Protein requirements of beef cattle fed palm oil by-products in the South-Thailand

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1 แก นเกษตร 38 ฉบ บพ เศษ : (2553). KHON KAEN AGR. J. 38 SUPPLMENT : (2010). Protein requirements of beef cattle fed palm oil by-products in the South-Thailand O. Pimpa 1*, B. Khamseekhiew 1, B. Pimpa 1 and S. Ruengsuwan 1 Abstract: Three experiments were conducted in Suratthani province. The First experiment was aimed at studying the chemical composition and dry matter degradability of palm oil and palm oil by-product and to apply this to feedstuffs for ruminants. The second and third experiments were conducted to study protein requirements for maintenance and growth of Southern indigenous cattle and Brahman crossbreed cattle fed palm oil by-products. The by product from palm oil plantations were palm fronds (PF). By product from the palm oil industry were: 1. decanter cakes, another source of energy ( kcal/kg) 10.79%EE and 14%CP for ruminant, 2. Palm kernel cakes (PKC) separated into two groups, pure PKC without shell or husk (containing 14.5%CP and 77.7% NDF) and PKC mixed with shell and husk (containing 6.8%CP, 59.3%NDF), 3. Empty fruit bunch (containing 3.4%CP, but high NDF and ADF contents), 4. Palm press fiber (containing 7% CP, high NDF (91%) and ADF (74%)). Dry matter degradability of the PKC and decanter cake were 60% and 62%, respectively. The second experiment studied the dietary nitrogen requirement of native Thai cattle. The relationship between the average daily gain (ADG) and N intake (NI) was: ADG = NI (R 2 = 0.32). The protein requirement for maintenance and growth 100 g of growing male indigenous cattle was g N/kgW 0.75 /d and 0.06 g N/kgW 0.75 /d, respectively. The third experiment studied the protein requirements of Brahman crossbred steers reared under small-holder condition. The relationship between the protein intake and ADG was: protein intake= x ADG (R 2 = 0.94) showing protein requirement for maintenance was g protein /kgw 0.75 /d (0.909 gn/ kgw 0.75 /d) and protein requirement for 100 g protein /kgw 0.75 /d growth was g protein/kgw 0.75 /d (9.24 gn/ kgw 0.75 /d). This value is close to g protein/kgw 0.75 /d, the requirement reported in WTSR (2008). The investigated nutrient requirement of the WTSR (2008) can be used for Brahman crossbred cattle reared under small-holder condition in Southern Thailand. Keywords: Beef Cattle, Protein requirement, Palm oil by-products, Ruminant production Introduction Thailand has no recommendation of feeding standards for native Thai beef cattle. One of the limiting factors in beef production is protein and protein requirement in feeding standards for Thai native beef cattle have not been clearly defined. Furthermore, there have very few studies investigating the protein requirements for beef cattle. Information from National Research Council (NRC, USA) and Agricultural Research Council (ARC, UK) are commonly adopted for feeding applications. The CP requirements of cattle in Thailand may not be the same recommended by NRC (1996) or ARC. The purpose of this study was to quantify dietary protein requirements for maintenance and growth of cattle fed palm oil and palm oil by-products based diets. Information on the efficiency of nutrient utilization of crossbreed cattle in south Thailand is also lacking and to 1 Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani, * Corresponding author:

2 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 38 SUPPLMENT : (2010). 159 recheck the accuracy of WTSR (2008). The experiment was focused on protein requirements in farm conditions to provide additional information for development of feeding standards for beef cattle in Thailand, because these requirements have not been evaluated under the Thai feeding standards. Therefore, it is our objective to study the nutritional requirements of beef cattle in the southern region that are fed palm oil and palm oil by-products. This would provide more accurate information on the value of nutrient requirements of beef cattle in Thailand and efficient use of locally available feed for ruminant in southern of Thailand. Materials and Methods Experiment one, four ruminal fistulated bulls (200 ± 25 kg) were used to determine in situ nutrient degradability of palm oil by-product, such as PKC, PF, palm press fiber, decanter cake. The palm oil by-products were collected from various factories. All samples were ground to pass a 2 mm screen and store for chemical analysis and degradability study (Ørskov and McDonald, 1979). The samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM) and CP according to AOAC (1990). Neutral detergent fiber and ADF were determined using the method of Goering and Van Soest (1970). Data of ruminal digestion of DM and NDF were fitted to the exponential equation following the procedure described by Ørskov and McDonald (1979) and using the NEWAY program (Chen, 1996). Experiment two, Southern indigenous cattle, consisting of sixteen growing males, with an average initial body weight of ± kg were used. Eight animals were raised in university and eight animals were raised at the farmer s farm. The animals were individually kept in cages. The animals were fed 60% PF and 40% concentrate (DM basis) consisted with PKC. The energy content of diets was formulated to contain gross energy intake of 2 time above maintenance (M) requirement (assuming M= kcal/ kgw 0.75 /d) established earlier for KK cattle (Liang et al., 1988). The protein levels were 7.2%, 8.2%, 10.3% and 12.4% in total mix ratio (TMR). The amount of feed was fixed at rate 90 g DM/ kgw 0.75 /d, based on energy consumed at about kcal /kg W 0.75 /d. The animals were weighed at the beginning of the study and then every two weeks until the end of the experimental period. The experiment consisted of 90 day feeding periods. The animals were fed twice a day at 08:00 h and h and had free access to drinking water. Feed offered and refused were collected and recorded daily. The average NI (g N/ kg W 0.75 /d) of each head of cattle was fed different protein levels to estimate dietary N requirement (DN). The regression equation between NI and ADG were plotted similar to the model suggested by Steen et al. (1997). The N requirement value for growth was collected from slope index of regression equation between the ADG and NI. Dietary nitrogen requirement for maintenance was calculated according to the equation: ADG = slope (NI) + ADG at zero NI, where N requirement (Nm) for maintenance equals to NI when ADG is zero. Experiment three, was carried out to recheck the accuracy of WTSR (2008). The sixteen

