY & STRAWBERRY FIELD TRIAL Treatment Description Rate/A A" Exirel + LI 700, 13.5 fl oz" Low" B" Exirel + LI 700, 16.9 fl oz" Mid" C" Exirel + LI 700, 20.5 fl oz" High" D" Exirel + LI fl oz" sugar" E" Delegate" 6 oz" F" Water + LI 700" -" G" Water + LI Sugar" -"

28 DARROW FARM, NYSAES Fall Raspberries Application details: -backpack sprayer -50 gal/acre rate -weekly applications, 3-4 wks Assessment details: -ripe fruit each week, 5-7 wks -rear SWD adults

29 Fall Raspberry, 2013 Exirel Trial (HGW 86) HGW86+LI700;Low% 0.17% HGW86+LI700;Mid% 0.20% HGW86+LI700;High% 0.26% HGW86+LI700;Mid +Sugar% 0.27% Delegate% 0.36% Water+LI700% 1.27% Water+LI700+Sugar% 1.34% 0% 0.5% 1% 1.5% 2% SWD/g&&

30 Fall Raspberry, 2013 Exirel Trial (HGW 86) 1%Week%AEer%Last%AppliaHon% HGW86+LI700<Low% HGW86+LI700<Mid% HGW86+LI700<High% HGW86+LI700<Mid+Sugar% Delegate% Water+LI700% Water+LI700+Sugar% 2%Weeks%AEer%Last%AppliaHon% HGW86+LI700<Low% HGW86+LI700<Mid% HGW86+LI700<High% HGW86+LI700<Mid+Sugar% Delegate% Water+LI700% Water+LI700+Sugar% 3%Weeks%AEer%Last%AppliaHon% HGW86+LI700<Low% HGW86+LI700<Mid% HGW86+LI700<High% HGW86+LI700<Mid+Sugar% Delegate% Water+LI700% Water+LI700+Sugar% 0.03% 0.04% 0.08% 0.03% 0.13% 0.17% 0.34% 0.27% 0.19% 0.38% 0.44% 0.29% 0.20% 0.31% 0.21% 0.45% 0.72% 0.85% 0.71% 0.62% 0.74% 4%Weeks%AEer%Last%AppliaHon% HGW86+LI700<Low% HGW86+LI700<Mid% HGW86+LI700<High% HGW86+LI700<Mid+Sugar% Delegate% Water+LI700% Water+LI700+Sugar% 0.14% 0.10% 0.11% 0.11% 0.20% 0.19% 0.18% 0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1% 1.2% SWD/g&&

31 Strawberry, 2013 Exirel Trial (HGW 86) HGW"86"+"LI700":"Low" HGW"86"+"LI700":"Mid" HGW"86"+"LI700":"High" HGW"86"+"LI700":"Mid"+"Sugar" Delegate" Water"+"LI700" Water"+"LI700"+"Sugar" 0" 0.05" 0.1" 0.15" 0.2" 0.25" 0.3" SWD/g&

32 Strawberry, 2013 Exirel Trial (HGW 86) 1%Week%AEer%ApplicaHon% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Low% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Mid% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%High% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Mid%+%Sugar% Delegate% Water%+%LI700% Water%+%LI700%+%Sugar% 2%Week%AEer%ApplicaHon% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Low% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Mid% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%High% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Mid%+%Sugar% Delegate% Water%+%LI700% Water%+%LI700%+%Sugar% 3%Week%AEer%ApplicaHon% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Low% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Mid% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%High% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Mid%+%Sugar% Delegate% Water%+%LI700% Water%+%LI700%+%Sugar% 4%Week%AEer%ApplicaHon% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Low% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Mid% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%High% HGW%86%+%LI700%<%Mid%+%Sugar% Delegate% Water%+%LI700% Water%+%LI700%+%Sugar% 0.015% 0.004% 0.003% 0.000% 0.007% 0.008% 0.013% 0.009% 0.000% 0.004% 0.004% 0.022% 0.019% 0.035% 0.043% 0.063% 0.053% 0.075% 0.063% 0.104% 0.113% 0.143% 0.145% 0.159% 0.174% 0.191% 0.191% 0.201% 0% 0.05% 0.1% 0.15% 0.2% 0.25% 0.3% SWD/g&

33 EXIREL FOR SWD Good efficacy comparable to Delegate! Sugar does not synergize! Extended residual control?! Different MOA as part of rotation! EPA label in 2014 for blueberries recently approved!

34 DEVELOPING A SOUND INSECTICIDE PROGRAM Protection when SWD is present" Rotate among modes of action for resistance management" Manage days to harvest issues" Manage allowable seasonal total ai" Manage impact on beneficials" Reapplication after rains" Other pests"

35 INSECTICIDE PROGRAM FOR FALL RASPBERRIES Week Insecticide Rate/A Notes 1! Delegate + sugar (2lb/100 gallons)! 5 oz! Avoid direct contact w/ bees, not rain fast! 2! Delegate + sugar (2lb/100 gallons)! 3! Assail + sugar! (2lb/100 gallons)! 4! Assail + sugar! (2lb/100 gallons)! 5 oz! Avoid direct contact w/ bees, not rain fast! 5.3 oz! Avoid direct contact w/ bees, not rain fast! 5.3 oz! Avoid direct contact w/! bees, not rain fast! 5! Mustang Max! 4 fl oz! Harmful to bees! 6! Mustang Max! 4 fl oz! Harmful to bees! 7! Delegate + sugar (2lb/100 gallons)! 8! Delegate + sugar (2lb/100 gallons)! 9! Assail + sugar! (2lb/100 gallons)! 10! Assail + sugar! (2lb/100 gallons)! 5 oz! Avoid direct contact w/ bees, not rain fast! 4.5 oz! Avoid direct contact w/ bees, not rain fast! 5.3 oz! Avoid direct contact w/ bees, not rain fast! 5.3 oz! Avoid direct contact w/ bees, not rain fast!

36 SUMMARY Insecticides are the primary method of control for SWD" Multiple factors go into choosing insecticide to use" Sugar can increase increases efficacy of some insecticides" Exirel will add new mode of action for small fruit crops" Insecticide program (e.g. rotations of different modes of action) coupled with other management tools"

37 1 of 1 1/13/14 2:07 PM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Collaborators -Many cooperating growers -Rich Cowles (Connecticut Experiment Station) -Rufus Isaacs (MSU) -Hannah Burrack (NC State) -Cesar Rodriguez-Saona (Rutgers)! Lab Research Support -Steve Hesler (research support specialist) -Johanna Elsensohn (research technician) -Gabrielle Brind-Amour -McKenzie Schessl -Allison Wentworth! Funding Sources! 126.jpg (JPEG Image, pixels) - Scaled (78%)

38 QUESTIONS? Photo: Hannah Burrack, NC State