Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

Transcription

1 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs by GO TO ESSENTIALS June 2016

2 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs Table of Contents Preface... 3 Using Feed-Grade Amino Acids for Sustainable Animal Production... 4 Economical Issues... 5 Environmental Impacts... 6 Societal Concerns... 8 Amino Acid Requirements for Fattening Pigs... 9 Tryptophan Branched-Chain Amino Acids Ideal Amino Acid Profile for Fattening Pigs Low Crude Protein Diets in Fattening Pigs The Next Limiting Amino Acid Recently Published Trials Conclusions References Focus: The Net Energy System to Optimise Low Crude Protein Diets at the Lowest Cost... 22

3 Preface By searching for a more sustainable pig production system, swine nutritionists and formulators have to look for higher nutrient efficiency, and especially for a higher nitrogen efficiency. By increasing the nitrogen efficiency, the impact of pig production on the environment is indeed significantly reduced, the dependency on protein supply is mitigated and the overall economic performance of pig production is improved. L-Tryptophan, together with L-Lysine, L-Threonine and L-Valine, makes possible the achievement of nutritional solutions to increase the nitrogen efficiency of pig production. Tryptophan being the next limiting amino acid (AA) in fattening pig diets, the performance will be improved by monitoring the dietary Trp level. In the formula, the use of L-Tryptophan allows a lower soybean meal inclusion and a decrease of dietary crude protein level while maximizing pig performance. The successful implementation of reduced protein diets lies on a deep knowledge of AA requirements. To make the optimal choice on the AA levels to apply in the formula, recent advances on AA nutrition for fattening pigs are detailed in this document and an updated ideal AA profile is given. Practical implementations of this AA profile in low protein fattening pig diets using various feedstuffs are also described. Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs. June Aude Simongiovanni, William Lambert, Eric Le Gall, Etienne Corrent. AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 3

4 Using Feed-Grade Amino Acids for Sustainable Animal Production The increasing availability of feed-grade amino acids (AA) offers new opportunities in terms of feed optimization for growing pigs and contributes to a more sustainable animal production system (Figure 1). Society Economy Environment Figure 1: The feed-grade amino acids contribute to the three pillars of sustainability: Economy, Environment and Society. Feed-grade AA allow the feeds to be optimized based on a balanced AA profile and not on a minimum dietary crude protein (CP) level; this feed formulation strategy has impact on: Economy: A more precise optimization of the formula leads to a reduction of the feed cost with optimized performance (see p. 5). Environment: A reduction of the nitrogen (N) excretion by the animals decreases acidification and eutrophication (see p. 6). Society concerns: More flexibility in the formula offers opportunities to use more local feedstuffs, thereby decreasing the impact on global warming potential (see p. 8). Economy, environment and society are the 3 pillars of sustainability. By contributing to the 3 pillars, feed-grade AA help to achieve a more sustainable animal production. 4 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

5 Economy Saving feed cost In Figure 2, are presented the results of a formulation exercise performed on a grower pig feed (SID Lys level at 0.85% and NE level at 9.7 MJ/kg) using different scenarios of feedstuff prices (from January 2012 to March 2016). A basal formula with a minimum CP constraint level at 16% is compared with a formula optimized without using a CP constraint. The two formulas are optimized with a balanced AA profile as recommended by AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. (Table 4 p. 15). Feed cost (% of the feed cost when formulating with a minimum CP constraint) Jan-12 Mar-12 May-12 Jul-12 Feed cost when formulating without minimum CP constraint Soybean meal price Soybean meal price ( /T) Sep-12 Nov-12 Jan-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Sep-13 Nov-13 Jan-14 Mar-14 May-14 Jul-14 Sep-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 Figure 2: Feed cost when formulating a grower pig diet without a minimum crude protein (CP) constraint (expressed in percentage of the feed cost when formulating with a minimum CP constraint) using different scenarios of feedstuff prices (from January 2012 to March 2016), and soybean meal price ( /T). The dietary CP content was reduced by 1.6 points on average. On a monthly basis, 6 /T were saved on feed cost on average and up to 12 /T. The cost saving is related to the inclusion of feed-grade AA and cereals at the expense of soybean meal (SBM) AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 5

6 Environment Reducing nitrogen pollution, acidification and eutrophication Using low CP diets supplemented with feed-grade AA is recognised as one of the best available techniques to decrease N pollution from livestock production (European Commission, 2015). Ingested proteins which are not used by the animals are catabolised and excreted under the form of N-compounds in urine and faeces (Figure 3). This N excretion from animal production is responsible for soil acidification* and for eutrophication** (Figure 3). Figure 3: Nitrogen (N) flux - Consequence of excess N excreted by pigs on the environment: acidification and eutrophication (NH 3 = ammonia; NH 4 + = ammonium). *Acidification (expressed as quantity of SO 2 equivalent): When ambient ammonia gas reaches the soil surface, it is usually absorbed into the soil or reacts with water in the soil and is converted into its ionic form, ammonium. If not taken up by plants or converted to nitrate via microbes, ammonium disassociates back to ammonia, leading to reduction of soil ph (Figure 3). **Eutrophication (expressed as quantity of PO 4 equivalent): In water the accumulation of ammonia provides an oversupply of nutrient which induces explosive growth of plants and algae which, when such organisms die, consume the oxygen in water, thereby creating the state of hypoxia (Figure 3). 6 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

