3/21/2014. Foods For Health: Linking Agriculture to Nutrition and Health

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1 Foods For Health: Linking Agriculture to Nutrition and Health Bhimu Patil, Director Overview Current statistics on human diseases Questions to be answered Can chronic diseases be prevented? What are the evidences? Phytonutrients: in vitro and in vivo evidences Linking Food and Agriculture What are the components of Field to Plate (FTP) and their role? Take home message Top causes of death in the U.S How did we get here???? 4% 3% 7% 7% 4% 7% 2% 2% Heart Disease Cancer Stroke 34% Diabetes Chronic lower respiratory Accident Alzheimers Influenza Nephritis 3% Septicimia Economic impact of diseases on U.S economy $$$ $ Billion Total Heart Disease Diagnosed Diabetes Total Cancer Disease Coronary Heart Disease Hypertensive Disease Stroke Heart Failure

2 Global Obesity 2

3 Developing countries: a diabetes risk Projected increase from 23 to 225 DIABETES People With Diabetes (Millions) Pakistan Japan Egypt Indonesia Mexico Russian Federation Brazil % increase USA India China Source: International diabetes federation FAST FOOD Projected rise in type 2 in India Overview Top causes of death in the U.S Current statistics on human diseases Questions to be answered Can chronic diseases be prevented? What are the evidences? Phytonutrients: in vitro and in vivo evidences Linking Food and Agriculture What are the components of Field to Plate (FTP) and there role? Take home message YES WE CAN Preventable Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Diabetes Chronic lower respiratory Accident Alzheimers Influenza Nephritis Septicimia 3

4 Mechanisms of preventing chronic diseases Anti-oxidant Anti-inflammatory Anti-proliferative Anti-cancer Anti-carcinogenic Anti-atherosclerosis What are the ideal sources to have optimum levels these activities? TAKE HOME MESSAGE Dietary intake and lifestyle has an impact on health and well being Healthy living U.S Fruit & Vegetable consumption trends: 2-29 Trend in homegrown F&V consumption (%) Fruit 2> times per day (%) Vegetables 3> times per day Question to be answered? 22 (Source: 4

5 Bitter Gourd Products Proof of Concept In vitro- Antioxidant Enzymatic assays Cell culture In Vivo Clinical trials Clinical Trials Clinical trials:-glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1C) 19 out of 21 Studies (+) Whole food vs Extract vs Supplement No effect in two studies (-) 2 capsules x3/day (3 Months) - Rand, DB, Controlled (4 Subjects) (-) single treatment of Freeze Dried BG juice- Rand, DB, Controlled (ONLY 5 SUBJECTS) % Placebo BG Group Base line 8 weeks 16 weeks Trakoon-osot et al., Journal of Pharmacy Research 213, 6:

6 Clinical trial: BG tablet increased insulin level Clinical trial: BG tablet decrease plasma glucose levels Baseline 15 min Baseline 15 min μlu/ml placebo 6mg/kg/day 8mg/kg/day mg/kg/day Lim et al., Phillipine Journal of Internal Medicine 2, 48: placebo 6mg/kg/day 8mg/kg/day mg/kg/day Lim et al., Phillipine Journal of Internal Medicine 2, 48: WE ARE ON THE RIGHT PATH At Texas A&M Explore new varieties & locations for cultivation Proof of concept: Isolation Raw material Extraction Rotovaporation Characterization Chromatography Concentrated extracts 6

7 Bitter Gourd Compounds Flash Separtion Momordicin (2) Charantin (2) Momordicosides ( 24) Charantiosides (8) Goyaglycosides (3) Karavilosides() Karavilagenin (5) Kuguacin (19) Kuguaglycoside (8) Kuguaosides (4) Charantagenin (5) Octonorcucurbitacin (4) Neokuguaglucoside Charantadiol Momordicinin Other Triterpeonids (74) Faster that traditional open column Monitoring capabilities Automated fraction collection Reduced solvent use Previous Reports Factors influencing the levels of phytochemicals: Farm to Plate (53 Pubs) Extraction Identification Isolation PRE HARVEST FACTORS Variety Fertilization Climate POST HARVEST FACTORS Irradiation Packaging Laborious High Solvent consumption Low yields Good Review in 29 Maturity FARM TO Processing PLATE Storage Lee, Sook Young, et al. "Cucurbitane type triterpenoids in Momordica charantia Linn." J Med Plants Res 3.13 (29): Pre harvest factors: Maturity stage Bitter Gourd Pre harvest factors: Variety mg/g Ascorbic Acid Green Mature Green Mature Levels of Phenolics Acids Indian Green Indian White Chinese Green Chinese White Gallic Acid Catechin Chlorogenic Acid Total Phenolic Acids Pusa Hybrid Pusa Vishesh Data Adopted from : Pal et al. (24) Journal of Food Science and Technology, 42: Horax et al., (2) Journal of Food Science 7: c275 c28 7

8 Factors influencing the levels of phytochemicals: Farm to Plate Effect of Roasting on Antioxidant Activity PRE HARVEST FACTORS POST HARVEST FACTORS Variety Fertilization Climate Irradiation Packaging Maturity Processing FARM PLATE Storage TO DPPH Radical Scavanging (%) a Ascorbic Acid b b DPPH d b Fruits Leaves Stems Roots c b d, c Choi et al., Food Science and Biotechnology 212, 28:19 26 b Unroasted Roasted Roasting Effect on Phytonutrient Levels Post Harvest (other) mg/kg mg/kg 15 5 Flavan 3 ol Derivatives Unroasted Roasted Fruits Leaves Stems Roots Phenolic Acid Derivatives Unroasted Roasted Fruits Leaves Stems Roots Processing treatments- Blanching; Bitter masking; fresh; freeze dried; oven dried; sun dried; fried Blanching and Prosweet masking agent treatments showed absence of momordicoside K and L. Storage- Reduced loss of phytonutrients in cut bitter gourd stored at 2 C vs whole Wang et al., Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 27, 31: Donya et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 27, 55: Factors influencing the levels of phytochemicals: Plate Farm to Farm Plate Breeding (Bitterness) PRE HARVEST FACTORS Variety Fertilization Climate POST HARVEST FACTORS Irradiation Packaging Maturity FARM Processing PLATE Storage TO 8

9 Case study of Curcumin: Traditional uses Potential Uses of Curcumin Based on Modern technology Molecular targets of curcumin Challenges Curcumin has shown poor bioavailability due to low absorption and rapid metabolism Dose of 2 g of curcumin consumption, didn t shown the levels of curcumin in serum Rapidly converting to glucuronidation Piperine is an inhibitor of intestinal and hepatic glucuronidation Concomitant administration of curcumin with piperine enhanced the bioavailability by 2% in human volunteers and 154% in rats Other promising approaches to increase the bioavailability of curcumin in humans include the use of nanoparticles Liposomes, phospholipid complexes, and structural analogues Aggarwal, B.B., Surh, Y.J., Shishodia, S., 26, The Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease, Springer. Increase Public Awareness WE ARE NOW ONE COMMUNITY 9

10 At Texas A&M Road map for HEALTHFUL fruit & vegetable Breeding Traditional Biotechnology Varietal Selection Environment Processing Agricultural Sciences Bioavailability Toxicity Drug interaction Metabolism Gut microbial Packaging/ Storage Nutritional Sciences Prevention & Control Epidemiological studies Population studies Public health Health Sciences LACK COMMUNICATION Linking Food, Health and Agriculture BREEDERS NUTRITIONIST CONSUMER The Bridge MEDICAL SCIENTISTS GROWERS CHEMISTS RETAILER HORTICULTURAL SCIENTISTS VFIC: industry partners Nutrition Bio-Medical A-W Produce Co., Inc. Judy Jackson Lark Seeds International Bagley Produce Co. Post-Harvest & Processing VFIC TEAM: 214 Sports nutrition & Health Sciences Fruit World Super Foods Extracts LLC C&V Supply Inc. Corey Brothers Inc. BiochemistryCharacterization of Bioactives Education and Economics Pan american produce Patty Leander Costa Oro, LLC Frio Valley Farms Breeding and Genetics Plant Physiology Biotechnology

11 Scientific advisory board VFIC: Integrated multi-disciplinary research on improving nutritional quality of F&V Carrot- Breeding to Clinic Selection Sorting Sample Processing Breeding for Bioactives High anthocyanin carrot Breeding Feed back to breeding program Sample analysis for clinical trial Analysis Extraction Beta Sweet Maroon Carrot- Developed through traditional breeding4 % higher β-carotene Improved flavor and texture (high sugar content) Cell culture Human clinical 11

12 Human intervention study: Breast cancer survivors CAX1 Expression increases Ca 2+ content in Carrots, Potato, Tomato and Lettuce Total plasma carotenoids (μmol/l) Protective level= µmol/l Rock et al., 25 Orange Purple 3-wk carrot juice intervention, 8 fluid ounces of carrot juice (mixed with 2 teaspoons of olive oil daily. Breeding Cell culture Human clinical Control scax1 Control scax1 2 1 Vector CAX1 A B Control scax1 Mol. Breeding, 24 Agric. Food Science, 25 Plant Physiology, 25 Plant Biotechnology, 29 More Calcium is Absorbed from CAX1 Carrots than from Controls. Organic/Conventional mg Ca absorbed/g fwt control Carrot type * CAX1 Ascorbic acid (µg/g) Grapefruit: Ascorbic acid Conventional Organic Storage (weeks) mg/ ml Organic/Conventional Hesperidin Conventional Organic Storage (days) Isolation: Limonoid aglycones 1. Limonin 2. Nomilin 3. Obacunone 4. Deacetylnomilin 5. Ichangin 6. Deoxylimonin 7. Deoxylimonol 8. Limonol 9. Limonyl acetate. 7 -Obacunyl acetate Obacunol 12. Ichangensin 13. Citusin 14. Calamin 15. Retrocalamin 16. Cyclocalamin 17. Methyl-iso-obacunoate disosphenol 18. Methyl deacetylnomilinate Keto-7 -deacetylnomilol 2. 6-Keto-7 -Nominol 21. Isocylocalamin (-19)Abeo-7 -acetoxy- - hydroxyisoobacunoic acid 3,-lactone (-19)Abeo-obacun-9(11)-en-7 yl acetate 24. Deacetylnomilinic acid 25. Nomilinic acid 26. Iso-Obacunoic acid 27. Deoxylimonic acid 28. Isolimonic acid 29. Epi-iso-obacunoic acid Dehydrolimonoic acid A ring lactone 31. Calaminic acid 32. Retrocalaminic acid 33. Cyclocalaminic acid 34. Iso-Obacunoic acid disophenol 35. Obacunoic acid Hydroxydeacetylnomilinic acid 37. Limonexic acid 12

13 Limonoid Glucosides Isolated/Reported In Citrus Monocarboxylic acids 17- -D-Glucopyranosides of: 1. Limonin 2. Nomilin 3. Obacunone 4. Ichangensin 5. Deacetylnomilin 6. Ichangin 7. Calamin 8. Methyl deacetyl nomilinate 9. 6-Keto-7 -deacetylnomilol Dicarboxylic acids. Nomilinic acid 11. Deacetylnomilinic acid 12. Obacunoic acid 13. Trans-Obacunoic acid 14. Iso-Obacunoic acid 15. Epi-iso-obacunoic acid 16. Isolimonic acid Hydroxydeacetyl nomilinic acid FARM Science of Citrus Health Benefits: In vitro & In vivo CHARACTERIZATION IN VITRO IN VIVO CLINICAL Current status Several unknowns Limonoids: Cancer Suppression of colon carcinogenesis by bioactive compounds in grapefruit In vivo Breast cancer Colon cancer Inhibitory Role of Limonoids in Cancer Pancreatic cancer Patil et al., J Agric. Food Chem. 57: Murthy et al., Food Chem. Tox.49: Murthy et al.,in vitro Toxicology, 25: Jayaprakasha et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 58: Patil et al., Microchem. J., 94: Leonardi et al., Exp. Bio. Med., 235:7 717 Somasundaram et al., J. App. Glob. Res., 3: Kim et al., Eur. J.Pharma. 67: Prostate cancer Jayaprakasha et al., Food Chemistry, 131: Gunasekara et al., Nutrition and Cancer 58: Total Number of AC P =.2 a b b b b Basal Diet GFPP IGFPP Naringin Limonin Number of HMACF P =.1 a b b b b Basal Diet GFPP IGFPP Naringin Limonin Neuroblastoma Poulose et al, The FASEB Journal 26. 2:A11 A12 GFPP Grapefruit Pulp Powder IG Irradiated Grapefruit Pulp Powder Vanamala et al., 26. Carcinogenesis

14 Other secondary metabolites from Citrus: Cancer prevention A Grapefruit Study in Overweight, Healthy Adults: CLINICAL TRIAL Lipid profile changes Educating future generations Before GF Reduction in total cholesterol after consuming GFJ After GF 5 Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) HDL (mg/dl) LDL (mg/dl) Triglycerides 72 14

15 Multi-state & Multi-disciplinary Courses Acknowledgement Present research is supported by USDA-CSREES Designing Foods for Health through VFIC Indianapolis Dallas Michigan Weslaco College Station 15