Effect of Zinc and Manganese and Their Application Method on Yield and Yield Components of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. CV.

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1 Mile-East Journal of Scientific Research 8 (5): , 2 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2 Effect of Zinc an Manganese an Their Application Metho on Yiel an Yiel Components of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. CV. Khomein) Mahbobeh Seifi Naergoli, Mehra Yarnia an Farrokh Rahimzae Khoei Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Aza University, Tabriz Iran Abstract: To evaluate the effect of two micronutrients (Zn an Mn) an their application metho on yiel components of common bean (cv. khomein) an experiment was conucte in factorial arrangement on the basis of ranomize complete block (RCB) esign with three replications uring growing seasons of in Islamic Aza University, Tabriz branch, Iran. Micronutrients involve zine sulphate an manganese sulphate an metho an time of application involve: control, soil application, foliar application at shooting stage, foliar application at flowering stage, foliar application at poing stage, foliar application at shooting an flowering stages, foliar application at shooting an poing stages, foliar application at flowering an poing stages an foliar application at shooting, flowering an poing stages. Results showe that the highest stem height, number of sees per pos, number of pos per plant, shilling percentage, yiel an harvest inex were obtaine by foliar application at shooting, flowering an poing stages, respectively. This treatment increase the mentione traits by 37.7, 44.74, 45.43, 7.4, 75. an 3.69 % in comparison with control, respectively. The highest kernel weight was obtaine by foliar application at shooing, flowering an poing stages with manganese sulphate. Application of zinc sulphate prouce the highest number of unripe sees. The highest leaf area obtaine at foliar application of manganese sulphate at poing stage. Key wors: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Micronutrients (Zn an Mn) Application metho INTRODUCTION [9, ]. Also, foliar nutrition is an option when nutrient eficiencies cannot be correcte by applications of Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the nutrients to the soil []. It is likely therefore, in opencenterpiece of the aily iet for more than 3 million of fiel conitions, where the factors that influence the the worl's people []. Also this plant is the main an the uptake of the nutrients are very variable. Foliar fertilization basic prouct in many regions of the worl an has the is a privilege [2]. Beans, are very sensitive to eficiency highest quality without cholesterol [2]. Cakmak [3] of micronutrients particularly for Zn an Mn eficiencies reporte zinc is one of the trace elements which are an may stuies have shown that the zinc is very essential for the normal healthy growth an reprouction important for beans height quality an yiel increase. of crop plants. In aition the eficiency of Zn is one of Beans are recognize as being susceptible to zinc the most important an prevalent eficiencies of eficiency. Symptoms of zinc eficiency usually appear micronutrients in worl which cause the ecrease of on the secon set of trifoliate leaves. The leaves became crop's proucts [4]. Zinc have an important role in the light green an mottle as the eficiency progresses the prouction of biomass furthermore, Zinc may be require area between the leaf veins becomes pale green an then for chlorophyll prouction, pollen function, fertilization yellow near the lips an outer eges. In cases of severe an germination [5, 6]. Mn plays essential roles in the eficiency, the oler leaves may turn grey or brown an metabolism of isoprenois, chlorophylls, carotenois an ie. The leaves in the early stages of eficiency are often 2+ phenolics. External application of Mn increases eforme, warfe an crumple [3, 4]. In most crops, photosynthesis, net assimilation an relative growth an foliar sprays are recommene as soil-applie manganese yiel [7, 8]. Several stuies have bean shown that a small can be rapily fixe or converte to plant-unavailable amount of nutrients, particularly Zn an Mn applie by forms, compare to broacast applications, ban foliar spraying significantly increase the yiel of crops applications with or near the see at planting are likely to Corresponing Author: Mehra Yarnia, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Aza University, Tabriz, Iran. 859

2 Mile-East J. Sci. Res., 8 (5): , 2 be more effective an allow lower rates to be use []. length of 4 meters, space 5cm apart, oriente in an east- Maani et al. [5] showe that an application of 4 west irection. The space between the sees on the rows kg/ha zinc sulphate, flowering an uring grain was cm. After being isinfecte with Mancozeb formation of soybean significantly improve quantitative (:) the sees were plante by han in the epth of parameters of soybean yiel. Kaya an Higgs [5] reporte 7-cm. Irrigation were carrie out every week uring the the foliar application of Zn can increase the prouction plant's growing perio. To etermine available soil of biomass. Mohamme [6] showe that the foliar nutrient, samples were analyze an results are presente application for 2 times increases the number of stems, in Table (). It shows that the experimental soil is tubers an leaf chlorophyll content an yiel rises 9.2% relatively eficient. Base on the results of soil analysis in compare with control. Pahlavan et al. [7] reporte that the potassium an phosphorus fertilizers were not applie the highest number of spike in plant an yiel in wheat but urea was use in the amount of 75Kg per hectares as were obtaine with using 8 kg.ha zinc sulphate the starter fertilizer prior to planting. The time of harvest together with spraying manganese sulphate. On the was etermine accoring to the ripening of 65-75% pos. basis of this report MnSo 4 increase the weight of The factorial experiment base on ranomize complete sees in compare with control. Costa et al. [8] reporte block esign was conucte in three replications. Length that using the zinc an manganese affect the number of of stem, number of pos per plant, number of sees in pos per plant, number of sees per plant an sees pos, number of unripe sees, weight of kernel, leaf weight in plant sequent increase the grain yiel in cooke area, shilling%, yiel an harvest inex were measure. pea, common bean an chick pea. Lin [9] reporte that Foliar application of micronutrients was conucte at the grain yiel ha significant correlation to Zn an Cu efinite times. Concentration of micronutrients was content in common bean leaves. In foliar application the consiere 6:. To increase the absorption of spraye concentration of Fe an Zn in see was more than other solution, the surfactant (.2: ) was use in manure application forms. solutions. In this way, the surfactant ecreases the The purpose of this stuy was to evaluate the effects water's ahesion forces an causes the leaf area to be wet of micronutrients an their application metho an time of evenly (equally). The plant spraye early in the morning application on yiel an yiel components of common so that the unesirable effects of sun ecrease to the bean cv. Khomein in Tabriz, Iran. minimum level. Plots that were use as control were spraye with pure water to wash over lapping MATERIALS AND METHODS micronutrient application. MSTATC an Excel were use to analyze ata an raw graphs, respectively. An experiment was carrie out at the Research Farm of Islamic Aza University, Tabriz branch in North West RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of Iran (latitue 46 27', longitue 38 3' N, Altitue 36 m above sea level). Accoring to Domarton's classification Analysis of ata reveale that application of the region's climate is semi ari col with warm summers micronutrients an time an metho of application were an col winters. The climate is characterize by mean significant on investigate traits. The interaction between annul temperature of C, mean annul maximum micronutrients an their time an metho of application temperature of 6 C, mean annul minimum temperature of were significant on stem height, unripe see, kernels 2.2 C. Region's soil is loamy san an its ph is in the weight an leaf area (Table 2). range of weak to moerate alkalinities. The khomein cv. was selecte for this experiment. The manure sources Stem Height: The highest an lowest stem height was involve zinc sulphate an manganese sulphate, obtaine by foliar application of zinc sulphate at that containe 36% pure zinc an 32% pure manganese, shooting, flowering an poing stages (ab 9) an respectively. Each plot consiste of 3 rows with the manganese sulphate soil application (a b ), respectively. 2 2 Table : Analysis of soil samples taken from -3 cm epth Silt% Clay% San% O.C% ph Ec ms/cm 3 P b gr/cm P p gr/cm Mn (ppm) Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Cu (ppm) K (ppm) P (ppm)

3 Mile-East J. Sci. Res., 8 (5): , 2 Table 2: Analysis of mean squares for the trite stuie Stem Number of Number of Number of Weight of Leaf S.o.V f height pos per plant sees per po unripe see kernel area inex Shilling% Yiel HI * * * * Rep ** ** * ** * ** Micro element ** ** * ** * ** ** Metho an stages ** * ** ** M*MS Error CV% * an ** inicate significant effect at 5% an %, respectively Table 3: Effect of micronutrients on stuie traits Micronutrient Number of pos per plant Shilling% HI Zn Mn Table 4: Effect of metho an stages of micronutrient application on stuie traits Metho an stages Number of pos per plant Number of sees per po Shilling% 2 Yiel (gr/m ) HI% b 6.5c 22.62b e b2 6.28c 23.88b 74.36bc c b bc 24.32b 73.74c bc b b 24.4b 75.97abc 2.bc 6.89ab b b 28.7ab 74.35bc 98.5c 59.bc b ab 27.85ab 73.8c 28.5bc 5.bc b b 28.2ab 74.76bc 22.b 59.79b b ab 25.97b 76.68ab 2.bc 58.53bc b a 32.74a 77.5a 26.2a 62.29a b : Control, b 2: Soil application, b 3: Foliar application at shooting stage, b 4: Foliar application at flowering stage, b 5: Foliar application at poing stage, b 6: Foliar application at shooting an flowering stages, b 7: Foliar application at shooting an poing stages, b 8: Foliar application at flowering an poing stages, b 9: Foliar application at shooting, flowering an poing stages The ifference between stem heights of these two application at shooting, flowering an poing stages (b 9) treatments was percent. Also, foliar application of ha the highest an soil application (b 2) ha the lowest zinc sulphate at shooting, flowering an poing stages number of pos per plant. The ifference between the (ab 9), increase stem height 4.73 an 34.9 percent highest an the lowest number of pos per plant was respectively in compare with soil application of zinc 45.95% (Table 4). Also, with foliar application at three sulphate (ab 2) an control (ab ). Difference between stages (b 9), number of pos per plant increase 45.43% in using the zinc sulphate an manganese sulphate was comparison with control. significant. The superiority of zinc sulphate in stem height Application of micronutrients especially zinc was eviently above 53.83% (Fig. ). sulphate has a positive effect on formation of stamens Zinc an manganese activate some of enzyme an pollens an we can attribute the increase of number systems an have an important role in cell ivision an of pos per plant to this property of micronutrients. As cell lengthening. These two factors lea to the increase of we know, common bean is a self-pollinate plant, so the stem height. Teixeira et al. [2] also reporte that the naturally as the activity of stamens increases, the flowers foliar application of Zn an Mn, increase the stem height will fertile well an more number of pos will be prouce in common bean. in the plant. Banks [2] reporte that the foliar application of Zn affecte yiel an yiel components of soybean Number of Pos per Plant: Between two micronutrients, an increase number of pos per plant. Yilmaz et al. [22] zinc sulphate increase the number of pos per plant in their stuy about effect of Zn on wheat reporte that 6.6% more than manganese sulphate (Table 3). Among zinc sulphate increase the yiel components such as the methos an times of foliar application, foliar number of spikes in square meters. Teixeira et al. [2] 86

4 stem height(cm) Zn e ef bc g e Mn fg c c e e e e c ef e e a ab b b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 methos an stages Fig. : Effect of micro nutrients application methos an stages on stem height reporte that the foliar application of Zn an Mn in common bean increase the number of pos per plant. On basis of this report, with application of Zn an Mn, number of pos per plant increase 5% in comparison with control. Mile-East J. Sci. Res., 8 (5): , 2 Zn Mn.6 a.4.2 ab abc.8 bc bc bc bc.6 c bc bc.4.2 b b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 methos an stages Fig. 2: Effect of micro nutrients application methos an stages on number of unripe see Zn Mn 4 abc e c e bc c e c c ab abc a 35 e e b b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 methos an stages Fig. 3: Effect of micro nutrients application methos an stages on kernel weight Number of Sees per Po: Foliar application at three stages (b 9) prouce the highest an control (b ) prouce the lowest number of sees per po. Foliar application was superior 44.47% in comparison with control. Also foliar application at shooting, flowering an poing stages (b 9) increase the number of sees per po 37.% in compare with soil application (Table 4). Awla et al. [23] reporte that the foliar application of Zn unripe sees (43.58%). This might be relate to the role of in ifferent stages of soybean growth, increase number Zn in the pollination an fertility of the plant. On the other of sees per po. Banks [2] also reporte that application han, micronutrients increase the vegetative growth, as a of Zn manures 4-6 weeks after planting increase number result, more assimilates is prouce an the portion of of sees per po in soybean. Teixeira et al. [2] reporte sees from assimilation rises so prouction of unripe that the highest number of sees per po was 5.3. This sees iminishes (Fig. 2). number of sees per po was obtaine as a result of application of Zn an Mn an this amount was superior Kernels Weight: The highest an lowest kernels 7% in comparison with control. weight was gaine from foliar application of zinc sulphate at the three stages (a2b 9) an foliar application manganese Number of Unripe Sees: The highest number of sulphate at the shooting stage. Foliar application at three prouce unripe sees belonge to the soil application of stages increase the kernels weight at the rate of zinc sulphate (ab 2) an the lowest number of unripe 25.22% in comparison with the application at one stage. sees belonge to the foliar application of zinc sulphate Foliar application of manganese sulphate at three stages at the stage of flowering (ab 4). Foliar application of zinc (a2b 9) in compare with this micronutrient soil application sulphate at the stage of flowering ecrease the (a2b 2) an control was superior.3% an 4.5%, prouction of unripe sees at the rate of 85.92% in respectively (Fig. 3). Chen [24] reporte that utilization of comparison with the soil application. Application of Mn in a conition that eficiency of Mn exists in soils manganese sulphate resulte in the ecrease of unripe increase the weight sees of wheat, significantly. sees at the rate of 62.9% in compare with the Marchner [25] reporte that increase kernels weight application of zinc sulphate with foliar application at the as a result of application of Fe an Zn. Generally shooting an flowering stages (a2b 6), application of micronutrients increase the leaf area, so more assimilate is manganese sulphate resulte in the fewer number of prouce. Hence the sees are the main source of number of unripe see weight of kernal(gr) 862

5 leaf area inex Mile-East J. Sci. Res., 8 (5): , 2 Zn Mn a a increase yiel at the rate of 54.78% in comparison with 4 2 ab soil application (b 2). Foliar application at three stages (b 9) abc abc abc showe a significant ifference in high yiel in 8 c c c c bc c c 6 c c cbc comparison with other treatments. Soil application of c micronutrients increase the yiel at the rate 3.2% in 4 compare with not using them. Yiel showe a significant 2 an positive correlations with stem height (r=.65**), b b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 number of pos per plant (r=.672**), number of sees methos an stages per po (r=.689**) an shilling % (r=.692**). Fig. 4: Effect of micro nutrients application methos an Faiya [28] showe that foliar application of zinc stages on leaf area sulphate boosts the yiel in sunflower see significantly. Moreover, increase yiel in wheat [29] an soybean [3] assimilate, material transfer towar the sees increase an as a result of application of micronutrients was reporte. larger sees are prouce. Foliar application of micronutrients in mentione plants increase their yiel an yiel components in comparison Leaf Area Inex: The highest an the lowest leaf area was with other methos of usages. Pahlavan [7] an Yilmaz obtaine with foliar application of manganese sulpahte at [22] reporte that utilization of Zn causes a high raise in the poing stage (a2b 5) an foliar application of the yiel of wheat. Yarnia et al. [26] inicate that manganese sulpahte at the shooting an poing stages application of zinc sulphate booste the root yiel of (a2b 7), respectively (Fig. 4). The ifference between these sugar beet. The amount of this rise was reporte 4.9% in two treatments was 95.7%. Yarnia et al. [26] reporte comparison with the control. Accoring to the report of that broacast sees of sugar beet with Mn an also soil these researchers, the highest yiel of sugar (9.98 t/ha) application of Mn raises the leaf area at the growing was obtaine with the soil application of manganese perio. Furthermore, they state that foliar application of sulpahte. Maani [5] showe that soil application of zinc zinc sulpahte ha a negative effect on leaf area. Zn has a sulpahte with the amount of 4 kg.ha an two times role in synthesis of tryptophan an IAA an these two, subsequent application before flowering an uring see increase the leaf area. formation perio improve the quantitative parameters of Tharanathan an Mahaevamma [27] stuie the soybean's yiel significantly. effect of foliar application of the Zn in bean an state that foliar application of Zn at ifferent growth stages Harvest Inex (HI): Accoring to the results, application increase the leaf area inex. of manganese sulphate raise the HI at the rate of 3.74% in compare with application of zinc sulpahte (Table 3). Shilling%: Application of manganese sulpahte increase Metho an time of the micronutrients, application shilling% at the rate of.48% in comparison with showe that foliar application at three stages (b 9) ha the application of zinc sulpahte (Table 3). Consiering the highest an the control (b ) ha the lowest HI. Foliar metho an time of application of micronutrients, foliar application of micronutrients in comparison with not application at three stages (b 9) showe the highest using them increase the HI at the rate of 2%. Also foliar shilling% an control (b ) showe the lowest. Foliar application at three stages (b 9) booste the HI at the rate application of micronutrients at three stages increase of 9.5% in comparison with the soil application (b 2) shilling% at the rate of 7.4% in comparison with control (Table 4). an 4.23% in compare with soil application (Table 4). Yarnia et al. [26] reporte that foliar application of Increase in the shilling% inicates the increase in the ratio zinc sulphate increase HI an sugar beet at the rate of of see weight to the fille po weight. 35.8% in comparison with control. They also inicate that utilization of micronutrients increases biomass, HI Grain Yiel: The highest yiel was obtaine by using an sugar amount at the sugar beet root. Foliar foliar application at three stages (b 9) an the lowest was application of micronutrients in vegetative stage extens controls. Foliar application of micronutrients increase the the photosynthetic organs an as a result greater portions yiel at the rate of 75.% in comparison with control of assimilate transfers to the sees. The increase of see (Table 4). Also, foliar application at three stages (b ) weight is irectly relate to the increase of harvest inex

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