Feeding finishing pigs K-STATE. Common mistakes in grow-finish nutrition programs. Steps in Diet Formulation. RESEARCH and EXTENSION

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1 Feeding finishing pigs RESEARCH and EXTENSION Common mistakes in grow-finish nutrition programs Not understanding the growth performance or economic response to changing dietary energy levels in the particular production system Not matching the lysine levels to the energy levels Providing more additives and micronutrients than required Not using a small enough particle size Not always having feed available in the feeders Not adjusting feeders. Steps in Diet Formulation Determine the most economical energy level Determine the lysine:calorie ratio to use for the genetics and production situation Determine the ratio for the other amino acids Determine the available phosphorus level Set levels of vitamins, trace minerals, calcium, salt, and other ingredients. 1

2 Relationship between Energy Intake and Lean Growth Rate Linear-Plateau Concept Plateau Lean Growth Rate Linear Feed (Energy) Intake Linear-Plateau Response Changes as Pigs Grow Lean Growth Rate 12 kg 50 kg 35 kg 60 kg 70 kg 90 kg 110 kg 130 kg Feed (Energy) Intake Influence of Genotype Plateau Genotype High Lean Lean Growth Rate Linear Moderate Lean Feed (Energy) Intake 2

3 Influence of dietary energy level on finishing pig performance bc ab a c c a,b,c P<0.05 Stein and Easter, 1996 Influence of dietary energy level on finishing pig performance a b bc c d a,b,c,d P<0.05 Stein and Easter, 1996 Influence of dietary energy level on finishing pig performance 9 Stein and Easter,

4 Influence of dietary energy level on finishing pig performance 10 a,b,c,d P<0.05 a a ab b b Stein and Easter, 1996 Effects of added dietary fat on pig performance 80 to 130 lb 210 to 265 lb P<.05 Linear No effect Influence of level of added dietary fat on percentage improvement in F/G Weight, lb: P <.05 Linear Tokach et al.,

5 Comparison of feed cost per gain and margin over feed cost Feed, $/cwt Gain Margin over Feed,$/Pig M. De La Llata, 1999 What are the production system s goals Is the system reaching their packer s ideal weight range or not (fixed time basis)? Are there plenty of days available to take pigs to heavier weights? This will help establish a practical energy density of the diet. Added fat or lower energy, high byproduct based diets Limited space: Fixed Time Systems ex. Site or barn turned every 125 days Objective: Maximize Profit per Pig Space or Barn Value of gain = Income over feed cost Ex vs 1.95 lb/d ADG 6.3 lb heavier pig in 125 days 6.3 lb x $0.33 income over feed cost = $2.10 5

6 Relationship between Protein Intake and Protein Deposition Protein deposition, g/d Protein Intake, g/d High ADFI Medium ADFI Low ADFI Methods to estimate lysine requirements Use information from others Genetic suppliers, feed companies, Universities, etc Estimate using g Lys/kg of gain using a growth and feed intake curve from the production system Model from growth and carcass data Ex. NRC, 1998; NSNG, 2010 Serial weights and ultrasound measurements to determine protein and fat deposition curves Ex. Schinckel and de Lange, 1996 Empirical studies in research barns in the field Estimated SID lysine:me requirements for gilts from various sources SID lysine:me ratio, g/mcal 3.50 PIC gilts Genetiporc NSNG high lean gilt NRC High lean Weight, kg 6

7 SID lysine requirement of finishing pigs Exp. Weight, lb g/kg gain Main et al., to De La Llata et al., to Bergstrom et al to to 21 Srichana et al., to Shelton et al., to experiments = 20 g/kg gain Research facilities for empirical studies Example 1. New Horizon KSU Research Barns Four 1,200 head barns with 48 pens each (25 pigs/pen). Pigs fed by Feed Logic computerized system 8 diets can be fed in each barn. All gilt, all barrow, or mixed sex trials can be conducted. New Horizon Research Site 7

8 Research facilities for empirical studies 2. Other field research barns Relationships with other large production systems where we help with experimental design, data analysis and interpretation. Numerous other systems in U.S. with similar research capabilities. Empirical studies to determine lysine:calorie ratio Average Daily Gain Trial 2, 60 to 85 kg gilts SE = 12 g/day Quadratic: P < SID Lys,% Lys:Calorie ADG, g/d Main et al.,

9 F/G Feed Efficiency Trial 2, 60 to 85 kg gilts SE =.02 Quadratic: P< SID Lys, % Lys:Calorie Main et al., 2008 $'s / kg of Gain $0.37 $0.35 $0.33 Feed Costs / kg of Gain Trial 2, 60 to 85 kg gilts $0.328 $0.326 $0.320 $0.322 SE = $0.004 Quadratic: P < 0.02 $0.351 $0.355 $0.31 SID Lys,% Lys:Calorie Main et al., 2008 Income over Feed Costs Trial 2, 60 to 85 kg gilts $'s / head SE = $0.27 Quadratic: P < 0.01 $14.68 $14.90$15.14 $14.42 $14.13 $ SID Lys, % Lys:Calorie Main et al.,

10 Comparison of lysine requirement for 35 to 65 kg gilts ADG, kg SID lysine estimates for pigs with protein deposition rate of 150 g/d from 20 to 120 kg SID lysine, % Barrows Gilts Weight, kg Diet ME = 3,350 Kcal SID lysine recommendation for finishing pigs (3,350 kcal ME diet) BW, kg g SID Lys/kg gain SID Lys, g/mcal ME Barrows, % SID Lys SID Lys, g/mcal ME Gilts, % SID Lys Adapted from Main et al and the NSNG using NRC, 1998 loading values 10

11 SID lysine recommendation for finishing pigs (3,350 kcal ME diet) BW, kg g SID Lys/kg gain SID Lys, g/mcal ME Barrows, % SID Lys SID Lys, g/mcal ME Gilts, % SID Lys Adapted from Main et al and the NSNG using NRC, 1998 loading values Response to amino acid deficiencies Amino acids that don t change intake Lysine, Threonine, TSAA (Methionine and cystine) Amino acids that reduce intake Tryptophan Branch chain AA (valine, isoleucine, leucine) SID Val:Lys on ADG of 25 to 45 kg pigs ADG = (SID Val:Lys ratio) 2.78 (SID Val:Lys ratio) (Initial BW) Maximum ADG: 74.4% (95% CI: [69.5, >78.0%]) 11

12 SID Val:Lys on G:F of 25 to 45 kg pigs SID Val:Lys on G:F of 25 to 45 kg pigs G:F = (SID Val:Lys ratio) 0.94 (SID Val:Lys ratio) 2 Maximum G:F: 72.3% (95% CI: [64.0, >78.0]) ADG, g ADG, Exp. 1, 30 to 45 kg pigs SEM = 20.4 Quadratic, P = SID Trp:Lys ratio, % 12

13 G:F, Exp. 1, 30 to 45 kg pigs G:F SEM = Quadratic, P = SID Trp:Lys ratio, % SID Trp:Lys ratio at different target performance levels of finishing pigs Percent of maximum performance 1, % Item 95% 96% 97% 98% 99% 100% ADG QP 17.7% 18.3% 19.0% 19.9% 21.0% 23.6% BLQ 17.4% 18.0% 18.7% 19.4% 20.4% 22.9% G:F BLL 14.9% 15.3% 15.7% 16.1% 16.5% 16.9% BLQ 15.1% 15.4% 15.9% 16.4% 17.1% 18.7% 1 Derived from equations presented previously. SID Val:Lys ratio at different target performance levels of 25 to 45 kg pigs Percent of maximum performance, % Item 95% 96% 97% 98% 99% 100% ADG G:F <

14 Economic scenarios Summer 2014 Current SID Trp:Lys: 16.5% Lean pig (carcass): $110/cwt; Corn: $3.6/bu; SBM: $395/ton; L Trp: $10/lb; DDGS: $160/ton. Economic scenarios March 2015 Current SID Trp:Lys: 16.5% Lean pig (carcass): $65/cwt; Corn: $3.9/bu; SBM: $345/ton; L Trp: $10/lb; DDGS: $170/ton. Tools for nutrition and management decisions Available at: 14

15 Feed Efficiency Tool Demonstrates impact of changes in: Net energy Ractopamine use Temperature in the barn Pelleting and particle size Floor space Production management changes Mortality Split-Sex Feeding Finishing Pigs Gilts gain similar amounts of muscle each day compared to barrows (lean gain). Gilts eat less compared to barrows and the difference in consumption is greater as the pig gets bigger. Because of this, the lysine (amino acids) needs for a gilt are higher than a barrow

16 Split-Sex Feeding cont. Comparing Lysine needs: Wt. Range, lb Barrow SID Lys. Req. 1 Gilt SID Lys. Req. Change 50 to to to to K-State Gilt and Barrow Equation 46 Split-Sex Feeding cont. How do we feed both genders the same diet, without limiting growth??? Different diets OR Different weight ranges Diet Wt. Range, lb Barrow SID Lys. Req. 1 Gilt Wt. Range, lb SID Lys. Req. A 50 to to B 90 to to C 130 to to D 190 to to K-State Gilt and Barrow Equation 47 Split-Sex Feeding cont. What is the savings? More when spread between corn and soybean meal is large, because we typically feed mixed-gender like gilts. Quick and Dirty Calculation Assume it takes 8 lb more SBM per gilt $3.64/bu of corn ($0.065/lb) $340/ton of SBM ($0.170/lb) $0.170-$0.065 = $0.105 $0.105 x 8 lb = $0.84 potential savings What are the negatives? Pig sources, slower barn fill time, space 48 16

17 Fiber s Effect on Carcass Yield By-product ingredients can potentially offer a source of lower cost energy and amino acids but are typically higher in dietary fiber Can be fed at the possible expense of: Feed efficiency and gain Fat quality (iodine value) Carcass yield = HCW Paid on HCW Effect of NDF on Carcass Yield Carcass Yield, % Linear NDF: P < 0.01 CV = Yield 2.4 Gut fill Gut fill, kg Added NDF, % Adapted from Turlington, 1984 Effect of NDF on GIT Content Weight 51 Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contents, g Cecum Quadratic: P < 0.10 CV = Cecum 1,131 Colon 1,429 Colon Linear: P < 0.01 CV = , Added NDF, % - Adapted from Turlington, ,854 17

18 Carcass Yield 74 Corn-soy vs 0 d: P = Withdraw effects, quadratic: P < SEM = 0.21 Carcass Yield, % Corn- Soy 20 d 15 d 10 d 5 d 0d High-fiber ingredient withdrawal prior to market, d 52 Coble et al., 2013 Hot Carcass Weight HCW, kg Corn-soy vs 0 d: P = No Withdraw effects: P > SEM = Corn- Soy Coble et al., d 15 d 10 d 5 d 0d High-fiber ingredient withdrawal prior to market, d Conclusions Withdrawing pigs from a high fiber diet and switching them to a corn-soy, low fiber diet restores carcass yield when done for the last days prior to harvest. How do you know if DDGS are saving you enough in the last diet to pay for the reduced carcass yield? MATH!!! EXAMPLE DDGS SPREADSHEET 54 18

19 Advantage in weight gain during each week after initiation of feeding ractopamine (pounds above the control within each week) Summary of 12 experiments Paylean DOA/DIP 1,150 head/barn Paylean Levels 0 g 4.5 g Number of barns DOA/DIP head, % Number of barns DOA/DIP head, % Number of barns DOA/DIP head, % head/barn Paylean Levels 0 g 4.5 g Number of barns DOA/DIP head, % Reclaim Story Ractopamine recommendations Increase dietary SID Lysine to 0.9 to 1.0% Vitamins and Trace Minerals No need to over-fortify, but some response to Zn inclusion if diets were low in Zn (< 80 ppm) Dosage and Duration 14 to 21 days with 4.5 to 9 g/ton If limited on space, feed 9 g/ton for less than 3 weeks prior to market If not limited in space or feeding duration will be longer than 3 weeks, lower dose may make more sense. The longer the feeding duration, the greater the improvement in carcass traits Monitoring usage days on diet, budget of diet, $ of ractopamine per pig marketed 19

20 Feeder adjustment Based on recent data, our recommendation is for feeders to be adjusted to allow feed to cover slightly more than half of the feed pan without feed accumulating in the corners. Thank you! RESEARCH and EXTENSION 20