7 The use of feed-grade AA in the diet allows to reduce the quantity of N ingested by the animals, thereby decreasing the impact of animal production on acidification and eutrophication. According to the life cycle assessment (LCA) study by Garcia-Launay et al. (2014), the incorporation of feed-grade AA in low CP diets reduces the impact of pig production on acidification and eutrophication up to 29 and 19% respectively, as well as on other environmental criteria (Table 1). These results are also confirmed by the recently published LCA study by Kebreab et al. (2016). High CP diets Low CP diets Least-cost formulation Minimum CP constraint Yes No Feed-grade AA availability* No Yes Environmental impacts (% of the High CP diet ) Slurry Manure Acidification Eutrophication Climate change Cumulative energy demand Terrestrial toxicity Land occupation * L-Lysine, L-Threonine, DL-Methionine, L-Tryptophan and L-Valine Table 1: Potential environmental impacts of the production of one kg of live pig (LCA study by Garcia-Launay et al., 2014). AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 7

8 Society Managing global resources and reducing global warming potential The optimization of feeds without minimum constraint on the CP level, combined with the use of feedgrade AA gives much more flexibility in the choice of feedstuffs. This technique leads to locallyproduced feedstuffs (cereals, rapeseed meal (RSM), sunflower meal (SFM) ) being preferred in the formulas instead of imported feedstuffs like SBM. The LCA study by Kebreab et al. (2016) showed that, using feedgrade AA allows to reduce the inclusion of imported SBM in European pig formulas (Table 2). Treatments 1 2 Feed-grade AA availability No Yes Dietary CP (%) SID Lys (%) Net energy (MJ/kg) Ingredients (%) Cereals (Corn, Barley & Wheat) Soybean meal Rapeseed meal Wheat bran L-Lysine 0.40 L-Threonine 0.10 DL-Methionine 0.04 L-Tryptophan 0.02 Others estimation based on the NE:ME ratio calculated with EvaPig 2 including phytase for the treatment 2 only Table 2: European pig formulas used in the LCA study by Kebreab et al. (2016). Soybean production increased over the last few years and part of the production increase is based on land conversion of crops, called land use change (LUC). Direct LUC has an impact on the environment through greenhouse gas emissions, thereby contributing to the global warming potential (GWP). In their LCA study, Kebreab et al. (2016) showed that the usage of locally-produced feedstuffs and feed-grade AA leads to a reduction of the GWP by approximately 50% due to a lower usage of imported SBM (Figure 4). Global warming potential including land use change (kg CO2-eq/T of BW) Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Feed production Manure storage Others: transportation, feed mill, manure credits Figure 4: Impact of the usage of feed-grade amino acids on the global warming potential including land use change (adapted from Kebreab et al., 2016). The treatments 1 and 2 are presented Table 2. 8 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

9 Amino Acid Requirements for Fattening Pigs A recently published trial (Millet et al., 2015; Figure 5) evaluates the effect of dietary CP reduction with and without controlling the dietary Trp level on the growth performance of grower pigs (28-55 kg). Diets were formulated to contain 9.8 MJ NE/kg and 0.82% SID Lys. Pigs received either: 1) A high CP diet with an SID Trp:Lys ratio at 21%, 2) A low CP diet without controlling the Trp level (SID Trp:Lys ratio at 17%), 3) A low CP diet supplemented with L-Trp (SID Trp:Lys ratio at 19%). Average daily gain (g/d) Feed conversion ratio 800 p < p < a b 728 ab a 686 b % CP 21% SID Trp:Lys 14.5% CP 17% SID Trp:Lys 14.5% CP 19% SID Trp:Lys 17.8% CP 21% SID Trp:Lys 14.5% CP 17% SID Trp:Lys 2.18 a 14.5% CP 19% SID Trp:Lys Figure 5: Effect of reducing the dietary crude protein (CP) content with or without controlling the Trp level on average daily gain (g/d) and feed conversion ratio of grower pigs (28-55 kg; Millet et al., 2015). Reducing the dietary CP content without managing the Trp level leads to a significant deterioration of growth and feed efficiency. Supplementing the low CP diet with L-Trp enables to increase performance. An SID Trp:Lys ratio at 19% is still deficient and Trp requirement has to be fine-tuned. In a context of reducing the dietary CP content, Trp level has to be controlled to avoid decreased growth performance of growing pigs. It is moreover necessary to evaluate accurately the Trp requirement level to maximize growth performance. As shown for Trp, the evaluation of the AA requirements has to be made accurately to establish a balanced ideal AA profile. The concept of ideal protein is indeed based on the AA pattern (expressed in percentage of SID Lys) that maximizes growth, N retention or another response criterion of interest. In practical nutrition, each AA:Lys ratio can be directly introduced as a constraint in feed formulation, without using any constraint on the dietary CP level. AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 9

10 Tryptophan Besides being a constituent of body protein, Trp is also involved in feed intake regulation, in the immune response and in the animal defence system (AEL Information N 30, 2008). Tryptophan being recognized strongly limiting in European fattening pig diets, controlling its dietary level is crucial for the success of low CP diets implementation. The SID Trp:Lys requirement is at least 20% for fattening pigs A meta-analysis study about Trp for pigs between 25 and 125 kg (Simongiovanni et al., 2013) concluded that a level of 21% SID Trp:Lys is necessary to achieve the best ADG and G:F for fattening pigs. The average requirement estimate calculated from the 3 criteria studied (ADFI, ADG and G:F) was 20.6% SID Trp:Lys. Since then, 8 dose-response studies have been published and the results are compared to the previous models in Figure 6. Average daily gain (% of the best performance) SID Trp:Lys (%) Gain to feed (% of the best performance) SID Trp:Lys (%) Simongiovanni et al. (2013) Zhang et al. (2012) 20 to 50 kg Gonçalves et al. (2014) 30 to 45 kg Gonçalves et al. (2014) 55 to 75 kg Gonçalves et al. (2014) 71 to 91 kg Xie et al. (2014) 67 to 95 kg Gonçalves et al. (2015) 107 to 125 kg Millet et al. (2015) 20 to 40 kg Ma et al. (2015) 89 to 121 kg Figure 6: Recently published dose-response experiments to estimate the Trp requirement in fattening pigs in comparison with the models estimated by Simongiovanni et al. (2013): ADG = 100 [0.409 ( dietary SID Trp:Lys level) 2 ] and G:F = 100 [0.218 ( dietary SID Trp:Lys level) 2 ]. The latest published results are in line with the previous models confirming the pig response to Trp and a minimum SID Trp:Lys ratio of 20% to optimize growth performance of fattening pigs. 10 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

11 Pig response to tryptophan Based on the models estimated by the meta-analysis, increasing the SID Trp:Lys ratio from 17% to 21%, results in an improvement of ADG by 6.7% and of G:F by 3.6% (Figure 7). Responses to Trp in % of the response obtained at 17% SID Trp:Lys ,7% +3,6% SID Trp:Lys (%) Average daily gain Gain to feed Figure 7: Average response to Trp for the criteria average daily gain and gain to feed ratio, estimated by a curvilinear-plateau model (Simongiovanni et al., 2013) and expressed in percentage of the response obtained at 17% SID Trp:Lys. Making a decision on which AA level to use in feed formulation must take into account several parameters including for example, the criteria to optimize, the statistical models, the animal response in terms of performance but also the variability of the pig population and the risk management. Based on the validation of the meta-analysis results with external dose-responses and considering practical purposes, it is recommended to use at least 20% SID Trp:Lys to formulate balanced diets for fattening pigs. AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 11

12 Branched-chain amino acids The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) - i.e., Val, Ile and Leu - share in common the two first steps of their catabolism (Figure 8), thereby leading to interactions between them. The second step is under the influence of Leu which activates the BCKDH enzyme complex leading to the catabolism of Val and Ile in case of excess Leu (AEL Information N 35, 2010). gut flow VAL ILE LEU small intestine liver KIV KMV KIC BCKDH A-CoA1 A-CoA2 A-CoA3 Glucoge Ketogen muscle VAL ILE LEU PROTEIN SYNTHESIS LYS VAL TRP BCAA CATABOLISM BCKA LEU THR ILE VAL KIV BCAT ILE KMV LEU KIC ALA GLN GLU NH3 Figure 8: General pattern of the branched-chain amino acids (Val, Ile and Leu) metabolism (AEL, 2010). It is therefore necessary to study their requirements and ensure that the feed supplies balanced BCAA levels. In fattening pigs, official recommendations for BCAA exist (Table 3) but the data are scarce; however, more data are available in piglets (AEL Information N 35, 2010). In Table 3, the BCAA pattern of pig body composition is presented with recommendations for BCAA requirements in fattening pigs. Ideal values recommended for fattening pig feeds (SID AA:Lys, %) Body composition (Total AA:Lys, %) InraPorc, 2008 INRA, 2008 FR UFV, 2011 BR NRC, 2012 USA FEDNA, 2013 ES VSP, 2015 DK AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE, 2016 FR Val:Lys (%) Ile:Lys (%) Leu:Lys (%) Table 3: Recommendations and body composition of the branched-chain amino acids (Val, Ile and Leu) in fattening pigs. 12 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

13 A minimum of 65% SID Val:Lys in fattening pigs With only 6 publications including 9 dose-response trials to Val in fattening pigs, the number of data is scarce and, the protocols being not homogenous, a meta-analysis study as done for Trp is not possible to perform. Since the last presentation of the available data (AEL Information N 37, 2011), 4 new dose-responses were published (Liu et al., 2015). In Figure 9, the available dose-response trials are presented. Since at this stage, the trials have not been selected according to the method used for a meta-analysis, this graph remains descriptive: To make the graph easier to read, Val levels are expressed as a ratio to Lys and ADG is expressed in percentage of the best performance for each trial. Average daily gain (% of the best performance) SID Val:Lys (%) Lewis and Nishimura (1995) 67 to 80 kg Liu (2000) 60 to 85 kg Ajinomoto Eurolysine (2009) 33 to 70 kg Gaines et al. (2011) 21 to 33 kg Waguespack et al. (2012) 20 to 50 kg Liu et al. (2015) 26 to 46 kg Liu et al. (2015) 49 to 70 kg Liu et al. (2015) 71 to 92 kg Liu et al. (2015) 94 to 119 kg Figure 9: Dose-response experiments to Val in fattening pigs. Effect on average daily gain (% of the best response for each experiment). Considering the low number of data, no selection was performed on these trials: The expression of the dietary Val content relatively to Lys has therefore not been confirmed. There is a pig response to Val and the dietary Val level must be controlled when dietary CP content is reduced. Based on the data available, a minimum level at 65% SID Val:Lys is recommended. AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 13

14 53% SID Ile:Lys is recommended Controversial results were published on the Ile requirement. However, the factors of variation have been described and lied mainly in the protocol (AEL Information N 37, 2011). A meta-analysis study by van Milgen et al. (2012) concluded that the Ile requirement is influenced by the presence of spray-dried blood-cells (SDBC) in the diet. Due to their poor Ile content, SDBC have indeed been extensively used in Ile dose-responses. However, the requirement estimates in these trials used to be very variable and high in comparison to estimations based on blood-free diets. In Figure 10 are presented the dose-responses to Ile performed with blood-free fattening pig diets. Average daily gain (g/d) Feed conversion ratio SID Ile:Lys (%) SID Ile:Lys (%) Waguespack et al. (2011) 20 to 50 kg Fu (2005) Chap. 2, Exp. 2&3 88 to 112 kg Fu (2005) Chap to 78 kg Fu (2005) Chap. 2, Exp to 122 kg Dean et al. (2005) Exp to 115 kg Figure 10: Dose-response experiments to SID Ile:Lys ratio in fattening pigs. Effect on average daily gain (g/d) and feed conversion ratio. According to the data available and for practical purposes, it is recommended to use 53% SID Ile:Lys to balance fattening pig diets. A consensus at 100% SID Leu:Lys for fattening pigs Dose-responses to Leu in fattening pigs have not been performed until now but data about the Leu content in pig body and official recommendations for the Leu requirement in fattening pigs (Table 3) show a consensus at 100% SID Leu:Lys to be used, as it is in piglets (AEL, 2013). 14 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

15 Ideal amino acid profile The review of the available AA dose-responses is a basis to refine recommendations for an ideal AA profile for practical pig feeds. However, in addition to the scientific data available, making a decision on which dietary AA levels have to be used must take into account others parameters inherent in feed formulation, such as the accuracy of the feedstuffs matrix used for feed formulation, the interactions between AA, the method used to estimate the requirements as well as the criteria to optimize. The variability that still exists between different official recommendations (Table 4) is mainly due to different methods used to produce and analyze experimental data. Nutritionists at AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. work in close collaboration with institutes all over Europe to be able to recommend a robust AA profile that ensures the best performance of pigs raised in variable commercial conditions (Table 4). INRA, 2008 UFV, 2011 NRC, 2012 FEDNA, 2013 VSP, 2015 AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE, 2016 SID AA:Lys (%) FR BR USA ES DK SID Thr:Lys SID (Met+Cys):Lys SID Trp:Lys SID Val:Lys SID Ile:Lys SID Leu:Lys SID His:Lys SID (Phe+Tyr):Lys Table 4: AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. ideal amino acid (AA) profile (expressed in % of SID Lys) for fattening pigs ( kg) and comparison to other official recommendations. The Thr requirement as proposed by AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. since 2008, is confirmed by recent dose-response experiments: Zhang et al. (2013), Xie et al. (2013) and Ma et al. (2015). For Trp, the validation of the meta-analysis study by the most recent publications (Figure 6) confirm a minimum requirement at 20% SID Trp:Lys for fattening pigs. The BCAA requirements have been set based on the available information and the recommendations for Met+Cys, His and Phe+Tyr are based on Henry (1993) and Sève (1994). AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 15

16 Low Crude Protein Diets in Fattening Pigs The increasing availability of feed-grade AA and the update of the ideal AA profile enables to formulate pig feeds based on AA instead of CP. Using this feed formulation strategy makes possible to formulate on 6 co-limiting AA. The ranking of limiting amino acids determined by feed formulation exercise The order of limiting AA depends on several factors that may change according to the context: matrix values, digestibility system, AA constraints, feedstuffs availability. A standard European grower pig feed (25-65 kg; 0.85% SID Lys and 9.5 MJ NE/kg) was formulated based on the AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. ideal AA profile presented p. 15. The feeds contained fixed amount of corn (10%) and RSM (12%). By progressive substitution of SBM by wheat and feed-grade AA, it was possible to evaluate the extent of CP reduction and the ranking of limiting AA (Figure 11). Dietary crude protein (%) L-Lys L-Thr L-Trp +DL-Met L-Val Lys Thr Trp Met+Cys Val Ile Leu His Figure 11: Changes in the dietary crude protein (CP) content in a standard European grower pig feed when soybean meal is gradually replaced by wheat and feed-grade amino acids (AA). Ranking of limiting AA (from left to right) and lowest dietary CP level achievable without supplementation with the corresponding AA. Trp is the third limiting AA, after Lys and Thr. Using L-Trp supplementation allows a further dietary CP reduction up to 2 points. The usage of all available feed-grade AA enables the dietary CP level to fall to 14.5%. 16 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

17 The next limiting amino acid Tryptophan is the next limiting amino acid in European grower pig feeds In 2012, a survey was conducted by AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. on commercial grower pig feeds (25-65 kg; 138 samples collected in 13 countries throughout Europe). The dietary CP level was analyzed using N determination by Dumas method and the total AA using ion exchange chromatography (AEL Information N 32, 2014). The results of the dietary AA:Lys ratios are presented in Figure 12. Trp:Lys Val:Lys Ile:Lys Leu:Lys His:Lys (Phe+Tyr):Lys Percentage of the requirement for each AA:Lys Figure 12: Repartition of the dietary total AA contents in grower pig (25-65 kg) feeds (AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. grower pig feeds survey, 2012). For each AA, the dietary ratio to Lys was calculated as a percentage of its requirement; 100% corresponds to the requirement for grower pigs (Table 4 p. 15). In each box, the vertical line corresponds to the median value. Trp appeared to be the next limiting AA in European grower pig feeds: The population was quite heterogeneous indicating that the dietary Trp level was probably not controlled in all the samples; 68% of the samples were deficient. The median values for the next AA were more than 105% indicating that a CP reduction was possible in commercial grower pig feeds. This survey reveals that the supplementation with L-Trp in European grower pig feeds makes possible to improve pig performance and to reduce the dietary CP level. AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 17

18 Recently published trials The effect of reducing the crude protein content in fattening pig diets To implement efficient and safe low CP diets, some prerequisites have to be considered as for example, knowing the AA contents of feedstuffs, their digestibility, using the NE system (Focus p. 22) and implementing a balanced AA profile as recommended by AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. (Table 4 p.15). In Table 5 are reported recent published trials implementing CP reduction in fattening pig diets. In all the trials, it was possible to: Lower the dietary CP level down to 14.5% and 13.5% on average for grower and finisher periods respectively. Maintain growth performance as well as lean meat carcass content. The Figure 13 presents the AA profiles that are used in the low CP diets of these trials in comparison with the ideal AA profile recommended by AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. (Table 4 p.15). All the trials used an AA profile in line with these recommendations. A more detailed description of these trials is proposed in the following parts. 1 when different values are given in the same cell for the SID Lys and the dietary CP contents, they correspond to the values used for different Body weight range (kg) Sex SID Lys (%) 1 Dietary CP (%) 1 ADFI (kg/d) Quiniou et al. (2011) 27 to 110 Barrows & gilts Nørgaard et al. (2014) 55 to 100 Gilts Roy et al to 100 Barrows & gilts (2014) Molist et al to 120 Boars & gilts (2016) Table 5: Effect of reducing the dietary crude protein (CP) level on fattening pig growth performance and lean meat content 18 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

19 SID AA:Lys (%) Thr:Lys (Met+Cys):Lys Trp:Lys Val:Lys Ile:Lys Leu:Lys His:Lys (Phe+Tyr):Lys AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S (2016) Quiniou et al. (2011) Nørgaard et al. (2014) Roy et al. (2014) Molist et al. (2016) Figure 13: Amino acid (AA) profiles of the low crude protein diets that enable to maintain growth performance and carcass quality in the trials presented Table 5, and comparison to the ideal AA profile recommended by AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. (in red). ADG (g/d) FCR Lean meat content (%) P 2 ns ns ns ns Net energy system growing phases 2 ns: not significant (P > 0.05) 3 AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. ideal AA profile (Table 4 p.15) AEL AA profile, (these diets used only commercially available feed-grade AA). AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 19

20 Utilisation of soybean meal in pig diets can be reduced through the formulation of low crude protein diets based on rapeseed meal and feed-grade amino acids (Quiniou et al., 2011) By optimizing diets based on a precise AA profile, the best opportunities of using local feedstuffs can be seized as it is the case in the trial by Quiniou et al. (2011) where RSM completely replaced SBM in low CP finishing pig diet. The study used 144 fattening pigs from 27 to 110 kg. The dietary CP level was reduced by increasing the amount of RSM at the expense of SBM; and feed-grade AA were added to maintain the correct AA balance (Table 6). Grower diets Finisher diets Treatments Dietary CP (%) SID Lys (%) Net energy (MJ/kg) Ingredients (%) Cereals (Barley & Wheat) Soybean meal Rapeseed meal L-Lysine L-Threonine DL-Methionine L-Tryptophan L-Valine Others salt, phytase, oil, vitamin-mineral premix, calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate Table 6: Composition of the grower and finisher diets used in Quiniou et al. (2011). Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Dietary CP (%) Performance 2 ADFI (kg/d) ADG (g/d) FCR Lean meat content (%) Nitrogen utilization (% of the High CP diets ) N ingested N excreted N efficiency (%) the two values for the dietary CP content correspond to the values used for grower and finisher phases respectively 2 no significant difference was observed (P > 0.05) between treatments Table 7: Effect of the dietary crude protein (CP) level on growth performance, lean meat content and nitrogen utilization of fattening pigs (Quiniou et al., 2011). 20 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

21 By using low CP diets and feed-grade AA, the most balanced AA profile is supplied to the animals, and the growth performance and carcass quality are maintained (Table 7). Moreover, performance data were measured every 2 to 3 weeks so it was possible to use the InraPorc software to estimate the N output per pig. The results show that reducing the CP level by points allows a decrease in the N excretion by 16%, thereby increasing the N efficiency by 12% (Table 7). Effect of protein level on performance, nitrogen utilization and carcass composition in finisher pigs (Nørgaard et al., 2014) In this trial (256 gilts from 55 to 100 kg), the dietary CP content was reduced from 15.9% to 13.6% by using feed-grade AA (Table 8) to maintain the correct balance between AA and so to maintain growth performance and carcass quality (Table 9). Moreover, the N excretion in urine and faeces was measured through digestibility trial allowing to study the effect of the dietary CP reduction on the N output (Table 9). Treatments Dietary CP (%) SID Lys (%) Net energy (MJ/kg) Ingredients (%) Cereals (Barley & Wheat) Soybean meal L-Lysine L-Threonine DL-Methionine L-Tryptophan L-Valine Others salt, phytase, vitamin-mineral premix, calcium carbonate and monocalcium phosphate Table 8: Composition of the diets used for finisher gilts in Nørgaard et al. (2014). Treatments Dietary CP (%) Performance 1 ADFI (kg/d) ADG (g/d) FCR Lean meat content (%) Nitrogen utilization (% of the High CP diets ) Plasma urea N ingested N excreted N efficiency (%) no significant difference was observed (P > 0.05) between treatments Table 9: Effect of the dietary crude protein (CP) level on growth performance, lean meat content and nitrogen utilization of finisher gilts (Nørgaard et al., 2014). Lowering the CP content by about 2 points in finisher pig feeds, enabled to decrease the N excretion by 17% and to increase the N efficiency by 9% (Table 9). AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 21

22 Focus The net energy system to optimise low crude protein diets at the lowest cost The implementation of the NE system allows saving feed cost compared to feed formulation based on the metabolizable energy (ME) system (Figure 14). A grower pig feed (0.85% SID Lys) was formulated without a constraint on the dietary CP level and using the AA profile recommended by AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. (Table 4 p.15). The diets were based on wheat and corn, and optimized using either the ME (13 MJ/kg) or the NE (9.6 MJ/kg) system (NE/ME = 74%, Noblet et al., 1994) for different SBM prices. The price of RSM was correlated to the SBM price while the cereal prices were kept constant (March 2016 prices: wheat at 141 /T and corn at 148 /T). SBM inclusion when using the NE system (% of the SBM inclusion when using the ME system) Feed cost savings ( /T) Soybean meal price ( /T) SBM inclusion when using the NE system Feed cost savings Figure 14: Feed cost savings and soybean meal (SBM) inclusion when optimizing a grower pig diet using the NE system with different SBM prices. The SBM inclusion is expressed as a percentage of the SBM inclusion when using the ME system The switch from ME to NE system allows to: Reduce the feed cost whatever the SBM price. Save, depending on the SBM price: from 50 to 100 kg/t of SBM, from 6 to 8 /T on the feed cost. EvaPig The EvaPig software (Noblet et al., 2008) was developed by INRA, AFZ and AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. to calculate the NE and the SID AA contents of feedstuffs and feeds for growing and adult pigs. This software is freely downloadable on 22 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

23 Effect of dietary crude protein reduction on performance and carcass of fattening pigs (Roy et al., 2014) Roy et al. (2014) tested the effect of reducing the dietary CP level by 1 point on performance of fattening pigs from 25 to 100 kg. In this trial, dietary CP was reduced by lowering the SBM inclusion in favor of SFM, wheat co-products and feed-grade AA (Table 10). Grower diets Finisher diets Treatments Dietary CP (%) SID Lys (%) Net energy (MJ/kg) Ingredients (%) Cereals (Corn, Barley, Wheat & Triticale) Soybean meal Sunflower meal Wheat middlings Wheat bran L-Lysine L-Threonine DL-Methionine L-Tryptophan Others salt, phytase, acidifier, fat, vitamin-mineral premix, choline, clay, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate Table 10: Composition of the grower and finisher diets used in Roy et al. (2014). By optimizing fattening pig feeds with a balanced AA profile, the dietary CP level can be reduced while maintaining growth performance and carcass quality (Table 11). Treatments 1 2 Dietary CP (%) P 2 ADFI (kg/d) ns ADG (g/d) ns FCR ns Lean meat content (%) ns 1 the two values for the dietary CP content correspond to the values used for grower and finisher phases respectively 2 ns: not significant (P > 0.05) Table 11: Effect of the dietary crude protein (CP) level on growth performance and lean meat content of fattening pigs (Roy et al., 2014). In their market context, Roy et al. (2014) evaluated a feed cost lower by 3% when dietary CP was reduced. AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 23

24 Effect of low crude protein diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs (Molist et al., 2016) Molist et al. (2016) performed an experiment to test the effect of low CP diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of fattening female and entire male pigs from 25 to 120 kg. They also compared two types of crossbreds: fast growing animals and lean type animals. In this trial, it was possible to delete completely the SBM inclusion in the low CP diets for finisher pigs by taking advantage of the use of feed-grade AA (Table 12). Early grower diets Grower diets Finisher diets (25 to 50 kg) (50 to 80 kg) (80 to 120 kg) Treatments High CP Low CP High CP Low CP High CP Low CP Dietary CP (%) SID Lys (%) Net energy (MJ/kg) Ingredients (%) Cereals (Corn, Barley & Wheat) Soybean meal Rapeseed meal Wheat middlings Molasses cane L-Lysine L-Threonine DL-Methionine L-Tryptophan L-Valine Others salt, phytase, oil, vitamin-mineral premix, calcium carbonate, monocalcium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate Table 12: Composition of the diets used for fattening pigs in Molist et al. (2016). Crossbred types Fast growing Lean type Gender Gilts Boars Gilts Boars P 1 Treatments High CP Low CP High CP Low CP High CP Low CP High CP Low CP CP Crossbred Gender ADFI (kg/d) ns *** *** ADG (g/d) ns *** *** FCR ns *** *** BW at the end (kg) ns ** *** Lean meat content (%) ns ** ns 1 no interactions between gender, crossbred type and CP dietary level were observed; therefore only the main effects are reported; ns: not significant (P > 0.05); ** P 0.05; *** P Table 13: Effect of the dietary crude protein (CP) level, crossbred type and gender on growth performance and lean meat content of fattening pigs (Molist et al., 2016). By using the ideal AA profile recommended by AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. (Table 4 p.15) and the available feed-grade AA, dietary CP was reduced efficiently for all kinds of growing pigs i.e., gilts and boars, and fast growing and lean type animals (Table 13). 24 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

25 Conclusions Reducing the dietary crude protein level by using feed-grade amino acids is an extremely efficient strategy to contribute to a more sustainable animal production. Tryptophan being the next limiting amino acid in European grower pig feeds, an L-Trp supplementation to reach the requirement at 20% SID Trp:Lys will increase growth performance. Balancing the amino acid profile as recommended by AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. is necessary to maintain growth performance and carcass quality when the dietary crude protein level is reduced. AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE, 2016 Ideal Amino Acid Profile for Fattening Pigs (from 25 kg body weight until slaughter, expressed in standardized ileal digestible (SID) values) SID Lys:Lys 100 SID Thr:Lys 67-68* SID Trp:Lys 20 SID (Met+Cys):Lys 60 SID Val:Lys 65 SID Ile:Lys 53 SID Leu:Lys 100 SID His:Lys 32 SID (Phe+Tyr):Lys 95 * requirements for grower and finisher pigs, respectively AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 25

26 References n AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S Valine et réduction du taux protéique chez le porc en croissance. 09FR09 Trial report. n AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. Corrent E., A. Simongiovanni, E. Le Gall and L. Le Tutour Ideal Amino Acid Profile For Piglets p. n AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. Bulletin 30. Primot Y. and D. Melchior Tryptophan in young pigs: An essential nutrient with numerous biological functions. Information N 30. n AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. Bulletin 31. Primot Y., E. Corrent, D. Melchior and C. Relandeau Threonine in pigs and broilers: A crucial amino acid for growth and gut function. Information N 31. n AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. Bulletin 32. Corrent E., E. Le Gall, A. Simongiovanni and M. Eudaimon AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. formulator s handbook. Measuring and predicting amino acid contents in feedingstuffs. Information N 32. n AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. Bulletin 35. Corrent E., A. Simongiovanni and Y. Primot Branched-chain amino acids nutrition in piglets. Information N 35. n European Comission Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Intensive Rearing of Poultry or Pigs. European IPPC Bureau. Final Draft, August eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/bref/ IRPP_Final_Draft_082015_bw.pdf n FEDNA. Fundación Española para el Desarrollo de la Nutrición Animal. De Blas C., J. Gasa and G. G. Mateos Necesidades Nutricionales para ganado porcino: Normas FEDNA. 2nd edition. November Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. n Fu F Isoleucine requirement and imbalance in swine. Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of the graduate school university of Missouri-Columbia. n Gaines A. M., D. C. Kendall, G. L. Allee, J. L. Usry and B. J. Kerr Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine ratio in 13- to 32-kilogram pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 89: n Garcia-Launay F., H. M. G. Van der Werf, T. T. H. Nguyen, L. Le Tutour and J. Y. Dourmad Evaluation of the environmental implications of the incorporation of feed-use amino acids in pig production using Life Cycle Assessement. Livestock Science. 161: n AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. Bulletin 37. Corrent E., E. Le Gall, Y. Primot and A. Simongiovanni Formulating pig grower diets with no minimum crude protein. Information N 37. n CORPEN. Comité d orientation pour des pratiques agricoles respectueuses de l environnement Estimation des rejets d azote et de phosphore des élevages de porcs. 23 p. n Dean D. W., L. L. Southern, B. J. Kerr and T. D. Bidner Isoleucine requirement of 80- to 120-kilogram barrows fed corn-soybean meal or corn-blood cell diets. Journal of Animal Science. 83: n Gonçalves M. A. D., M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, K. J. Touchette, N. M. Bello, J. M. DeRouchey, J. C. Woodworth and R. D. Goodband Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio on growth performance and economics of finishing pigs. Proc Kansas State University Swine Day, SRP1110. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Manhattan, Kansas. pp n Gonçalves M. A. D., M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, K. J. Touchette, N. M. Bello, J. M. DeRouchey, J. C. Woodworth and R. D. Goodband Modeling the effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio on growth performance of 65- to 275-lb pigs. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 1: Iss Ideal Amino Acids Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

27 n Henry Y Affinement du concept de la protéine idéale pour le porc en croissance. INRA Production Animale. 6: n INRA. Institut National de Recherche Agronomique. InraPorc. Van Milgen J., A. Valancogne, S. Dubois, J. Y. Dourmad, B. Sève and J. Noblet InraPorc: A model and decision support tool for the nutrition of growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 143: n Kebreab E., A. Liedke, D. Caro, S. Deimling, M. Binder and M. Finkbeiner Environmental impact of using specialty feed ingredients in swine and poultry production: A life cycle assessment. Journal of Animal Science. 94: n Lewis A. J. and N. Nishimura Valine requirement of the finishing pig. Journal of Animal Science. 73: n Liu H Effect of reducing dietary protein level and adding amino acids on performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion of finishing pigs. Doctor of Philosophy University of Missouri. n Liu X. T., W. F. Ma, X. F. Zeng, C. Y. Xie, P. A. Thacker, J. K. Htoo and S. Y. Qiao Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio required for 25- to 120-kilogram pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Journal of Animal Science. 93: n Ma W. F., X. F. Zeng, X. T. Liu, C. Y. Xie, G. J. Zhang, S. H. Zhang and S. Y. Qiao Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement and the ideal ratio of threonine to lysine for late finishing gilts fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 201: n Ma W. F., S. H. Zhang, X. F. Zeng, X. T. Liu, C. Y. Xie, G. J. Zhang and S. Y. Qiao The appropriate standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio improves pig performance and regulates hormones and muscular amino acid transporters in late finishing gilts fed low-protein diets. Journal of Animal Science. 93: n Millet S., M. Aluwé, E. Le Gall, E. Corrent, J. De Sutter, B. Ampe and S. De Campeneere Le besoin en tryptophane des porcs en croissance (20-55 kg). 47èmes Journées de la Recherche Porcine. 3-4 February Paris, FR. 47: n Molist F., J. Pijlman, P. J. Van der Aar, M. Rovers, J. Ensink and E. Corrent Effect of low crude protein diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs. Journal of Animal Science doi: / jas n NRC. National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 11th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. n Noblet J., H. Fortune, X. S. Shi and S. Dubois Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 72: n Noblet J., A. Valancogne, G. Tran and AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. EvaPig. [ ] n Nørgaard J. V., M. J. Hansen, E. A. Soumeh, A. P. S. Adamsen and H. D. Poulsen Effect of protein level on performance, nitrogen utilization and carcass composition in finisher pigs. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science. 64: n Quiniou N., Y. Primot, C. Peyronnet and A. Quinsac Des aliments porcs moins riches en protéines formulés à base de tourteau de colza et d acides aminés de synthèse, dont la L-Valine, permettant de réduire le recours au tourteau de soja. 43èmes Journées de la Recherche Porcine February Paris, FR. 43: AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 27

28 n Quiniou N., Y. Primot, C. Peyronnet and A. Quinsac Interest of using synthetic amino acids, including L-Valine, for formulating low crude protein pig diets based on rapeseed meal. EAAP - 62nd Annual Meeting. 29 August - 2 September Stavanger, NO. Session 50, Theatre 6. 17: 351. n Roy H., S. Lécuelle and E. Corrent Effet de la réduction de la teneur en matières azotées totales sur les performances zootechniques et de carcasse de porcs charcutiers. 46èmes Journées de la Recherche Porcine. 4-5 February Paris, FR. 46: n Sève B Alimentation du porc en croissance: intégration des concepts de protéine idéale, de disponibilité digestive des acides aminés et d énergie nette. INRA Production Animale. 7: n Simongiovanni A., E. Corrent, N. Le Floc h and J. Van Milgen Estimation of the tryptophan requirement in fattening pigs. In: A. Zeyner, G. I. Stangl, H. Kluth, H. Kluge und M. Bulang (Hrsg.): 12. Tagung Schweine- und Geflügelernährung, November Lutherstadt Wittenberg, DE. 12: n UFV. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Rostagno H. S., L. F. T. Albino, J. L. Donzele, P. C. Gomes, R. F. de Oliveira, D. C. Lopes, A. S. Ferreira, S. L. de Toledo Barreto and R. F. Euclides Brazilian tables for poultry and swine. Composition of feedstuffs and nutritional requirements. 3rd edition. Horacio Santiago Rostagno Viçosa: UFV, Departamento de Zootecnia. n Van Milgen J., M. Gloaguen, N. Le Floc h, L. Brossard, Y. Primot and E. Corrent Metaanalysis of the response of growing pigs to the isoleucine concentration in the diet. Animal. 6: n VSP. Videncenter for Svineproduktion. Tybirk P Nutrient recommendations for pigs in Denmark. 9 October Danish Pig Research Center. n Waguespack A. M., T. D. Bidner, R. L. Payne and L. L. Southern Valine and isoleucine requirement of 20- to 45-kilogram pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 90: n Xie C., S. Zhang, G. Zhang, F. Zhang, L. Chu and S. Qiao Estimation of the optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible threonine to lysine for finishing barrows fed low crude protein diets. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 26: n Xie C. Y., G. J. Zhang, F. R. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, X. F. Zeng, P. A. Thacker and S. Y. Qiao Estimation of the optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine for finishing barrows fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Czech Journal of Animal Science. 59: n Zhang G. J., Q. L. Song, C. Y. Xie, L. C. Chu, P. A. Thacker, J. K. Htoo and S. Y. Qiao Estimation of the ideal standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for growing pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Livestock Science. 149: n Zhang G. J., C. Y. Xie, P. A. Thacker, J. K. Htoo and S. Y. Qiao Estimation of the ideal ratio standardized ileal digestible threonine to lysine for growing pigs (22-50 kg) fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 180: Ideal Amino Acids Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

29 AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE s.a.s. 29

30 30 Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Low Crude Protein Diets For Fattening Pigs

31

32 Ajinomoto Eurolysine s.a.s , rue de Courcelles Paris Cedex 17 France Phone: