monozygote Zwillinge plus deren Mütter *** ** ** *** ! Familienmitglieder auch auf mikrobieller Ebene verwandt!

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1 a More similar More different UniFrac distance * * Unrelated Dizygotic ** ** Twin mother * ns Dizygotic Twin twin Monozygotic Monozygotic Self! Familienmitglieder auch auf mikrobieller Ebene verwandt!! Die Kovarianz zwischen MZ/DZ nicht unterschiedl. (auch nicht räumliche Separation)! Keine einzige Spezies (>.5%) bei allen 154 Individuen präsent! * p<1-5 ; ** p<1-14 ; p<1-41 Turnbaugh PJ. Nature 29; 457: a 1 Bacterial phylum b COG categories Relative abundance (%) F1T1Le F1T2Le F1MOv F2T1Le F2T2Le F2MOb F3T1Le F3T2Le F3MOv F4T1Ob F4T2Ob F4MOb F5T1Ob F5T2Ob F5MOv F6T1Ob F6T2Ob F6MOb F1T1Le F1T2Le F1MOv F2T1Le F2T2Le F2MOb F3T1Le F3T2Le F3MOv F4T1Ob F4T2Ob F4MOb F5T1Ob F5T2Ob F5MOv F6T1Ob F6T2Ob F6MOb Firmicutes Bacteroidetes Actinobacteria Proteobacteria Other [Q] [P] [I] [H] [F] [E] [G] [C] [S] [R] [O] [U] [W] [Z] [N] [M] [T] [V] [Y] [D] [B] [L] [K] [A] [J] 6 monozygote Zwillinge plus deren Mütter Turnbaugh PJ. Nature 29; 457:

2 KEGG category Transcription Translation Nucleotide metabolism Amino-acid metabolism Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites Replication and repair Metabolism of other amino acids Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism Lipid metabolism Biosynthesis of polyketides Relative abundance (percentage of KEGG assignments) * Funktionelle Analyse des Mikrobioms (KEGG Kategorien) Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel in core Cell growth and death Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins Energy metabolism Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism Genetic information processing protein families Metabolism protein families Metabolism unclassified Membrane transport Folding, sorting, and degradation Cellular processes and signalling protein families Cellular processes and signalling unclassified Signal transduction Poorly characterized unclassified Genetic information processing unclassified Cell motility Signalling molecules and interaction ** Core Variable Membrantransport in variabel Hier wurden die Sequenzen von 18 Mikrobiomen nach core und variabel kategorisiert. Die Komposition der individuellen Mikrobiota unterliegt laufenden Veränderungen als Reaktion auf extrinsische und intrinsische Einflüsse.!"#$% )-./123/4.53-6/-7/% (inflammation-disease) KOMPOSITION MIKROBIOTA 89&*:$;<,$='*+% (microbes-geography-climate sanitization-medication)% &"'$(%)*+*$",% <:$*'% 13

3 Das bemerkenswerteste Beispiel für die Plastizität der intestinalen Mikrobiota ist die rasche kompositionelle Veränderung als Reaktion auf Änderungen der Ernährungsgewohnheiten. 32ED/FB4G4354H-43% ;-.43% I'=$*"+*% KOMPOSITION MIKROBIOTA ;*$$*%,=J:*+JK!'<$*% The Long-Term Stability of the Human Gut Microbiota Studienziel: Erfassung der Dynamik und/oder Stabilität der intestinalen Mikrobiota Methodik:! Neue Technik: Low-error 16S rrna amplicon sequencing (LEA-Seq)! 37 gesunde US Amerikaner! 2 bis 13 Samples pro Teilnehmer! Über 296 Wochen (5 Jahre!) Faith JJ et al. Science July 213; 341: /8 14

4 A B 1. Jaccard Index.9! Insgesamt wurden 195 ± 48 Stämme, mit 11 ± 21 Spezies identifiziert..8! Power law: Bemerkenswerte 6%-ige Stabilität über 5 Jahre (extrapoliert über Jahrzehnte) ! Bacteroides und Actinobakerien besonders stabil! Gewicht-stabilität besser Prädiktor hinsichtlich Microbiota Stabilität als die Zeit B C RESULTATE UND KONKLUSIONEN 1.9 Jaccard Index lnbmi between samples ! Die early gut colonizers (von Eltern/Geschwistern) haben das Potenzial physiologische, metabolische und immunologische Funktionen unser gesamtes Leben auszuüben. time between samples (weeks) Faith JJ et al. Science July 213; 341: /8 14 Kinder (1 bis 6a) des Mossi Stamm in Burkina Faso, bis 2a gestillt, traditionelle afrikanische ländliche Diät LOW FAT STARCH AND PLANT POLYSACCHARIDE-RICH CONTAMINATED HOMEMADE PROMPTLY CONSUMED LOCALLY PRODUCED + Bacteroidetes + Actinobacteria Hohe funktionelle und phylogenetische Diversität 15 Kinder (1 bis 6a) aus Florenz (Italien), bis 1a gestillt, typische westliche Diät HIGH FAT HIGH PROTEIN HIGH SUGAR FOOD PROCESSING FOOD STORING + Firmicutes + Proteobacteria Geringe funktionelle und phylogenetische Diversität De Filippo C et al. PNAS 21;17:

5 Conventionalisierte Mäuse (CONV-D) = Keimfrei (GF) gezogen mit fecal microbiota transplant von konventionell (CONV-R) gezogenen Mäusen. Mehr Leptin, vermehrte Insulinresistenz. Keine Unterschiede zwischen männlich und weiblich. Unabhängig von B/T Zellen Bäckhed et al. PNAS 24; 11: Kolonialisierung Prozessierung komplexer KH Vermehrte hepat. Lipogenese (ChREBP, SREBP1) Suppression von FIAF Vermehrte LPL Aktivität Vermehrte TG Speicherung im FG Tilg H, Moschen AR. Gastroenterology 29 Bäckhed et al. PNAS 24; 11:

6 a 12 b 4. c 6 µmol per g wet wt. caecal contents Lean (+/+, ob/+) Obese (ob/ob) kcal g Increase in body fat (%) 4 2 Acetate Propionate Butyrate Gaschromatographie 2. Lean Obese Bomb calorimetrie Donor: +/+ ob/ob FMT auf GF mice TRANSFER OF OBESITY! Turnbaugh PJ et al. Nature 26; 444: b Percentage of total sequences c Firmicutes Bacteroidetes Lean Weeks on diet Change in relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in subjects with weight loss. c Change in Bacteroidetes abundance (%) 3 CARB-R 25 FAT-R R 2 =.8 R 2 = Change in body weight (%) Relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes: Changes irrespective of diet type! Gewichtsverlust per se relevanter als Art der Diät! -25 Ley RE, Gordon J. Nature 26; 444:

7 Antibiotics as Part of the Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition Indi Trehan, M.D., M.P.H., D.T.M.&H., Hayley S. Goldbach, Sc.B., Lacey N. LaGrone, M.D., Guthrie J. Meuli, B.S., Richard J. Wang, M.D., Kenneth M. Maleta, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., and Mark J. Manary, M.D. Gut Microbiomes of Malawian Twin Pairs Discordant for Kwashiorkor Michelle I. Smith, 1 * Tanya Yatsunenko, 1 * Mark J. Manary, 2,3,4 Indi Trehan, 2,3 Rajhab Mkakosya, 5 Jiye Cheng, 1 Andrew L. Kau, 1 Stephen S. Rich, 6 Patrick Concannon, 6 Josyf C. Mychaleckyj, 6 Jie Liu, 7 Eric Houpt, 7 Jia V. Li, 8 Elaine Holmes, 8 Jeremy Nicholson, 8 Dan Knights, 9,1 Luke K. Ursell, 11 Rob Knight, 9,1,11,12 Jeffrey I. Gordon 1 a Therapeutic intervention b c Control microbiota Kwashiorkor mice 36 months RUTF + antibiotics RUTF + Malawian diet No change in weight Loss of weight Change to RUTF Higher rates of weight gain and lower mortality than the RUTF-only group Reduced mortality and increased weight gain Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor Normal Gut microbiome with reduced overall gene content Rapid weight gain Numerous changes remained Return to Malawian diet Particularly rapid weight gain, change in microbiota Changes not sustained!"#$%&'()*+,-.&/1&2,3&4)15(,-1,5(#&6,71(#&89:;&!5,+-&<&,1&#.&/=>'&89:;&?@"1+&'<&,1&#.&?*",-*,&89:;& ARTICLE Nature Aug 212 doi:1.138/nature11319 Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly Marcus J. Claesson 1,2 *, Ian B. Jeffery 1,2 *, Susana Conde 3, Susan E. Power 1, Eibhlís M. O Connor 1,2, Siobhán Cusack 1, Hugh M. B. Harris 1, Mairead Coakley 4, Bhuvaneswari Lakshminarayanan 4, Orla O Sullivan 4, Gerald F. Fitzgerald 1,2, Jennifer Deane 1, Michael O Connor 5,6, Norma Harnedy 5,6, Kieran O Connor 6,7,8, Denis O Mahony 5,6,8, Douwe van Sinderen 1,2, Martina Wallace 9, Lorraine Brennan 9, Catherine Stanton 2,4, Julian R. Marchesi 1, Anthony P. Fitzgerald 3,11, Fergus Shanahan 2,12, Colin Hill 1,2, R. Paul Ross 2,4 & Paul W. O Toole 1,2! 178 Alte, 78 ± 8 (64 bis 12), 3 Gruppen: Zuhause lebend, tagesklinische Betreuung, Heimbewohner! Heimbewohner geringere Diversität! Veränderung d. Mikrobiota in Abhängigkeit von: senile Gebrechlichkeit, Co-Morbiditäten, Ernährungsstatus, Inflammation und fäkale Metaboliten! Verlust der community microbiota korreliert mit Zunahme der senilen Gebrechlichkeit 18

8 red A 2A 1B Catenibacterium Parasporobacterium Oribacterium Paraprevotella Syntrophococcus 16 Acidaminobacter Barnesiella Sporobacter Ethanoligenens Parasutterella Oscillibacter Acetivibrio Anaerovorax Robinsoniella Anaerophaga Methanobrevibacter Bulleidia Mogibacterium Howardella Prevotella Acidaminococcus 1A Cerasicoccus Natronincola Rothia Victivallis Clostridium MNA Hydrogenoanaerobacterium Alkaliphilus Bifidobacterium Sporacetigenium Diastolic BP Herbaspirillum Lachnobacterium Peptococcus Phascolarctobacterium Coprococcus Pseudobutyrivibrio Streptophyta Butyricicoccus Dialister Catenibacterium Veillonella Parasporobacterium 4B Oribacterium Ruminococcus 1A Sutterella Paraprevotella CC Actinobacillus Anaerostipes Weight 3A GDT 2B 3B Sporobacter Acidaminobacter 2A Rikenella Oscillibacter Acetivibrio Methanobrevibacter Robinsoniella Anaerophaga Acetitomaculum Desulfovibrio Eubacterium Bulleidia Prevotella Akkermansia Howardella Acidaminococcus Cerasicoccus Natronincola Victivallis Clostridium Hydrogenoanaerobacterium Sporacetigenium Alkaliphilus Escherichia/Shigella Herbaspirillum Sarcina Butyricimonas Peptococcus Lachnobacterium Coprococcus Anaerosporobacter Sporobacter Oscillibacter Anaerophaga Anaerofilum Prevotella Howardella Bulleidia Natronincola Rothia Subdoligranulum Clostridium Hydrogenoanaerobacterium Hespellia Actinomyces Sporacetigenium Butyricimonas Odoribacter Lachnobacterium Leuconostoc Weissella Coprococcus Pseudobutyrivibrio Streptophyta Dialister Butyricicoccus Blautia Catenibacterium Asaccharobacter Roseburia 1B Parasporobacterium Ruminococcus Veillonella Oribacterium Faecalibacterium Streptococcus Actinobacillus Syntrophococcus Anaerostipes Parasutterella Barnesiella Moryella 2A Parabacteroides 1B IL-8 IL-6 2B Subdoligranulum Sedimentibacter Bifidobacterium Sarcina Odoribacter Phascolarctobacterium Coprococcus Bacteroides Butyricicoccus Dialister Anaerosporobacter Catenibacterium Roseburia Blautia Ruminococcus Sutterella Faecalibacterium Oribacterium Barnesiella Actinobacillus Anaerostipes Moryella 2B 22 3A 24 Acidaminobacter Sporobacter Ethanoligenens Parabacteroides Acetivibrio Rikenella Anaerovorax Robinsoniella Alistipes Methanobrevibacter Papillibacter Cloacibacillus Akkermansia Anaerofilum Acetanaerobacterium Tepidibacter Eggerthella Lutispora Clostridium Sedimentibacter Victivallis Hespellia Bifidobacterium Coprobacillus Lactonifactor Anaerotruncus Butyricimonas Holdemania Peptococcus Odoribacter Weissella 3A 3B Diastolic BP GDT 4B 4A IL-6 9 Ethanoligenens 4A Acetivibrio Rikenella Parabacteroides Anaerovorax Methanobrevibacter Papillibacter Akkermansia Cloacibacillus Eubacterium Desulfovibrio Mogibacterium Anaerofilum Subdoligranulum Sedimentibacter Eggerthella Tepidibacter Lactonifactor Lutispora Coprobacillus Anaerotruncus Phascolarctobacterium Holdemania Leuconostoc Weissella Barnesiella Oscillibacter Rikenella Parabacteroides Alistipes Eubacterium Mogibacterium Anaerofilum Acetanaerobacterium Rothia Dorea Oxobacter Clostridium Bifidobacterium Lactococcus Lactonifactor Coprobacillus Odoribacter Escherichia/Shigella Lactobacillus Actinomyces Leuconostoc Weissella Pseudobutyrivibrio Bacteroides Butyricicoccus Sharpea Roseburia Blautia Asaccharobacter Dialister Veillonella Sutterella Oribacterium Streptococcus Actinobacillus Parasutterella Moryella Barnesiella 3B 16 Ethanoligenens 2A 2B Akkermansia Eubacterium Anaerofilum Acetanaerobacterium Eggerthella 1B Dorea Lutispora Oxobacter Lactonifactor Lactococcus Coprobacillus Anaerotruncus Escherichia/Shigella Actinomyces Leuconostoc Lactobacillus Bacteroides 4B Sharpea Blautia Veillonella 25 Anaerostipes Streptococcus FIM 3A Barthel IL-8 3B 4A 4B Barthel FIM MNA CC MMSE Weight BMI Diastolic BP CRP Diastolic BP Systolic BP Claesson MJ et al. Nature 212;488: Intestinal Microbial Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine and Cardiovascular Risk W.H. Wilson Tang, M.D., Zeneng Wang, Ph.D., Bruce S. Levison, Ph.D., Robert A. Koeth, B.S., Earl B. Britt, M.D., Xiaoming Fu, M.S., Yuping Wu, Ph.D., and Stanley L. Hazen, M.D., Ph.D. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis Robert A Koeth 1,2, Zeneng Wang 1,2, Bruce S Levison 1,2, Jennifer A Buffa 1,2, Elin Org 3, Brendan T Sheehy 1, Earl B Britt 1,2, Xiaoming Fu 1,2, Yuping Wu 4, Lin Li 1,2, Jonathan D Smith 1,2,5, Joseph A DiDonato 1,2, Jun Chen 6, Hongzhe Li 6, Gary D Wu 7, James D Lewis 6,8, Manya Warrier 9, J Mark Brown 9, Ronald M Krauss 1, W H Wilson Tang 1,2,5, Frederic D Bushman 5, Aldons J Lusis 3 & Stanley L Hazen 1,2,5 A TMAO Relative Intensity (%) 1 5 justed hazard ratio for highest quartile vs. lowest The prognostic value of elevated plasma levels of cant in various subgroups associated with a reduced overall risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (Fig. S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). These subgroups included younger participants (<65 years of age), women, and participants who did not have a known history of coronary artery disease or coronary disease risk equivalents, had low lipid and apolipoprotein levels, had normal blood pressure, did not smoke, and had low levels of Antibiotics (gut flora suppression) Reacquisition of gut flora Visit 1 Visit 2 Visit 3 Visit 1 Visit 2 Visit Minutes Minutes Minutes Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, or Death (%) No. at Risk Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile P<.1 by log-rank test Years TMAO Quartile 4 Quartile 3 Quartile 2 Quartile 1 A"#)(-&!-$&A6&,1&#.&/=>'&B75&89:;& C(,1+&2B&,1&#.&/1&',D&'E&89:;& 19

9 Exogenous Stimuli Maintain Intraepithelial Lymphocytes via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation C"))&=B&,1&#.&?*",-*,&F*1&89::& G"&H&,1&#.&I,##&F*1&89::& Ying Li, 1 Silvia Innocentin, 4 David R. Withers, 5 Natalie A. Roberts, 5,6 Alec R. Gallagher, 2 Elena F. Grigorieva, 3 Christoph Wilhelm, 1 and Marc Veldhoen 1,4, * G#$;6#'&?6('&H(.6,/#6>,"&9%/%*$,6&2-7#".&3,"$6,'&:67#",7%"%-&,8&!"$%$-"#'& 2()*+,-.&I,''-/'%& T?')7!;$!['%%D 5D/D\!M(<,'&!]-)7,3-@,.D 5!Y2(B7)'(![-+B>7))D 5!T?'7%!X-3('L7D 9!I7)'(?7!S')L(D V!! MC7,?-22(!T%%(,D 8!;)<,(7%!I'(B()37&C 5D/D\^! 2 1!"#$%&'()*$+,-. / (12'342'3(5'. 6 (7&8,$%2,'(9&2$$23. : (;23<&*(=2'2**,(>&#,.? (@<*2,( A2BC%&#. D (5'4#&(E#,'-&. F (@"',%C,'(GH(I*2B-J,'. K (A&2'&#(72&8&#%. D (A&8&BB,(;H( L,#"'.? (1&''2$(MH(N,$O&#. 6 PQ(A2BC,#4(7H(L*<J8&#3 / PQ( F#)JK&!&,1&#.&?*",-*,&89:8&& Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il1 2/2 mice Suzanne Devkota 1, Yunwei Wang 1, Mark W. Musch 1, Vanessa Leone 1, Hannah Fehlner-Peach 1, Anuradha Nadimpalli 1, Dionysios A. Antonopoulos 2, Bana Jabri 1 & Eugene B. Chang 1 NLRP6 Inflammasome Regulates Colonic Microbial Ecology and Risk for Colitis 4 Eran Elinav, 1,8 Till Strowig, 1,8 Andrew L. Kau, 4,5 Jorge Henao-Mejia, 1 Christoph A. Thaiss, 1 Carmen J. Booth, 2 David R. Peaper, 3 John Bertin, 6 Stephanie C. Eisenbarth, 1,3 Jeffrey I. Gordon, 4 and Richard A. Flavell 1,7, * L,3K(1&?&,1&#.&/1M5,&89:8&& 3 =#"-3&=&,1&#.&I,##&89::& 2

10 eigene, unpublizierte Daten Darm Mikrobiota Summary Große Diversität (> 1, species) Enger Kontakt / Interaktion mit intestinaler Mukosa Garantiert vitale Funktionen für den Wirt Dysbiose ist vor allem mit pathologischen Zuständen assoziiert (CED, Adipositas, Allergien, etc.) Ca. 2/3 der Mikrobiota sind bislang nicht kultivierbar Das Mikrobiom umfasst 1-1 mal mehr Gene als das menschliche Genom Hohe interpersonelle Spezifität mit wenigen common Spezies Die Komposition der Mikrobiota wird beeinflusst von: Diät, genetischer / soziokultureller Hintergrund, Familie, Alter, Medikation, etc. Die Ernährung ist wahrscheinlich der wichtigste Faktor. 21

11 Diversity, stability and resilience of the gut microbiota Lozupone CA et al. Nature Sept

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