سورة القلم اآليات - 1 5

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1 اق ر أ ب اس م ر ب ك ال ذ ي خ ل ق )1( خ ل ق اإل ن س ان م ن ع ل ق) 2 ( اق ر أ و ر ب ك ا ل ك ر م) 3 ( ال ذ ي ع ل م ب ال ق ل م )4( ع ل م اإلن س ان م ا ل م ي ع ل م )5 ) سورة القلم اآليات I

2 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to: My loving mother, the candle who lighten my life My father, who taught me how to fight and stand up during the hard time. My only daughter HANEEN All my friends and for everyone who gave me his support and advice. To those who will be happy when my dream comes true II

3 Acknowledgement Thanks to Allah first and last. I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Salah A. Latief for his guidance, encouragement, support, and patience. Special thanks to Dr. Gaffer Elsheikh for his valuable information. The most special thank goes to my parents for their love, endless support and encouragement and to my husband for his support and assistance. I would like to thank all of those people who helped make this thesis possible. III

4 Abstract The objective of this study was to better understanding the relationship between cotton fiber length, fineness, maturity and strength. Barakat cotton grade GB and Acala cotton grade 3SG cultivated in season (2010/2011) were used. High Volume Instrument (HVI) was used for testing fiber properties. The simple, partial and multiple correlations were applied to study the relationship between the fiber parameters. The results obtained indicated that there was a highly significant correlation between fiber maturity and strength. While there were negative correlations between fiber fineness and strength, fineness and maturity. Fiber length was positively correlated with strength and also with maturity. The stepwise regression analysis was used in order to establish a model that can predict the fiber strength. Two models were proposed for Barakat grade GB and Acala grade 3SG: 1. Proposed model to predict fiber strength for ( Barakat) was: Where; MR Maturity and Mic Micronaire 2. Proposed model to predict fiber strength for ( Acala) was: Where; MR Maturity and ML Mean length IV

5 المستخلص الهدف من هذه الدراسه هو الفهم الجيد للعالقه بين طول نعومة نضوجة ومتانه شعيرات القطن. تم استخدام عينات قطن بركات رتبة GB واكاال رتبة 3SG للموسم الزراعي. 0211/0212 كما تم استخدام جهاز ال HVI لقياس خصائص شعيرات القطن المذكورة سابقا. تم تطبيق االرتباطات البسيطه, الجزئيه والمتعددة لدراسه العالقه بين خصائص شعيرات القطن. النتائج المتحصل عليها أوضحت أن هناك إرتباط عالى ودال إحصائيا بين نضوجه الشعيره ومتانتها بينما هناك إرتباطات عكسيه بين النعومه والمتانه وبين النعومه والنضوجه. طول الشعيره يرتبط إرتباطا موجبا مع النضوجه وأيضا مع المتانه. تم إستخدام تحليل اإلنحدار المتدرج من أجل إنشاء نموذج يمكن أن يتنبأ بمتانه الشعيره. تم التوصل إلى نموذجين للعينتين بركات GB واكاال 3SG هما : النموذج المقترح للتنبؤ بمتانه الشعيره فى العينه بركات GB هو: حيث MR النضوجة. و Mic النعومة. النموذج المقترح للتنبؤ بمتانه الشعيره فى العينه اكاال 3SG هو: الطول. حيث MR النضوجة. و ML V

6 Table of Contents Content Dedication II Page No Acknowledgements. III Abstract IV Abstract in Arabic V List of Contents.. VI List of Tables.. List of Figures. XII X Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background Cotton Fiber Morphology Cotton Fiber Structure Properties Determine Cotton Fiber Quality and Characteristic Fiber Length Fiber Fineness Fiber Maturity Fiber Strength Length Uniformity and Short Fiber Content Color Grade Leaf Grade (Trash Content) 9 VI

7 1.5 Physical Properties Color Tensile Strength Elastic Recovery Elongation at Break Specific Gravity Moisture Regain (%) Effect of Heat Effect of Sun Light Effect of Age Chemical Properties Effect of Acids Effect of Alkalis Effect of Organic Solvent Effect of Insects Effect of Micro-organism Factors Affecting Cotton Quality Weather Conditions Soil Humidity and Temperature Irrigation Diseases Harvesting and Picking 14 VII

8 1.7.7 Ginning 14 Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Analysis of Previously Reported Studies Summary Scope and Objective of Present Work 27 Chapter three: Methods used to Assess (Measuring) Cotton Fiber Properties and Quality 3.1 Introduction Conventional Methods Measurement of Fiber Length Comb Sorter Method Fibrograph Method Measurement of Fiber Fineness Micronaire Method Fineness and Maturity Tester (FMT) Gravimetric Method Measurement of Fiber Maturity The Caustic Soda Swelling Method Micronaire Method Shirley Fineness and Maturity Tester (FMT) Instruments Used to Measure Fiber Strength Pressley Tester. 36 VIII

9 Stelometer Modern Instruments used to Measure Cotton Fiber P properties Introduction High volume Instrument (HVI) System Modules Measurement of Quality Characteristics of Cotton Fibers using using HVI Measurement of Fiber Length Fiber Strength Micronaire (Mic) Maturity Index (Mat) Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) The Uster AFIS PRO2 Modules Measurement of Fiber Length Measurement of Fiber Fineness Measurement of Fiber Maturity.. 45 Chapter Four: Sudanese Cotton 4.1 Introduction Sudanese Cotton Production Sudanese Cotton Varieties Extra Fine Count Cotton Medium Count Cottons Coarse Count Cottons 50 IX

10 4.4 Sudanese Cotton Classification Steps of Classification in Sudan Classification of Seed Cotton Classification of Cotton Lint Sudanese Cotton Grading Port Sudan Grading Factors. 52 Chapter Five: Experimental Design 5.1 Introduction Material Methods and Techniques Simple Correlation Partial Correlation Multiple Correlations Regression Results and Discussion Simple Correlation Results for Barakat and Acala Partial Correlation Results for Barakat Grade GB and Acala G Grade 3SG Multiple Correlations Multiple Correlations for Barakat Grade GB Multiple Correlations for Acala Grade 3SG Regression Analysis The Proposed Model for Barakat grade GB The Proposed Model for Acala grade 3SG.. 69 X

11 Chapter Six: Conclusion and Recommendation 6.1 Conclusion Recommendation 74 References 76 Appendix A. 80 Appendix B Appendix C XI

12 LIST OF TABLES Table No Title Page No 4.1 Cultivated Area and Production in Sudan during the Last Three Seasons Fiber Properties for Barakat Grade GB Fiber Properties for Acala Grade 3SG Correlation Coefficients between Fiber Properties for Barakat Grade GB Variety Correlation Coefficients between Fiber Properties for Acala Grade 3SG Variety Partial Correlation for Barakat Grade GB Partial Correlation for Acala Grade 3SG Variables Entered/Removed for Barakat Grade GB Model Summary for Barakat Grade 3SG ANOVA Table for Barakat Grade GB Coefficients for Barakat Grade GB Variables Entered/Removed for Acala Grade 3SG Model summary for Acala Grade 3SG ANOVA Table for Acala Grade 3SG Coefficients for Acala Grade 3SG XII

13 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No Figure Title Page No 1.1 Different Stages of Cotton Flower Cotton Fiber Structure Microscopic View of Cotton Fiber Chemical Structure of Cotton Fiber Cotton Fiber Cross Sections Showing Fiber Perimeter and Differences in Wall Area that Lead to Differences in Fiber Functional Dependence of Fineness on Wall Thickness at Six Perimeter Values (35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60) μm Relationship between Fineness and Maturity Ratio at Six Perimeter Values (35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60) μm Functional Dependence of Maturity Ratio on Wall Thickness at Six Perimeter Values (35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 μm) Demonstration of Inverse Relationship between Fineness and Maturity Ratio at Constant Micronaire Dependence of Micronaire on Wall Thickness at Six Perimeter Values (35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 μm Relationship between Micronaire and Maturity Ratio at Six Perimeter Values (35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60) μm Relationship between Micronaire and Fineness at Six Perimeter Values (35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 μm).. 20 XIII

14 2.8 Regression of Fineness versus Maturity Ratio (N =305) Regression of Micronaire versus Fineness (N =305) Regression of Micronaire versus Maturity Ratio (N = 305) Regression of Fineness and Maturity Ratio for Perimeters (P) between 50 to 52 μm and 56 to 58 μm, respectively Regression of Micronaire and Fineness for Perimeters (P) between 50 to 52 μm and 56 to 58 μm, respectively Regression of Micronaire and Maturity Ratio for Perimeters (P) between 50 to 52 μm and 56 to 58 μm, respectively Demonstration of the Fit of the Experimental Data(N = 305) by Diagnostic Model between Fineness/Perimeter and Maturity Ratio x Perimeter Demonstration of the Fit of the Experimental Data (N = 305) by Diagnostic Model between Micronaire and Maturity Ratio x Perimeter Demonstration of the Fit of the Experimental Data (N = 305) by Diagnostic Model between Micronaire and Fineness/Perimeter Comb Sorter Staple Array Digital Fibrograph, Model Fibrosampler for the Preparation of the Specimens Micronaire Tester Resistance to Airflow as a Measure of Fineness. 35 XIV

15 3.6 The Pressley Tester for Cotton Fiber Strength (Instrument & Clamps) Stelometer Cotton Fiber Strength Tester HVI The Fibrogram Basic AFIS Schematic The Uster AFIS PRO2 44 XV