3 160 Brahman crossbred cattle were given different levels of protein in feed (7.3, 8.6, 9.6 and 10.8% CP) with the same amount of energy intake (227.8 ± 9.46 kcal/kgw 0.75 /d). Experiment was conducted similarly to the second experiment. The result data of NI and ADG were plotted on regression equation similarly to the second experiment. The slope index of equation between NI and ADG of this experiment was compared to the equation plotted between NI and ADG from WTSR (2008) to recheck the accuracy of WTSR (2008). Results and Discussion Nutrient contents and digestibility of palm oil and palm oil by-products were reported in Table 1. Palm kernel cake were separate to two group, PKC from pure palm kernel oil mill extraction (with out shell and husk) and PKC (mixed) with shell and husk. The pure PKC contains a high CP and NDF compared with PKC (mixed). Empty fruit bunch contains a high moisture level (40.7%) the average CP value was about 3.4%, but high NDF and ADF contents. Palm press fiber was sampled in fresh, contains a high moisture level (45%) the average CP value was about 7%, but high NDF and ADF contents. Decanter cake was interesting, high CP value (14.8%) and 10.79% EE. Dry matter degradability of the PKC and decanter cake were 60% and 62%, respectively. Palm press fiber and PF are fiber sources, DM digestibility are lower than PKC and decanter cake. แก นเกษตร 38 ฉบ บพ เศษ : (2553). In the second experiment, there was a significant (p<0.01) increase in NI of cattle as the crude protein concentration in the feeds increased (7.3, 8.3, 10.3 and 12.5% for feed L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively). The nitrogen intake of cattle was lowest when fed L1 (1.12 g N/kgW 0.75 /d) and highest when fed diet L4 (1.85 g N/kgW 0.75 /d) (Table 2). The body weight gain were significantly (p<0.01) affected by the different nitrogen intake. The highest ADG was of cattle when fed 12.5% CP (860 g/d) following by 10.3% (751 g/d), 8.3 % (615 g/d) and 7.3% (420 g/d). The regression equation between ADG and NI of cattle was ADG (g/d) = NI (R 2 =0.32) (Figure 1). The results showed that there was a low correlation between NI and ADG of Thai southern native cattle (R 2 =0.32). Estimated maintenance nitrogen requirement, the NI at which ADG equal to zero were gn/kgw 0.75 /day. The results showed that N requirements for 100 g growth of growing male was 0.06 gn/kgw 0.75 /d. In the third experiment, the ADG were found to increase significantly (p<0.01) with an increase of protein intake, ADG were , , and g/d for animals given 7.3, 8.6, 9.6 and 10.8% CP respectively (Table 3). The relationship between the protein intake and ADG was show in Figure 2 protein intake= x ADG (R 2 = 0.942) showing protein requirement for maintenance to be g protein /kgw 0.75 /d (0.909 gn/ kgw 0.75 /d) and protein requirement for 100 g protein /kgw 0.75 /d growth of growing male Brahman crossbreed cattle to be g protein/kgw 0.75 /d (9.24 gn/ kgw 0.75 /d).

4 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 38 SUPPLMENT : (2010). 161 Table 1 Chemical composition, DM digestibility (DMD%) and NDF digestibility (NDFD%) of palm oil and palm oil by products. Source DM Ash EE CP NDF ADF ADL DMD NDFD DM basis PKC PKC (Mixed) NA NA Empty fruit brunch NA NA Palm press fiber Decanter cake Palm frond NA Table 2 Feed intake in proportions consumed by cattle on ADG and feed conversion (FCR) of native cattle. Item Crude protein concentration L1 L2 L3 L4 Body weight, Kg DM intake kg/d 3.97 a 3.27 b 3.94 a 3.68 a N intake g/d c c b a N intake g/w 0.75 /d 1.12 c 1.20 bc 1.56 b 1.85 a GE intake kcal/ W 0.75 /d ADG g/d 420 c 615 bc 751 b 860 a FCR (g DMI/ g gain) 9.4 a 5.3 b 5.2 b 4.3 c a-c Means within the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05) The result R 2 of the second experiment was not consistent with the results obtained in the other experiments (protein requirement for beef cattle projects under JIRCAS working group, 2007) which R 2 for the relationship was higher than this experiment. The reason for the difference in results may be the experimental design which was conducted at the university and farmer s farm, but using CRD with higher variation feeding to the animals. The results of the third experiment, showed protein requirements for maintenance was gprotein /kgw 0.75 /d and protein requirement for 100 g protein /kgw 0.75 /d growth of growing male Brahman crossbreed cattle was g protein/kgw 0.75 /d. This value is close to g protein/kgw 0.75 /d, the requirement reported in WTSR (2008) which is different by only 2.03%. As the 2.03% difference falls in the WTSR (2008) accuracy

5 162 แก นเกษตร 38 ฉบ บพ เศษ : (2553). ADG (g/d) y = x R 2 = Nitrogen Intake (g/kg W0.75/d) Figure 1 Relationship between nitrogen intake and ADG in growing male native cattle fed different levels of protein. Table 3 The effect of varying the protein levels on the ADG of Brahman crossbred cattle. Item Levels of protein intake L1 L2 L3 L4 CP intake g/d b ab ab a CP intake g/kgw 0.75 /d 8.19 c 9.55 b b a GE intake kcal/d GE intake kcal/ kgw 0.75 /d Average daily gain, g/d c b b a a-c Means within the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05) 12 CP intake g /kgw 0.75 /d y = x R 2 = ADG g/kgw 0.75 /d Figure 2 Relationship between protein intake and ADG for growing Brahman crossbred cattle. range, the investigated nutrient requirements system can be used for Brahman crossbred cattle reared under small-holder conditions in Southern Thailand. The protein requirements for maintenance found in this study were in the range of 5.47 to 5.94 g/kgw 0.75 /d for beef cattle as reported by Tangjitwattanachai and Sommart (2008); Kearl (1982) and Wilkerson (1993). The protein requirements for growth 100 g/kgw 0.75 /d, for growing male Brahman crossbreed cattle was lower than 59 g

6 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 38 SUPPLMENT : (2010). 163 protein/kgw 0.75 /d as reported by Tangjitwattanachai and Sommart (2008). Conclusion and Recommendations The dietary nitrogen requirement for maintenance of native cattle was in the range of g/kg W 0.75 /d. This values corresponded to the lower than 7% CP in ruminant feed. To investigate the accuracy of WTSR (2008), the table of protein requirement of Brahman crossbreed cattle in WTSR (2008) can be applied to Brahman crossbreed cattle reared under small-holder condition in Southern Thailand. The palm oil and palm oil by-product in southern region have potential as animal feeds such as PF, PKC and decanter cake. Acknowledgements The authors thank Prince of Songkla University, Suratthani campus, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences and Department of Livestock Development for supporting this research project. References AOAC Official Methods of Analyses. 15 th ed. Association of official Analytical Chemists. Arlinton, VA. Chen, X.B An Excel Application Programme for Processing Feed Degradability Data. User Manual. Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK. Goering, H. K. and P. J. Van Soest Forage Fiber Analysis (Apparatus, Reagent, Procedure and some Applicants). Agric. Handbook. No ARS, USDA, Washington, DC. Kearl, L. C Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants in Developing Countries. International Feedstuffs Institute. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. Utah Atate University, Logan, Utah. Liang, J.B., Samiyah, M.N. and Hirooka, H., Energy requirements for growing Kedah-Kelantan (KK) and Brahman-KK heifers in Malaysia. MARDI Res. J. 16: National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 6th Edn., National Academy of Scinece, Washington, DC., USA. Ørskov, E.R. and I. McDonald The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92: Steen, R.W.J., L.E.R. Dawson, N. Lavery, D.E. Kirkpatrick and S.D. Johnston Estimation of the maintenance energy requirements of beef cattle and lambs. Proc. Brit. Soc. Anim. Sci. Tangjiwattanachai, N. and K. Sommart Protein requirements for maintenance and gain of Thai native, Brahman and Brahman crossbred beef cattle in Thailand: A meta-analysis. Proc. Of International Symposium: Establishment of a Feeding Standard of Beef Cattle and a feed Database for the Indochinese peninsula. 6-7 August, 2008, Khon Kaen, Thailand. WTSR Nutrient Requirement of Beef cattle in Thailand. 1 th The working committee of Thai Feeding Standard for Ruminant. Thailand. Wilkerson, V.A.J., J. Klopfenstein, R.A. Britton and P. Miller Metabolizable protein and amino acid requirements of growing beef cattle. J. Anim Sci. 71: