BIOCHEMISTRY م.د.شيماء سبتي B-COMPLEX VITAMINS. Lec:4 : 2 nd stage
|
|
- Candice Maxwell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BIOCHEMISTRY Lec:4 : 2 nd stage م.د.شيماء سبتي B-COMPLEX VITAMINS THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1) Synonyms: Antiberiberi factor, antineuritic vitamin, aneurin. Biosynthesis: Synthesized by plants, yeasts and bacteria. Not synthesized by human beings, hence should be supplied in diet. Intestinal bacterial flora can synthesize the vitamin. Metabolism Absorption: Free thiamine is absorbed readily from the small intestine, but the pyrophosphate (ester-form) is not. Bulk of the dietary vegetable thiamine is in the free form. In tissues, it is actively phosphorylated to form Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in Liver, and to a lesser extent in other tissues like muscle, brain and nucleated RB Cells
2 Plasma/blood level: Present in plasma and CS fluid in the free form, approx. 1 μg/100 ml. Blood cells contain 6 to 12 μg/100 ml where occurs as TPP. Storage: Capacity to store is limited. It is present in both free and combined forms in heart (highest concentration), Liver and kidneys. In lower concentration in skeletal muscle and brain. Total amount of Thiamine in body is approx. 25 mg. Excretion: If normal amount of thiamine is taken in the diet: About 10 per cent is excreted in the urine The remainder is (a) Partly phosphorylated and is used as coenzyme, and (b) Partly degraded to neutral sulphur compounds and inorganic SO4 which are excreted in urine. Occurrence and Food Sources Plant source: Widely distributed in plant kingdom. In cereal grains, it is concentrated in outer germ/bran layers (e.g. rice polishings) (Richest source). Other good sources are peas, beans, whole cereal grains, bran, nuts, prunes, etc. Whole white bread is a good source. Animal source: Thiamine is present in most animal tissues. Liver, meat and eggs supply considerable amounts. Ham/pork meats are particularly rich. Milk has low concentration, but a good source as large quantities are consumed. METABOLIC ROLE Biological active form is Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Acts as a coenzyme in several metabolic reactions. Acts as coenzyme to the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) which converts pyruvic acid to acetyl-coa (oxidative decarboxylation) PDH Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA TPP Pyruvate PDH Acetyl-CoA TPP TPP acts as the coenzyme (Co-carboxylase) of pyruvate carboxylase in yeasts for the non-oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde
3 CLINICAL ASPECT DEFICIENCY MANIFESTATIONS: Beriberi The deficiency of thiamine produces a condition called beriberi. It is characterised by the following manifestations. 1- CV manifestations: These include palpitation, dyspnoea, cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, which may progress to congestive cardiac failure. 2- Neurological manifestations: These are predominantly those of ascending, symmetrical, peripheral polyneuritis. These neurological features may be accompanied occasionally by an acute haemorrhagic polioencephalitis which is then called as Wernicke s encephalopathy. 3- GI symptoms: Amongst these, anorexia is an early symptom. There may be gastric atony, with diminished gastric motility and nausea; fever and vomiting occur in advanced stages. Dry beriberi: When it is not associated with oedema. Wet beriberi: Oedema is associated. It is probably in part to congestive cardiac failure and in part to protein malnutrition (Low plasma albumin). Biochemical Features in Thiamine Deficiency 1- Decreased level of thiamine and TPP in blood and urine. Determination of amount of thiamine excreted in 4 hours urine is used. 2- Accumulation of pentose sugars in RB cells due to retardation of transketolation reaction. 3- Increased level of pyruvic acid and lactic acid in blood, due to retardation of oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid. LA/PA ratio: Abnormal blood LA/PA ratio is said to be more specific indicator of B1 deficiency. 4- Catatorulin effect: Decreased uptake of O2 by thiamine-deficient brain in vitro; reversible by addition of thiamine
4 5- Saturation test (thiamine loading test): A lower urinary excretion of thiamine and TPP after administration of a test-dose occurring in thiamine-deficient as compared to normal subjects. Daily Requirements Adult: 0.5 mg for each 1000 calories; 1.0 to 1.5 mg for diets providing 2000 to 3000 C. Minimum requirement is 1.0 mg. Actual requirement is related more directly to carbohydrates content of diet than to calorie value of diet. Children: Ranges from 0.4 mg for infants to 1.3 mg for preadolescents (10 to 12 years of age). Requirements Increases in Anoxia-shock and haemorrhage, Serious illness and injury, During prolonged administration of broadspectrum oral antibiotics, Increased calorie expenditure like fever, hyperthyroidism, Increased carbohydrate intake, Increased alcohol intake, and pregnancy and in lactation. RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2) Synonyms: Lactoflavin, ovoflavin, hepatoflavin
5 Biological Active Forms The biological active forms, in which riboflavin serves as the prosthetic group (as coenzyme) of a number of enzymes are the phosphorylated derivatives. Two main derivatives are: 1- FMN (Flavin mononucleotide): In this the phosphoric acid is attached to ribityl alcoholic group in position 5 ( Flavin-Ribityl-PO4). 2- FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide): It may be linked to an adenine nucleotide through a pyrophosphate linkage to form FAD (Flavin-ribityl-P-P-ribose-Adenine) Thus, FMN and FAD are two coenzymes of this vitamin. The acidic properties given by phosphoric acid group influence their capacity for combining with proteins apoenzyme-forming flavoproteins (Holoenzyme). Thus, FP (holoenzyme) = FMN/FAD + Protein (coenzyme) (Apoenzyme) FP may also unite with metals like Fe and Mo thus forming Metalloflavoproteins. Biosynthesis All higher plants can synthesize riboflavin. In nature, it occurs both as free form and also as nucleotide form or as flavoproteins. Human beings and animals cannot synthesise and hence solely dependent on dietary supply. In man, considerable amounts can be synthesised by intestinal bacteria, but the quantity absorbed is not adequate to maintain normal nutrition
6 Metabolism Absorption: Flavin nucleotides are readily absorbed in small intestine. Free riboflavin undergoes phosphorylation, a prerequisite for absorption. Blood/Plasma level: Human blood plasma contains 2.5 to 4.0 μgm%, two-third as FAD and bulk of remainder as FMN. Concentration in RB cells-15 to 30 μg/100 gm. Leucocytes and platelets-250 μg/100 gm. These values remain quite constant even in severe riboflavin deficiency, hence determination of riboflavin in blood is not useful. Riboflavin present in all tissues as nucleotides bound to proteins (FP), highest concentration in liver and kidney. Excretion: Daily urinary excretion 0.1 to 0.4 mg (10 to 20% of intake). Milk: Riboflavin is secreted in milk, 40 to 80 per cent in free form. Faeces: Free and nucleotides tend to remain quite constant, 500 to 750 μg daily, largely from the unabsorbed bacterial synthesis. Occurrences and Food Sources Widely distributed in nature, present in all plant and animal cells. Plant sources: High concentration occurs in yeasts. Appreciable amount present in whole grains, dry beans and peas, nuts, green vegetable. Germinating seeds, e.g. grams/dals are very good source. Animal source: Liver (2 3 mg/100 gm), kidney, milk, eggs, Crab meat has high content
7 METABOLIC ROLE FMN and FAD act as coenzymes in various H-transfer reactions in metabolism. The hydrogen is transported by reversible reduction of the coenzyme by two hydrogen atoms added to the N at positions 1 and 10, thus forming dihydro or leucoriboflavin. The principal enzyme reactions catalysed are as shown below: FMN Cytochrome-C-reductase D-amino acid oxidase FAD Xanthine oxidase (Xanthine uric acid) L-amino acid oxidase Aldehyde oxidase CLINICAL ASPECT Deficiency Manifestations There is no definite disease entity. Deficiency is usually associated with deficiencies in other B-vitamins. In human beings lesions of the mouth, tongue, nose, skin and eyes with weakness, and lassitude reported. They include: Lips: Redness and shiny appearance of lips. Cheilosis: Lesions at the mucocutaneous junction at the angles of the mouth leading to painful fissures are characteristic. Tongue: Painful glossitis, the tongue assuming a red-purple (magenta) colour. Seborrhoeic dermatitis: Scaly, greasy, desquamation chiefly about the ears, nose and naso-labial folds. Eyes: May lead to corneal vascularisation and inflammation with cloudiness of cornea, watering, burning of eyes, photophobia, scleral congestion and cataract has also been reported. Protein synthesis: This is impaired in severe riboflavin deficiency; since protein malnutrition interferes with utilisation and retention of riboflavin
8 Daily Requirement Adults: 1.5 to 1.8 mg During lactation: 2.5 mg Children: 1.0 to 1.8 mg Women in later half of pregnancy: 2.0 mg Infants: 0.6 mg Adolescence: 2.0 to 2.5 mg Requirement increases After severe injury/burns, etc. during acute illness and during convalescence, during increased protein utilization, in pregnancy and actation, during oral broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. NIACIN (VITAMIN B3) Synonyms: Nicotinic acid, P-P factor, Pellagra-preventing factor of Goldberger. In tissues: Occurs principally as the amide (nicotinamide, niacinamide). In this form it enters into physiological active combination
9 Biological Active Forms In tissues, nicotinamide is present largely as a dinucleotide, the pyridine N being linked to a D-ribose residue. Two such neucleotide active forms are known: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Other names are: DPN+, coenzyme- I, cozymase, or codehydrogenase. The compound contains: One molecule of nicotinamide, Two molecules of D-ribose, Two molecules of phosphoric acid, and One molecule of adenine. Structure may be shown schematically as follows Biosynthesis Amino acid tryptophan is a precursor of nicotinic acid in many plants, and animal species including human beings. 60 mg of tryptophan can give rise 1 mg of Niacin. Pyridoxal-P is required as a coenzyme in this synthesis (Refer Tryptophan metabolism)
10 It can be synthesized also by intestinal bacteria. Bacteria in addition to synthesis from tryptophan, can also synthesize from other amino acids, e.g. glutamic acid, proline, ornithine and glycine. In human beings: In addition to dietary source, It is synthesised in tissues from amino acid tryptophan, and To a limited extent supplemented by bacterial synthesis in intestine. Applied Aspect In high corn diet, requirement of dietary niacin increases, as synthesis from tryptophan cannot take place. The reason is the maize protein Zein lacks the amino acid tryptophan. Hence pellagra is more common in persons whose staple diet is maize. Metabolism Absorption: Nicotinic acid and its amide are absorbed from the small intestine. Blood/plasma level Whole blood: 0.2 to 0.9 mg/100 ml (average 0.6 mg%) RB cells: 1.3 mg% Plasma-total activity: to 0.15 mg% (average mg%) Note 1. Most of the nicotinic acid and its amide in the blood is in RB cells, presumably as coenzyme. 2. Values in the blood are not altered significantly even in severe Niacin deficiency. Hence its determination is of no value in the detection of clinical deficiency states
11 Excretion In urine, it is excreted as follows: As nicotinic acid and nicotinamide: Normal adults on normal diet excretes both nicotinic acid and its amide in urine. Nicotinic acid: 0.25 to 1.25 mg daily. Nicotinamide: 0.5 to 4 mg daily. As N -methyl nicotinamide: Major urinary metabolite is a methylated derivative- N -methyl nicotinamide. The methylation occurs in liver, by the enzyme niacinamide methyl transferase
12 Occurrence and Food Sources: 1. Both nicotinamide and coenzyme forms are distributed widely in plants and animals. 2. Important food sources are: Animal source: Liver, kidney, meat, fish Vegetable source: Legumes (peas, beans, lentils), nuts, certain green vegetables, coffee and tea. Nicotinamide is present in highest concentration in germ and pericarp (bran) in cereal grains. Yeast also particularly rich. Poor sources are: Fruits, milk and eggs. Metabolic Role The coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ operate as hydrogen and electron transfer agents by virtue of reversible oxidation and reduction. Function of NADP+ is similar to that of NAD+ in hydrogen and electron transport. The two coenzymes are interconvertible
13 CLINICAL ASPECT Deficiency Manifestations Pellagra: Nicotinic acid deficiency produces a disease called Cardinal features described as 3 D s are Dermatitis, Diarrhoea, and Dementia. Precipitating factors are: (a) High-corn diet and (b) Alcoholism Clinical Features (a) Skin lesions: Typically involves areas of skin exposed to sunlight and subjected to pressure, heat or other types of trauma or/irritation. The skin becomes reddened, later brown, thickened and scaly. (b) GI manifestations: Include 1- anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, with alternating constipation/ diarrhea, Diarrhoea becomes intractable later. 2- Gingivitis and stomatitis with reddening of the tip and margin of the tongue, which become swollen and cracked. 3- Achlorhydria present in about 40% cases. 4- Thickening and inflammation of the colon, with cystic lesions of the mucosa, which later becomes atrophic and ulcerated. (c) Cerebral manifestations: These include headache, insomnia, depression and other mental symptoms ranging from mild psychoneuroses to severe psychosis. (d) General effects: These include: 1-Inadequate growth, 2-loss of weight and strength, 3-anaemia which may be due to associated deficiency of other vitamins. 4-dehydration and its consequences resulting from diarrhoea
14 Daily Requirement In adult: 17 to 21 mg daily Infants: 6 mg Pre-adolescence: 17 mg Requirement Increases in: Increased calorie intake or expenditure, acute illness or early convalescence, after severe injury, infection and burns, high corn or Maize diet, pregnancy and lactation. Effect on plasma Lipids: Nicotinic acid and NOT amide have been found to reduce the plasma lipid concentration in certain cases of hyperlipidaemia. Large doses of Nicotinic acid from 3 to 6 Grams per day have been found to reduce the levels of cholesterol, β-lipoproteins and TG in blood. Niacin toxicity: Excessive dosage can produce toxic effects: Dilatation of blood vessels and flushing. Skin irritation Can produce liver damage
Physiological Role: B-vitamins are coenzymes of many enzymes systems of body metabolism. Thiamine {B 1 }
Food Constituents [continued] Micronutrients B-Vitamins The B group of vitamin {water soluble} includes: Thiamine: vitamin B 1, ant beriberi vitamin. Riboflavin: vitamin B 2. Niacin: nicotinic acid, PP
More informationChapter 13. Water soluble Vitamins 10/27/ substances
Chapter 13 9 substances Most are cofactors for enzymes in energy producing pathways Amino acid metabolism, DNA synthesis, RBC synthesis Synthesis of other compounds Small amounts stored in the body Excreted
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY م.د.شيماء سبتي B-COMPLEX VITAMINS. PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6) Synonyms: Rat antidermatitis factor. Lec:5 : 2 nd stage
BIOCHEMISTRY Lec:5 : 2 nd stage م.د.شيماء سبتي B-COMPLEX VITAMINS PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6) Synonyms: Rat antidermatitis factor. It occurs in association, perhaps in equilibrium, with an aldehyde-pyridoxal
More informationVITAMINS-4. Shariq Syed
VITAMINS-4 Shariq Syed Plan for today Review last lecture Summarize what s done Pop Quiz!! Which vitamin has a major role in clotting A K B I Don t know, Too busy with periodic exams! Pop Quiz!! Beriberi
More informationVITAMIN B6 History B
VITAMIN B 6 History Gyorgy demonstrated a characteristic type of dermatitis in rats produced by a factor different from known vitamins 1937 : He showed that the factor was present in yeast & liver and
More informationRegulation of Enzyme Activity
Regulation of Enzyme Activity Enzyme activity must be regulated so that the proper levels of products are produced at all times and places This control occurs in several ways: - biosynthesis at the genetic
More informationBIOL 158: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II
BIOL 158: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II Lecture 5: Vitamins and Coenzymes Lecturer: Christopher Larbie, PhD Introduction Cofactors bind to the active site and assist in the reaction mechanism Apoenzyme is an
More informationCoenzymes. Coenzymes 9/15/2014. BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins
BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins Cofactors Essential ions Coenzymes Cosubstrates Prosthetic groups Coenzymes structure/function/active group Vitamins 1 Coenzymes Some enzymes require for
More information9/16/2015. Coenzymes. Coenzymes. BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins. Types of cofactors
BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins Cofactors Essential ions Coenzymes Cosubstrates Prosthetic groups Coenzymes structure/function/active group Vitamins 1 Coenzymes Some enzymes require for
More informationNutrition and Energy 1
Nutrition and Energy 1 Food Energy The ingestion of food serves two primary functions: 1. it provides a source of energy 2. it provides raw materials the animal is unable to manufacture for itself. 2 Basal
More informationVitamins. Dr. Syed Ismail. Compiled and Edited by. Associate Professor, SSAC VN Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, India
Vitamins Compiled and Edited by Dr. Syed Ismail Associate Professor, SSAC VN Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, India What are vitamins? Organic molecules with a wide variety of functions Cofactors
More informationBiologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN
Biologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN Chemically, oxidation is defined as the removal of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. Thus, oxidation is always accompanied by reduction of an electron
More informationBCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins
BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins Cofactors Essential ions Coenzymes Cosubstrates Prosthetic groups Coenzymes structure/function/active group Vitamins 1 Coenzymes Some enzymes require for
More informationVITAMIN BASICS VITAMIN WHAT IT DOES TOO LITTLE TOO MUCH SOURCES. Night blindness Total blindness Reduced resistance to infection Can lead to death
VITAMIN BASICS VITAMIN WHAT IT DOES TOO LITTLE TOO MUCH SOURCES Fat-Soluble Vitamin A Maintains vision Maintains epithelial tissues (skin) Develops immune cells Bone growth Night blindness Total blindness
More informationCoenzymes. Coenzymes 9/11/2018. BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins
BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins Cofactors Essential ions Coenzymes Cosubstrates Prosthetic groups Coenzymes structure/function/active group Vitamins 1 Coenzymes Some enzymes require for
More informationNotes on Nutrition by Chamali Samarasekara. Notes on Nutrition
Notes on Nutrition Patient groups particularly affected by their nutrition Pregnant and lactating women Babies (constipation) Children (malnutrition) The elderly (immobility/ visual impairment) Inpatients
More informationVitamins. Definition - Organic compound required in small amounts. A few words about each. Vitamin A. Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12
Vitamins. Definition - Organic compound required in small amounts. A few words about each. Vitamin A Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin A - Retinol Retinol (vitamin
More informationNutrition and Health. Micronutrients - Vitamins
Nutrition and Health Micronutrients - Vitamins Topics Vitamins Water-soluble vitamins vitamin B vitamin C Fat-soluble vitamins vitamin A vitamin D vitamin E vitamin K 2 VITAMINS 3 Vitamins Vitamins are
More informationLauren Arnett KNH 413 4-24-14 Niacin Medical Nutrition Therapy Nutrient 1. What is the nutrient? The nutrient is niacin which is a water soluble type B vitamin. Niacin aids in the digestive system, skin
More informationANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES. Muscle as Food
I. Protein in the diet A. Function ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES Muscle as Food 1. To provide amino acids, not protein. Muscle as Food 2. To prevent protein breakdown, diet must
More informationVITAMINS DR PAWAN TOSHNIWAL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR BIOCHEMISTRY ZYDUS MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, DAHOD, GUJARAT DATE LECTURE-2
LECTURE-2 VITAMINS DR PAWAN TOSHNIWAL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR BIOCHEMISTRY ZYDUS MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, DAHOD, GUJARAT DATE-13-12-2018 Pantothenic Acid (VIT B-5) Pantothenic Acid ( Vit. B5) Pantothenic
More informationTeacher: Dorota Marczuk-Krynicka MD., PhD. Coll. Anatomicum, Święcicki Street no. 6, Dept. of Physiology
Title: Nutrition Teacher: Dorota Marczuk-Krynicka MD., PhD. Coll. Anatomicum, Święcicki Street no. 6, Dept. of Physiology A. Measurements of Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure 1. One unit the calorie
More informationV i t a m i n s Vitamins Organic micronutrients required for reproduction, development, growth, & maintenance of body functions.
V i t a m i n s MAIN QUESTIONS TO ANSWER: What is a vitamin? For each vitamin, what are the best food sources? what are the physiological functions? what are the results of deficiency? what are the results
More informationINTRODUCTION TO VITAMINS
BY: RASAQ, N. O LECTURE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO VITAMINS COMPOSITION OF VITAMINS CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS: STRUCTURE AND FUCTIONS WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS AND FUNCTIONS COENZYMES
More informationIntroduction to Metabolism Cell Structure and Function
Introduction to Metabolism Cell Structure and Function Cells can be divided into two primary types prokaryotes - Almost all prokaryotes are bacteria eukaryotes - Eukaryotes include all cells of multicellular
More informationANSC/FSTC 607 Physiology and Biochemistry of Muscle as a Food Muscle as Meat
I. Protein in the diet A. Function ANSC/FSTC 607 Physiology and Biochemistry of Muscle as a Food Muscle as Meat 1. To provide amino acids, not protein. Quality grades and nutrition 2. To prevent protein
More informationThe molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel is: a. fat. b. glucose. c. acetyl CoA. d. cellulose.
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel is: a. fat. b. glucose. c. acetyl CoA. d. cellulose. Dietary fats are important because: a. they keep blood pressure normal.
More informationChapter 12 Nutrition
Chapter 12 Nutrition Nutrients macronutrients: large required daily quantities carbohydrates, lipids, proteins micronutrients: small required daily quantities vitamins, minerals Also required: water and
More informationChapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I
n n Chapter 9 Overview Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions Ingestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Provide basic building blocks for
More informationEnergy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need
More informationENZYMES: CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE
ENZYMES: CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE Enzymes - catalysts of biological reactions Accelerate reactions by a millions fold Common features for enzymes and inorganic catalysts: 1. Catalyze only thermodynamically
More informationLECTURE NO TES BY: DR. B. C. JO SHI, SAPKM, KICHHA VITAMIN
VITAMIN Vitamins are organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth in children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood
More informationIntro to Vitamins, Minerals & Water
Intro to Vitamins, Minerals & Water 1. What is the main function of vitamins and minerals? To regulate body functions 2. What foods are a lot of the vitamins and minerals we need found in? Fruits and Vegetables
More informationSection 4: Exercise Physiology. Diet and nutrition and their effect on physical activity and performance
Section 4: Exercise Physiology Diet and nutrition and their effect on physical activity and performance Learning Objectives 1. Identify the seven classes of food as: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
More informationMedicinal Chemistry/ CHEM 458/658 Special Topics Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals
Medicinal Chemistry/ CHEM 458/658 Special Topics Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals Bela Torok Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston Boston, MA 1 Nutrients and diseases Introduction
More informationVitamins Test. 1. What term is used to describe the process of adding nutrients to foods such as calcium to orange juice?
Vitamins Test 1. What term is used to describe the process of adding nutrients to foods such as calcium to orange juice? A. Fortified B. Enriched C. Complement D. Augment 2. Approximately what percent
More informationVitamins. Sagda kamal eldein 30/1/
Vitamins Sagda kamal eldein 30/1/2019 0919106108 The discovery of the first vitamin was published in 1911 by a Polish biochemist, Casimir Funk. The term vitamine is derived from the words vita (meaning
More informationCHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Metabolism Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems The direction and extent to which a chemical reaction
More informationVitamins Minerals Chapter 12
DH 250 Water soluble B1 Thiamin B2 Riboflavin B3 Niacin Vitamins Minerals Chapter 12 Role RDA Source Deficiency Toxicity Clinical Use intermediary coenzymes 1.2mg 1.1mg 1.2mg 1.1mg 16mg 14mg dairy B6 Pyridoxine
More informationWHY DO WE NEED FOOD? FOOD AND DIET
WHY DO WE NEED FOOD? FOOD AND DIET Food gives us the energy required for chemical reaction to keep us alive Energy also required for many activities and to maintain body temperature Food also gives us
More information30.1 Organization of the Human Body
30.1 Organization of the Human Body Organization of the Body The levels of organization in the body include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. At each level of organization, these parts of the
More informationJosie Grace C. Castillo, M.D.
Josie Grace C. Castillo, M.D. 2 types of nutrients Macronutrients Carbohydrate Fats Protein Micronutrients Vitamins Minerals 1 Occur when the quantity or quality of food is not sufficient to meet a persons
More informationPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 25 Metabolism and Nutrition Metabolic Reactions Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the body. Reactions that break
More informationSix Nutrients. Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy. Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water
Nutrients Six Nutrients Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water Water Function: most essential nutrient Helps digest and absorb
More informationFiber: What Is It and What Does It Do? By James L. Holly, MD. Your Life Your Health. The Examiner. May 5, 2005
Fiber: What Is It and What Does It Do? By James L. Holly, MD Your Life Your Health The Examiner May 5, 2005 I don t know about you, but fiber has always been a mystery to me. Soluble fiber, insoluble fiber?
More informationThe B Vitamins--As Individuals
B Vitamins The B Vitamins--As Individuals The B vitamins are very active in the body. Several of the B vitamins form part of the coenzymes that assist enzymes in the release of energy. Other B vitamins
More informationBiochemistry - I. Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture#19 Vitamins and Coenzymes-II
Biochemistry - I Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture#19 Vitamins and Coenzymes-II We continue our discussion on vitamins and coenzymes. What we learnt
More informationVitamins. Overview. Vitamins 20/09/2017. Vitamins in general. Measurement of vitamins
Vitamins Specialist Portfolio Talk 5 th September 2017 Nicola Barlow Overview Vitamins in general Different Types Clinical Effect of Deficiency or Excess DRVs Measurement of vitamins Vitamins Organic micronutrients
More informationThe Citric Acid Cycle 19-1
The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1 The Citric Acid Cycle Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism the citric acid cycle electron transport oxidative phosphorylation Metabolism consists of catabolism:
More informationNutrients. Chapter 25 Nutrition, Metabolism, Temperature Regulation
Chapter 25 Nutrition, Metabolism, Temperature Regulation 25-1 Nutrients Chemicals used by body to produce energy, provide building blocks or function in other chemical reactions Classes Carbohydrates,
More informationFolic Acid and vitamin B12
Folic Acid and vitamin B12 ILOs: by the end of this lecture, you will be able to: 1. Understand that vitamins are crucial nutrients that are important to health. 2. Know that folic acid and vitamin B12
More informationChapter 18. Metabolism. BCH 4053 Summer 2001 Chapter 18 Lecture Notes. Slide 1. Slide 2
BCH 4053 Summer 2001 Chapter 18 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 18 Metabolism Overview 2 Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical changes occurring in the cell. Nutrients fi Cellular Constituents,
More informationANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIA. Darmawan,dr.,M.Kes,Sp.PD
ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIA Darmawan,dr.,M.Kes,Sp.PD Plasma lipids consist mostly of lipoproteins Spherical complexes of lipids and specific proteins (apolipoproteins). The clinically important lipoproteins, listed
More informationFolic Acid. Ameer Saadallah Al-Zacko Ahmad Ausama Al-Kazzaz Ahmad Maan Al-Hajar
Folic Acid Ameer Saadallah Al-Zacko Ahmad Ausama Al-Kazzaz Ahmad Maan Al-Hajar Now with Ahmad Maan Al-Hajar Folic acid Folic acid is a water soluble Vitamin which has many forms include folate, vitamin
More informationChapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers Copyright Student learning outcomes: At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Compare and contrast whole grains and refined sugars Compare and contrast
More informationVITAMINS BY William Cabot, M.D., FAAOS
VITAMINS BY William Cabot, M.D., FAAOS THE VITAMIN PROTEIN CONNECTION At AMCO we deal with all types of protein products. Protein is composed of long or short chains of amino acids (1). The formation of
More informationENERGY NUTRIENTS: THE BIG PICTURE WHY WE EAT FUNCTIONS FATS FAT, CARBS, PROTEIN
ENERGY NUTRIENTS: FAT, CARBS, PROTEIN Angeline B. David, DRPH, MHS NAD Health Summit March 14, 2013 The science of cooking is not a small matter.... This art should be regarded as the most valuable of
More informationCoenzymes, vitamins and trace elements 209. Petr Tůma Eva Samcová
Coenzymes, vitamins and trace elements 209 Petr Tůma Eva Samcová History and nomenclature of enzymes 1810, Gay-Lussac made an experiment with yeats alter saccharide to ethanol and CO 2 Fermentation From
More informationMetabolism of Nucleotides
Metabolism of Nucleotides Outline Nucleotide degradation Components of Nucleobases Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis Hyperuricemia Sources Nucleotide degradation The nucleotides are among the most complex
More informationEnzymes and Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky Enzymes and Metabolism Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb 1 Protein Macromolecules composed of combinations
More informationNational University Faculty of Medicine Course: Nutrition and Metabolism Part (5) Nutrition (ME-NUT-224)
1 National University Faculty of Medicine Course: Nutrition and Metabolism Part (5) Nutrition (ME-NUT-224) Dr. Nagla Abdelgaffar Khalafalla Mobil: +249912131827 2 Nutrition Introduction Nutrients are the
More informationCellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP
Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP 2006-2007 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP 2006-2007 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats,
More informationa. Cofactors involved in CPR activity are FAD and FMN, which are derived from riboflavin (B2).
MED 562 Fall 2017 Water Soluble Vitamins Problem Set 2 1) Cytochrome P450 Reductase (CPR) is an enzyme responsible for the reduction of a large portion of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. a. What cofactor
More information14 BACTERIAL METABOLISM
14 BACTERIAL METABOLISM 14.1. ENERGY-GENERATING METABOLISM The term metabolism refers to the sum of the biochemical reactions required for energy generation and the use of energy to synthesize cell material
More information3.1.1 Water Soluble Vitamins
3.1.1 Water Soluble Vitamins Overview of Vitamins essential for good health organic molecules individual units regulate body processes micronutrients solubility fat or water Water Soluble Vitamins B-complex;
More informationEverything You Need to Know about Vitamins and Minerals
Everything You Need to Know about Vitamins and Minerals A Beta-Carotene Thiamine (B 1 ) Riboflavin (B 2 ) Vitamin A is needed for new cell growth. Helps fight infection. Essential for healthy skin, good
More informationNutritional Pathology SCBM341: General Pathology
Nutritional Pathology SCBM341: General Pathology Assistance Professor Amornrat N.Jensen, Ph.D. Department of Pathobiology School of Science, Mahidol University amornrat.nar@mahidol.ac.th Nutrients: Chemicals
More informationQuestion Bank Nutrition : Classes of Food
Question Bank Nutrition : Classes of Food 1. Why do we need food? Explain briefly. Ans. We need food for following reasons : (i) To produce energy that is used to perform various metabolic activities in
More informationVitamin classification
VITAMINS Learning Objectives 1. Know the classifications and properties of the vitamins group. 2. Understand the structure of each vitamin. 3. Understand the role of each vitamin in metabolism 4. Know
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Abidec Multivitamin Oral Drops Solution Summary of Product Characteristics 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Abidec Multivitamin Drops contains 1333 IU retinol
More informationUGRC 145: FOOD AND NUTRITION IN EVERYDAY LIFE
UGRC 145: FOOD AND NUTRITION IN EVERYDAY LIFE Session 6 FOOD RESOURCES Lecturer: PROF. MATILDA STEINER-ASIEDU, SBS, CBAS; University of Ghana, Email: tillysteiner@gmail.com College of Education School
More informationMETABOLISM -Introduction- Serkan SAYINER, DVM PhD. Assist. Prof.
METABOLISM -Introduction- Serkan SAYINER, DVM PhD. Assist. Prof. Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry serkan.sayiner@neu.edu.tr Overview Living organisms need
More informationHind Abu Tawileh. Moh Tarek & Razi Kittaneh. Ma moun
26 Hind Abu Tawileh Moh Tarek & Razi Kittaneh... Ma moun Cofactors are non-protein compounds, they are divided into 3 types: Protein-based. Metals: if they are bounded tightly (covalently) to the enzyme
More informationNUTRITIONAL CARE IN ANEMIA
االله الرحمن الرحيم بسم NUTRITIONAL CARE IN ANEMIA Nutrition Departement Faculty of Medicine University of North Sumatera Definition Deficit of circulating RBC associated with diminished oxygen-carrying
More informationBCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud
BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud 1 Energy Needs & Requirements Food is the only source of body which undergoes Metabolism and liberate / Generates Energy required for vital activities
More informationVITAMIN FUNCTION/S DEFICIENCY/S TOXICITY/S SOURCES
Folic Acid (Pteroylglutamic Acid) Necessary for DNA & RNA synthesis Essential for the growth and reproduction of all body cells Works with vitamin B12 in the formation of red blood cells Aids in amino
More informationCELLULAR METABOLISM. Metabolic pathways can be linear, branched, cyclic or spiral
CHM333 LECTURE 24 & 25: 3/27 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna CELLULAR METABOLISM What is metabolism? - How cells acquire, transform, store and use energy - Study reactions in a cell and how
More informationF. To provide energy, to spare body protein, to prevent ketosis. G. Food sources include breads, vegetables, fruit, and milk.
Nutrition: Nutrients for the Body Nutrients are chemical substances supplied by food that the body needs for growth, maintenance, and repair. The six nutrients are: 1. Carbohydrates. 2. Proteins. 3. Fats.
More informationMetabolism. Chapter 5. Catabolism Drives Anabolism 8/29/11. Complete Catabolism of Glucose
8/29/11 Metabolism Chapter 5 All of the reactions in the body that require energy transfer. Can be divided into: Cell Respiration and Metabolism Anabolism: requires the input of energy to synthesize large
More informationIntegration Of Metabolism
Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal
More informationNutrition for Health. Nutrients. Before You Read
CHAPTER 10 LESSON 2 Nutrition for Health Nutrients BIG Idea Each nutrient in your diet plays a unique and essential role in keeping you healthy. Before You Read Sometimes figuring out what to eat can be
More informationChapter 3: Macronutrients. Section 3.1 Pages 52-55
Chapter 3: Macronutrients Section 3.1 Pages 52-55 Diet Terms Nutrients The substances in food that gives us structural materials and energy. Macronutrients Nutrients that are required in large amounts.
More informationNutrients are: water carbohydrates lipids proteins. minerals vitamins fiber
Nutrients are: water carbohydrates lipids proteins minerals vitamins fiber WATER Essential nutrient 55-65% body weight Body loses water through evaporation, excretion, and respiration The only nutrient
More informationCh. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53)
Ch. 9 Cell Respiration Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Essential question: How do cells use stored chemical energy in organic molecules and to generate ATP? Title: Oct 15 3:28 PM (2 of 53) Title: Oct 19
More informationPDF created with pdffactory trial version
General Nutrition Concepts Importance of Nutrition Health Appearance Behavior Mood Role of Nutrients in Diet Growth and development Provide energy Regulate metabolism 2 Calories in Food Carbohydrates Protein
More informationMacromolecules. Macromolecules. What are the macromolecules? Organic molecules. The human body uses complex organic molecules known as macromolecules.
Macromolecules Macromolecules Biochemistry The human body uses complex organic molecules known as macromolecules. Macro - long or large It is a large molecule that is made up of smaller units joined together.
More informationActivity 3-F: Micronutrient Activity Station
Activity 3-F: Micronutrient Activity Station 1 Vitamin A deficiency 1 Instructions Please read through this Vitamin A information package and discuss amongst your group. You have 15 minutes to review this
More informationc. NADPH can reduce FAD or FMN, thus the cofactors should be converted to their colorless forms.
MEDCH 562 Fall 2018 Water Soluble Vitamins Problem Set 2 1) Cytochorome P450 Reductase (CPR) is an enzyme responsible for the reduction of a large portion of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. a. What
More informationWhat Are Proteins? Lecture 9: Proteins. Proteins: large complex molecules composed of amino acids. Nutrition 150 Shallin Busch, Ph.D.
What Are Proteins? Lecture 9: Proteins Nutrition 150 Shallin Busch, Ph.D. Proteins: large complex molecules composed of amino acids. Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Primary source of nitrogen
More informationClinical Biochemistry department/ College of medicine / AL-Mustansiriyah University
Clinical Biochemistry department/ College of medicine / AL-Mustansiriyah University Dr. Ali al-bayati NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM Lec. 3 The salvage pathway of purine synthesis Purines that result from the normal
More informationNutrition Notes website.notebook October 19, Nutrition
Nutrition Nutrition Notes website.notebook October 19, 2016 Food is any substance that is ingested ("eaten") and helps sustain life. Food categories: Meats and Alternative Dairy Products Fruits and Vegetables
More informationBiochemistry Vitamins B6 and B12
HbA NH 2 H 2 O 2 KClO3 Cl 2 O 7 PO 4 CH2O NAOH KMnO 4 M E D I C I N E KING SAUD UNIVERSITY Co 2 COOH MgCl 2 H 2 O Important Extra Information Doctors slides Doctors notes SO 2 HCN CCl 4 CuCl 2 SiCl 4 Biochemistry
More informationVITAMINS. Equine Nutrition #9 Created for Canadian Pony Club Education by Lezah Williamson
VITAMINS Equine Nutrition #9 Created for Canadian Pony Club Education by Lezah Williamson Vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds They are required as vital nutrient Needed in limited amounts Have diverse
More informationBioenergetics and metabolic pathways
Bioenergetics and metabolic pathways BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 17 Session Plan Introduction to Bioenergetics Metabolism Metabolic Pathways Metabolism & Cell Structure Mitochondria Compounds
More information2: Describe glycolysis in general terms, including the molecules that exist at its start and end and some intermediates
1 Life 20 - Glycolysis Raven & Johnson Chapter 9 (parts) Objectives 1: Know the location of glycolysis in a eukaryotic cell 2: Describe glycolysis in general terms, including the molecules that exist at
More informationNutritional Information
Nutritional Information Fresh Green Chile Peppers The following information is for one serving of hot green chile peppers. That would be about one half cup of hot green chile peppers, or 75 grams. This
More informationCITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG
CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 1 2018/19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG Chapter Outline (19-1) The central role of the citric acid cycle in metabolism (19-2) The overall pathway of the citric
More informationHigher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25
Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration Page 1 of 25 Sub Topic: Respiration I can state that: All living cells carry out respiration. ATP is the energy currency of the cell
More information