Octa Journal of Biosciences

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1 Octa Journal of Biosciences ISSN International peer-reviewed journal June 2014 Octa. J. Biosci. Vol. 2(1):8-12 Octa Journal of Biosciences journal homepage: Growth Performance of Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings Fed Varying Levels of the Seed of Luffa Cylindrica Meal in Outdoor Hapas Tiamiyu L.O.,*Solomon S.G. and Satimehin S. P. D Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria ARTICLE INFO Received 1 Oct Revised 13 Nov Accepted 12 Feb Available online 16 Jun Keywords: African catfish, Growth parameter, un-conventional feedstuff, wild cucumber. solagabriel@yahoo.co.uk Ph: A B S T R A C T Fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were fed diets containing 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% inclusion levels of Luffa cylindrical seed. After eight weeks of feeding trials in outdoor hapas, it was observed that growth performance indices such as Mean Weight Gain, Feed Conversion Ratio, Specific Growth Rate, and Protein Efficiency Ratio were not significantly affected (P>0.05) across the treatment, however Net Protein Utilization therefore Luffa cylindrica seed can be included up to 25% in the diet of Clarias gariepinus without any negative effect on growth and also reduce production cost of fish since the plant grows in the wild. INTRODUCTION The nutritional requirements of fish are similar to those of land animals (Lovell, 1984). Fish, like other animals, have a requirement for essential nutrients in other to grow properly, the essential nutrient requirement of fish are Proteins, Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Minerals and Lipids (Eyo, 2003). Out of all these protein appear to be most expensive of all. In recent time, it has been observed that the major sources of protein in the diet of fish are the fish meal and soy bean meal which are of high quality but most expense. These sources of protein are usually in short supply in many countries (Pillay, 1994) due to competition between human and livestock industries for the use of conventional protein sources to meet protein requirement, hence the is an urgent need to explore other protein source such as un-conventional feed stuff to meet this protein needs for animals, this will not only meet the protein requirement of animals but reduce cost of production which has been estimated to be between 40-80% in Aquaculture. Any un-conventional protein sources to be used to replace conventional feed stuff for any animal must contain not only adequate protein content but also an adequate amino acid profile as well as mineral content for optimum growth of the organism in question. Luffa cylindrical like other un-coventional feedstuff is common as a spontaneous plant on abandoned land, fallow crop and on garbage heaps. The Luffa, Loffah or Lufah (in Arabic) are tropical and sub-tropical vines comprising of the Genus Luffa, which is the only genus of the plant family Cucurbitaceae. Un-like many other Cucurbit, it grows well in tropical low lands. (Adebisi et al., 2000). Luffa cylindrica has been discovered to have a high protein value and also rich in minerals with very low anti nutritional factors (ANFs).Study by Olaofe, et al.,(2008) showed that L. cylindrical contain higher level of mineral content with a balanced content of essential amino acid in phenyl- alamine and tyrosine alone with respect to the FAO and WHO provisional pattern.the fruit of at least two species, Luffa acutangula and Luffa cylindrica, are grown in some parts of the world, harvested before maturity and eaten as a vegetable. Luffas are also used to make the soles of beach sandals while the ripe dried fruit is a source of the loofah or plant sponge. Parts of the plant are used to create bath or kitchen sponges, and could also serve as a natural remedy for treating jaundice (James, 2009). However the luffa seed in most part are usually thrown away which then germinate under favourable conditions as wild luffa plants. Hence this study was designed to evaluate the growth response of African catfish fingerlings to diet with luffa seed meal at different levels of inclusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were obtained from afish farm in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria and acclimatized at the Research Farm of the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Agriculture. Octa Journal of Biosciences 8

2 Makurdi for two weeks prior to the experiment. The feeding trials was carried out using ten hapas made Specific growth rate (SGR) was calculated as: from nets of dimension 1m1m1m with Twenty Ln Final Weight-Ln Initial Weight fingerlings distributed per hapa. The hapas were Duration of the Experiment (Days) mounted on a kuralon rope and set across the pond surface and properly staked to the dyke of the pond Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was measured by: using bamboo sticks. Stones were attached to the Feed Intake four bottom corners of the hapas to serve as sinkers. Body Weight Gain This enabled the bottom surface of the hapas to spread uniformly and to extend properly. Feed conversion efficiency was measured by: The ingredients used in the feed formulation Weight Gained X 100 included Fish meal, Soy bean meal, Luffa cylindrica Feed Intake seed meal, Maize meal, Rice bran, Vitamin, mineral premixes and Salt. The Luffa cylindrica seeds were Percentage Survival: obtained within and around the University premises, =Nt X 100 while other ingredients mention where purchased at No themakurdi Modern Market, Benue State. The Where N t and N0 are the Number of fish at the end of soybean was toasted and milling to eliminate anti- the experiment and the initial number of fish nutritional factor in the feed stuff. Dirt and stones were stocked at the start of the experiment respectively. removed from the maize before milling. The rice bran Each experimental diet was fed to two groups of was also milled and sieved. The Luffa cylindrica fish in a completely randomized design. Statistical seeds were removed from the dried fruits and analyses in the present study included descriptive winnowed to remove dust. The seeds were milled statistics as well as analysis of variance using a using a hammer mill into a meal computer software GENSTAT Discovery edition 3 Thirty-Five percent (35%) crude protein diet from Lawes Agricultural Trust Rothamsted. Due to was formulated for the fish using Pearson square significant differences in mean Initial weights of test method with L. Cylindrical included at 0% for Diet I, fish (ANOVA P<0.05), Parameters that are 10% for Diet II, 15% for Diet III, 20% for Diet IV and dependent on body weight were analysed using 25% for Diet V. The diets were pelletized using a Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) with the Mean pelletizing machine after weighing and thorough Initial weight (MIW) as variate. mixing of the ingredients. Fish during the period of the experiment were fed at 5% of their body weight twice RESULTS daily with faecal materials and uneaten feedremoved The proximate composition of Luffa weekly from the hapas during sampling (weighing). cylindrical as determined in the laboratory (Table 2) The fish were weighed at the beginning of the shows that the percentage moisture content was experiment and after every week for a period of %, 20.00% for crude protein, 2.60% for Ash, weeks. The quantity of feed was adjusted based on 3.00% for Fat while Fibre content was 3.00%, and the new body weight of fish in each hapa. Mortalities Carbohydrate which was obtained to be 41.90%. were recorded accordingly. Water quality parameters The proximate composition of the diets formulated such as temperature, Dissolved Oxygen and ph showedthat crude protein content varied from where determined using thermometer, dissolved % and were statistically same in all Oxygen meter and ph meter respectively. Dissolved the diet formulated. Oxygen ranged from 5.74 to 6.25, Temperature The growth performance and utilization of C and ph Clarias gariepinus fed varying levels of L. cylindrical Feed Ingredients, diets formulated as well as as shown in Table 3, revealed that Net Protein initial and final carcass of Clariasgariepinus Utilization (NPU) was highest in Diet IV ( ) fingerlings were analyzed for proximate composition and the lowest in Diet I ( ). However according to standard methods (AOAC, 1990). though other parameters were statistically same Performance in growth and feed utilization were among the treatment, numerical differences were determined as Weight gain calculated as; Final observed. Fish fed Diet IV had the highest weight weight initial weight Growth rate was determined by gainand lowestfeed conversion ratio ( ) calculating the value of while Diet II had the highest ( ) value for Feed conversion ratio. The specific growth rate Weight gained (SGR) ranged from (Diet III) to Duration of the Experiment (Diet I). Octa Journal of Biosciences 9

3 Table 1: Gross Composition Of The Experimental Diets Ingredients Diet I (0% Diet II (10% Diet III (15% Diet IV (20% Diet V (25% Fish meal Soybean meal Luffa seed meal Maize meal Rice bran Mineral premix** Vitamin premix* Salt Total *contain (as mg kg-1 of diet): Thiamine (B 1), 85.00; Riboflavin (B 2), 60.00; Pyridoxine (B 6), 25.00; Pantothemic acid, ; Inositol, ; Biotin, 1.80; Folic acid, 20.00; Ethoxyquin, 4.00; Choline, ; Nicotinic acid (Niacin), ; Cyanocobalamin (B 12), 0.03; Retinol palmitate (A), 20.00; Tocopherol ac etate (E), ; Ascorbic acid (C), ; Menadione (K), 30.00; Cholecalciferol (D 3), 0.08 (acc ording to J auncey and Ross 1982) **Contained (as g kg-1 of diet): MgSO 4,7H 2O, 20.40; NaCl, 8.00; KCl, 6.04; FeSO 4,7H 2O, 4.00; ZnSO4, 4H 2O, 0.88; MnSO 4.4H 2O, 0.41; CuSO 4,5H 2O, 0.13;CoSO 4,7H 2O, 0.08; CalO 3, 6H 2O, 0.05; CrCl 3,6H 2O, 0.02 (acc ording to Jauncey and Ross 1982). Table 2: Proximate Composition of the experimental diet Parameter (%) DIET 1 DIET 2 DIET 3 DIET 4 DIET 5 Moisture Protein Ash Fat Fibre Carbohydrate Values were determined in the laboratory using AOAC (2000). L. cylindrica The highest ( ) value of Protein al., (2008) reported 33.55% crude protein, for un- Efficiency Ratio (PER) was observed in Diet 1 defatted luffa meal and 54.49% for defatted meal, whereas, the lowest value was found in Diet III however Nutritive composition of plants with ( ). Percentage Survival was highest in Diets potential for waste water treatment have been II and III ( ) and lowest in Diet IV reported to differ with the environment in which they ( ). Carcass analysis shows (Table 4) crude are grown due to nutrient accumulated by the plants protein increasing from Diet I (15.79%) to Diet V in the tissues. Nutrient contents in duckweed for (21.54% 0.19)(p<0.05) and though same trend of instance have been reported to vary according to the increase were observed in Fat, Fibre and Ash, values conditions in which it is grown, Leng,.et al., (1995) obtained however were statistically same among the reported that ) reported that Duckweed species treatment; carbohydrate as well as Moisture content grown under nutrient-poor water or under subof the fish decreased as the inclusion levels of L. optimum nutrient conditions have crude protein cylindrica increased. contents varying between 9-20 percent, while it may varied from percent for duckweed species DISCUSSION grown in nutrient-rich water. Innocent et al., (2009) The percentage Crude protein (20%) reported the potential of Luffa cylindrical in waste determined for Luffa cylindrical in the present study water treatment; shows the Luffa meal is sparing in protein, Amoo, et Octa Journal of Biosciences 10

4 Table 3: Growth Performance and nutrient Utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed varying levels of L. cylindrical seed meal. Growth parameters DIET 1 DIET 2 DIET 3 DIET 4 DIET 5 P Mean Initial Weight NS Mean Final W eight NS Mean Weight Gain NS Feed Conversion Ratio NS Specific Growth Rate (%/day) NS Protein Efficienc y Ratio (PER) NS Net Protein Utilization (NPU) c c b a a % Survival NS Means in a row followed by the same superscript are not significantly different (P<0.05), NS = Not Significant. Table 4: Initial and Final Carcass Analysis of Clarias Gariepinus Fed Different Levels of L. Cylindrica Seed Meal. Parameters INITIAL FINAL DIET 1 DIET 2 DIET 3 DIET 4 DIET 5 P Protein (%) a b c d e f Carbohydrate (%) NS Fat (%) NS Moisture (%) NS Fibre (%) NS Ash (%) NS Figures in the same row having the same s upersc ript are not signific antly different from one another (p>0.05) difference in environmental media and condition start. This is an indication that the protein to energy from which the plants were grown. However with a ratio in all diet formulated wereenough to meet the fat content of 22.17% reported in the present study, energy need of the fish and so there was no sparing this qualifies the luffa seeds as an oil seed. of protein for energy (Omoniyi and Fagade, 2003) Growth performance and nutrient utilization hence the reduction in lipid deposits in the carcass shows no significant difference (p>0.05) in of fish fed experimental diet of L. cylindrical since experimental fish fed the five experimental diets but dietary lipids function as a ready source of energy numerically value increased from Diet I to Diet V. for fish metabolic activity. Proximate composition of However, Net Protein utilization were significantly carcass of the present study agrees with the higher in higher inclusion levels which indication findings of Ugwumba and Abumoye (1998) onc. that the protein quality of the dietwas effectively gariepinus fingerlings fed maggot as supplemental utilized by the fingerlings of Clarias gariepinusas food to artificial feed. Therefore with this level of the level of inclusion increase, hence, protein acceptance and utilization, it may be concluded that retention in carcass was higher significantly as the the inclusion of L.cylindrica at 25% level is tolerated level of inclusion increased, this is in consonance in the diet of Clarias gariepinus, it is however with the works of Kalitaet al., (2007). recommended that the use of L. cylindricaas an alternative to costly conventional energy source CONCLUSION should be well investigated to take advantage of Carcass composition of the fingerlings fed this wild crop in reducing production cost of feeding all the various diets had more protein retained in the cultured fish. body at the end of the experiment compared to the Octa Journal of Biosciences 11

5 University of Florida, Gainesville FL REFERENCES (revised edition) 7. Kalita, P., P.K. Mukhopadhyay and A.K. 1. Adebisi, A.A and Ladipo, D.O. (2000); Mukherjee (2007). Evaluation of the Evaluation of the utilization spectrum of some nutritional quality of four unexplored aquatic cucurbits in South West Nigeria.CENRAD weeds from northeast India for the formulation Development, Series 07 CENRAD, Ibadan, of cost-effective fish feeds. Food Chem., 103: Nigeria. Pp Amoo, I.A., Emenike, A.E., and Akpambang, 8. Leng, R.A., Stambolie, J.H. and Bell, R. (1995). V.O.E. (2008); Chemical composition and Duckweed a potential high protein feed resource nutritive significance of Luffacylindrica.Trends in for domestic animals and fish. Livestock Applied Sciences Research, 3: Research for Rural Development, Vol. 7, no. 1, 3. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical New England. th Chemists) (2000); Official method of analysis Lovell, R.T. (1984); Effects of size on feeding edition, Arlinton Virginia. r e s p o n s e s o f C h a n n e l c a t f i s h i n 4. Eyo, A.A. (2003); Fundamentals of Fish Nutrition ponds.aquaculture Magazine, 11: and Diet Development.An overview.a proceeding 10. Olaofe, O., Okiribiti, B.Y., and Aremu, M.O. of National workshop on Fish Development and (2008); Chemical evaluation of the Nutritive Value Feeding Practice in Aquaculture.Pp1-5. of Smooth Luffa (Luffacylindrica) seed's 5. Innocent, O., Emmanuel, A., and Thomas, kernel.electronic Journal of Environmental, A.(2009); Post treatment of produced water Agricultural and Food Chemistry. ISSN: before discharge using Luffacylindrica.Leonardo Electronics Journal of practices and 11. Omoniyi, I.T and Fagade, S.O. (2003); Effects of Technologies, ISSN , Pp Different Dietary protein Levels on the Growth 6. J a m e s, M. S. ( ) ; G r o u d, performance of Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) fry. Luffacylindrica(L.)Reom, Luffaaegyptica Mill, and Nigerian journal of Fisheries Vol.1 pp Luffaacutangula (L.).Horticultural Sciences 12. Pillay, T.V.R. (1994); Aquaculture development: Department, Co-operative Extension Service, progress and prospects. Halsted Press, New Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. York. Pp182. Octa Journal of Biosciences 12