AG - 1 AQUACULTURE: A TRACE MINERAL PERSPECTIVE FOR FISH AND CRUSTACEANS

Transcription

1 AG - 1 AQUACULTURE: A TRACE MINERAL PERSPECTIVE FOR FISH AND CRUSTACEANS

2 AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS AVAILABILITY OF TRACE MINERALS TO FISH AND SHRIMP FROM WATER ENVIRONMENT Fish Appear to Be More Tolerant of Cu in the Diet Than of Dissolved Cu in Water Dietary Zn is More Efficiently Absorbed Than Water Borne Zn Mn is More Efficiently Absorbed from Feed Mn Content of Seawater is Very Low Feed is The Major Source of Fe for Fish Because Natural Waters Usually Contain Low Soluble Fe

3 Copper Zinc AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS TRACE MINERAL DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS Crustaceans cannot meet physiological needs from seawater dietary source required Dietary deficiencies documented for freshwater fish Bioavailability in feedstuffs relatively low Tricalcium phosphate and phytate content reduce bioavailability AG - 14

4 Manganese Selenium AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS TRACE MINERAL DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS Seawater has low levels thus dietary source needed for marine fish and crustaceans Practical diets >15% fish meal should contain adequate Se Diets predominately plant source need added Se FDA regulates supplemental Se at 0.1 mg/kg diet for fish and crustaceans AG - 15

5 AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS TRACE MINERAL DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS Iron Iron-catalyzed lipid oxidation adversely affects feed stability rancidity and reduced stability of ascorbic acid Low level supplementation often recommended to ensure adequacy of the diet AG - 16

6 AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS FEED INGREDIENTS CAN AFFECT TRACE MINERAL DIETARY FORMULATIONS Fish Meals as Feed Ingredient Richest source of endogenous minerals Considerable variation in mineral bioavailability Generally require supplemental Cu, P, Mg, Mn and Zn Plant Feedstuffs in Aquafeeds Poor sources of minerals Contain factors that reduce bioavailability Need for mineral supplementation increased AG - 17

7 AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS MINERALS IDENTIFIED AS ESSENTIAL IN AQUAFEEDS Fish Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Potassium Copper Iron Zinc Manganese Selenium Iodine Chromium? Crustaceans Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Copper Zinc Selenium Chromium? AG - 2

8 AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS MINERALS HAVE A VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS AS INTRA- AND INTERCELLULAR COMPONENTS Function of More Soluble Minerals: Ca, P, Na, K, and Cl Osmoregulation Acid base balance Production of membrane potentials AG - 5

9 AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS MINERALS HAVE A VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS AS INTRA- AND INTERCELLULAR COMPONENTS Structural Component of Hard Tissue Bone, Fin Rays, Scales, and Exoskeleton Components of Soft Tissue Components of Metalloenzymes Fe in hemoglobin and Cu in hemacyanin Zn, Cu and Mn in superoxide dismutases Cofactors and/or Activators of Enyzme Systems Zn activation of alkaline phosphatase AG - 4

10 WHAT TRACE MINERAL SOURCE SHOULD I USE?

11 Goals of Trace Mineral Supplementation Increased Profitability Improved Growth Performance Better Feed Conversion Increased Survivability Lower Environmental Contamination Improved Bioavailability

12 BIOAVAILABILTY OF METAL (Specific Amino Acid) COMPLEXES RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY OF TRACE MINERALS SOURCES a Element Sulfate b Oxide Carbonate Chloride Zinpro Corporation Complexes Zinc to to to to 206 Manganese to to to to 174 Copper Iron 100 ABSORPTION 0 to COEFFICIENTS to to 110 OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS to 15 0 to to RELATIVE TO INORGANIC TRACE MINERALS ARE NOT STATIC! 116 to 120 CB a b Bioavailability values influenced by level of antagonists in the diet, complexity of the diet and stress level for the animal Sulfate is always assigned a value of 100 and values for other sources are determined using regression equations, the 100 value is relative and does not indicate 100% absorption Ammerman et al., Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals Edwards, H.M Mid-South Ruminant Nutrition Conference

13 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR CHANNEL CATFISH WEIGHT GAIN RESPONSE TO VARIOUS ZINC a LEVELS IN SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS CHANNEL CATFISH Weight Gain, g mg/kg b mg/kg b ZnSO 4 Complexed Zn Supplemental Dietary Zn, mg/kg AFF - 30 a ZINPRO zinc methionine vs zinc sulfate b Breakpoint in regression line (quadratic response P < 0.01) considered to be the minimum dietary concentration for optimum response Paripatananont and Lovell, Aquaculture 133:73-82.

14 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ZINC a SOURCE IN SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS AFFECT BONE ZINC CONCENTRATION CHANNEL CATFISH Bone Zn, mg/kg mg/kg b ZnSO 4 Complexed Zn Supplemental Dietary Zn, mg/kg AFF - 31 a ZINPRO zinc methionine vs zinc sulfate b Breakpoint in regression line (quadratic response P < 0.01 for zinc methionine and linear response P < 0.01 for zinc sulfate) considered to be the minimum dietary concentration for optimum response Paripatananont and Lovell, Aquaculture 133:73-82.

15 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR CHANNEL CATFISH RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY FOR WEIGHT GAIN AND BONE ZINC CONTENT ab CHANNEL CATFISH Relative Bioavailability ZnSO 4 Complexed Zn a 0 Weight Gain Bone Zn Weight Gain Bone Zn Purified Diet Soybean Meal Diet AFF - 34 a ZINPRO zinc methionine vs zinc sulfate b Ratio of the slope of zinc methionine regression line to the slope of zinc sulfate regression line X 100 Paripatananont and Lovell, Aquaculture 133:73-82

16 WHAT TRACE MINERAL SOURCE SHOULD I USE? Zinpro Complexes

17 AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH QUANTIFICATION OF MINERAL REQUIREMENTS Identification of Potential Contribution of Minerals in Water Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, K, Na, Se and Zn derived from water contribute partially to physiological requirement of fish Mineral Leaching from Feed Prior to Consumption Mineral Bioavailability of Feed Ingredients AG - 3

18 ACr - 1 EFFICACY OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS IN AQUAFEED FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP

19 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP OBJECTIVE Determine Efficacy of Availa Fe a, Availa Zn b, Availa Cu c and Availa Mn d in Aquafeeds Formulated for Black Tiger Shrimp ACr - 2 a Availa-Fe iron amino acid complex b Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex c Availa-Cu copper amino acid complex d Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex

20 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP CONDITIONS Location: Researchers: Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand Dr Jowaman Khajarern and Dr Sarote Khajarern ACr - 3

21 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP Treatment 1: CONDITIONS DIETS Inorganic Control: Ferrous sulfate (400 mg Fe/kg) Zinc oxide (110 mg Zn/kg) Copper sulfate (35 mg Cu/kg) Manganese sulfate (30 mg Mn/kg) Treatment 2: Complexed Trace Minerals a at 50% Level of Control Treatment 3: Complexed Trace Minerals Iso-Levels to Control ACr - 4 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex

22 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP CONDITIONS Three Ponds: Each Contained 40,000 Black Tiger Shrimp - Post Larvae Trial Duration d Fed 8X/d During First Month and 6X/d Until Termination Feeding Amount Determined Daily by Shrimp Biomass ACr - 5

23 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP CONDITIONS MEASUREMENTS Body Weight and Total Yield Total Feed and Conversion Survival Rate Production Cost and Net Profit ACr - 6

24 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON BODY WEIGHT ab BLACK TIGER SHRIMP Inorganic at 1X Complex at 0.5X Complex at 1X g Final Body Weight ACr - 7 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex b Complex and Inorganic at 1X levels provided 400 ppm Fe, 110 ppm Zn, 35 ppm Cu and 30 ppm Mn in the diet; Complex at 0.5X provided 50% of the levels

25 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON FEED CONVERSION ab BLACK TIGER SHRIMP 1.6 Inorganic at 1X Complex at 0.5X Feed Conversion Complex at 1X 1 ACr - 8 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex b Complex and Inorganic at 1X levels provided 400 ppm Fe, 110 ppm Zn, 35 ppm Cu and 30 ppm Mn in the diet; Complex at 0.5X provided 50% of the levels

26 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON SURVIVAL RATE ab BLACK TIGER SHRIMP Survival Rate, % Inorganic at 1X Complex at 0.5X Complex at 1X 0 ACr - 9 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex b Complex and Inorganic at 1X levels provided 400 ppm Fe, 110 ppm Zn, 35 ppm Cu and 30 ppm Mn in the diet; Complex at 0.5X provided 50% of the levels

27 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON PRODUCTION COSTS AND NET PROFIT ab BLACK TIGER SHRIMP Baht x Inorganic at 1X Complex at 0.5X Complex at 1X Total Production Costs Net Profit / Pond ACr - 10 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex b Complex and Inorganic at 1X levels provided 400 ppm Fe, 110 ppm Zn, 35 ppm Cu and 30 ppm Mn in the diet; Complex at 0.5X provided 50% of the levels

28 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP SUMMARY BLACK TIGER SHRIMP FIELD TEST Shrimp Fed Complexed Trace Minerals a Showed: Increase in total yield output of shrimp Improved survival rate Increased sale price due to better quality Higher net profit/pond ACr - 11 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex

29 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR BLACK TIGER SHRIMP IMPLICATION Incorporating Availa Mins a (Amino Acid Complex Forms of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) Into Black Tiger Shrimp Diets Improves Weight Gain, Feed Conversion, Survivability and Product Uniformity Resulting in Increased Profits ACr - 12 a AvailaMins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex

30 ACr - 13 EFFICACY OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS IN AQUAFEED FOR GIANT FRESH WATER PRAWN

31 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR FRESH WATER PRAWN OBJECTIVE Determine Efficacy of Availa Fe a, Availa Zn b, Availa Cu c and Availa Mn d in Aquafeeds Formulated for Fresh Water Prawn ACr - 14 a Availa-Fe iron amino acid complex b Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex c Availa-Cu copper amino acid complex d Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex

32 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR FRESH WATER PRAWN CONDITIONS Location: Researchers: Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand Dr Jowaman Khajarern and Dr Sarote Khajarern ACr - 15

33 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR FRESH WATER PRAWN Treatment 1: CONDITIONS DIETS Inorganic Control: Ferrous sulfate (400 mg Fe/kg) Zinc oxide (110 mg Zn/kg) Copper sulfate (35 mg Cu/kg) Manganese sulfate (30 mg Mn/kg) Treatment 2: Complexed Trace Minerals a at 50% Level of Control Treatment 3: Complexed Trace Minerals Iso-Levels to Control ACr - 16 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex

34 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR FRESH WATER PRAWN CONDITIONS Four Replications Per Treatment in Cement Tanks 300 Prawn Per Tank Fed 5X /d for 21 Days ACr - 17

35 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR FRESH WATER PRAWN CONDITIONS MEASUREMENTS Weight Gain Total Feed and Conversion Survival Rate ACr - 18

36 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR FRESH WATER PRAWN COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS INFLUENCE ON WEIGHT GAIN AND FEED CONVERSION ab FRESH WATER PRAWN Inorganic at 1X Complex at 0.5X Complex at 1X Weight Gain, g Feed Conversion ACr - 19 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex b Complex and Inorganic at 1X levels provided 400 ppm Fe, 110 ppm Zn, 35 ppm Cu and 30 ppm Mn in the diet; Complex at 0.5X provided 50% of the levels

37 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR FRESH WATER PRAWN EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON SURVIVAL RATE AND UNIFORMITY ab FRESH WATER PRAWN yz 83.3 z Inorganic at 1X Complex at 0.5X Complex at 1X % y Survival Rate Body Weight Uniformity ACr - 20 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex b Complex and Inorganic at 1X levels provided 400 ppm Fe, 110 ppm Zn, 35 ppm Cu and 30 ppm Mn in the diet; Complex at 0.5X provided 50% of the levels yz Within a measurement, bars lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

38 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR FRESH WATER PRAWN SUMMARY GIANT FRESH WATER PRAWN 21 DAY FEEDING TRIAL Prawn Fed Complexed Trace Minerals a (100% Level) Had a Higher Survival Rate Complexed Trace Minerals (50 and 100% Level) Showed a Graded Level Improvement in: Weight gain Feed conversion Uniformity of body weight ACr - 21 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex

39 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR FRESH WATER PRAWN IMPLICATION Incorporating Availa Mins a (Amino Acid Complex Forms of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) Into Fresh Water Prawn Diets Improves Weight Gain, Feed Conversion, Survivability and Product Uniformity Resulting in Increased Profits ACr - 22 a AvailaMins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex

40 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP

41 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP OBJECTIVE Determine Efficacy of Availa Fe a, Availa Zn b, Availa Cu c, Availa Mn d and MiCroPlex e in Aquafeeds Formulated For White Shrimp a Availa-Fe iron amino acid complex b Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex c Availa-Cu copper amino acid complex d Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex e MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex

42 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP CONDITIONS Location: Researcher: Zhang Jiang Ocean University Zhang Jiang, P.R. China Dr. Zhou Qicun

43 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP CONDITIONS (cont.) DIETS Factorial Arrangement of Treatments: Trace Mineral Level (Low or High) Trace Mineral Source (Inorganic or Complexed) Trace Mineral Level: Low (45 mg Zn/kg, 15 mg Cu/kg, 20 mg Mn/kg, 50 mg Fe/kg and 200 μg Cr/kg) High (90 mg Zn/kg, 30 mg Cu/kg, 40 mg Mn/kg, 100 mg Fe/kg and 400 μg Cr/kg) Trace Mineral Source: Inorganic (ZnSO 4, CuSO 4, MnSO 4, FeSO 4 and Cr 2 Cl 3 ) Complexed (Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex, Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex, Availa Fe iron amino acid complex and MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex) Treatment 5: 50/50 combination of Inorganic and Complexed Trace Minerals

44 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP CONDITIONS (cont.) Eight Replicate Tanks: Each Contained 25 White Shrimp (0.2 g) Experiment Duration - 10 wk Fed 4X /d Feeding Amount Determined Daily

45 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP CONDITIONS (cont.) MEASUREMENTS Body Weight Gain and Feed Conversion Survival Rate Carcass Composition: Moisture, Ash, Protein and Lipid Immune Competence: Lysozyme, Phenoloxidase, and Superoxide Dismutase Activity, and Blood Cell Count

46 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON WEIGHT GAIN a 3200 z Weight Gain, % y y y yz 2700 Inorganic b Inorganic Complex e Complex 50/50 f Low c High d Low High a P. vannamei; initial weight = 0.2 g; 10 wk experiment b Inorganic = Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe as SO4; Cr as Cl c Low = 45 ppm Zn; 15 ppm Cu; 20 ppm Mn; 50 ppm Fe; 200 ppb Cr d High = 90 ppm Zn; 30 ppm Cu; 40 ppm Mn; 100 ppm Fe; 400 ppb Cr e Complex = Zn as Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex; Cu as Availa Cu copper amino acid complex; Mn as Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex; Fe as Availa Fe iron amino acid complex; Cr as MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex f 50/50 = one-half as Inorganic, one-half as Complex; total supplementation iso-trace mineral to High yz Bars lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

47 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON FINAL BODY WEIGHT a 7.2 z Body Weight, g y y y yz 6.0 Inorganic b Inorganic Complex e Complex 50/50 f Low c High d Low High a P. vannamei; initial weight = 0.2 g; 10 wk experiment b Inorganic = Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe as SO4; Cr as Cl c Low = 45 ppm Zn; 15 ppm Cu; 20 ppm Mn; 50 ppm Fe; 200 ppb Cr d High = 90 ppm Zn; 30 ppm Cu; 40 ppm Mn; 100 ppm Fe; 400 ppb Cr e Complex = Zn as Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex; Cu as Availa Cu copper amino acid complex; Mn as Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex; Fe as Availa Fe iron amino acid complex; Cr as MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex f 50/50 = one-half as Inorganic, one-half as Complex; total supplementation iso-trace mineral to High yz Bars lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

48 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON FEED CONVERSION a 1.6 Feed/Gain a b c d e f Inorganic b Inorganic Complex e Complex 50/50 f Low c High d Low High P. vannamei; initial weight = 0.2 g; 10 wk experiment Inorganic = Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe as SO4; Cr as Cl Low = 45 ppm Zn; 15 ppm Cu; 20 ppm Mn; 50 ppm Fe; 200 ppb Cr High = 90 ppm Zn; 30 ppm Cu; 40 ppm Mn; 100 ppm Fe; 400 ppb Cr Complex = Zn as Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex; Cu as Availa Cu copper amino acid complex; Mn as Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex; Fe as Availa Fe iron amino acid complex; Cr as MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex 50/50 = one-half as Inorganic, one-half as Complex; total supplementation iso-trace mineral to High

49 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON SURVIVAL a Survival, % a b c d e f Inorganic b Inorganic Complex e Complex 50/50 f Low c High d Low High P. vannamei; initial weight = 0.2 g; 10 wk experiment Inorganic = Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe as SO4; Cr as Cl Low = 45 ppm Zn; 15 ppm Cu; 20 ppm Mn; 50 ppm Fe; 200 ppb Cr High = 90 ppm Zn; 30 ppm Cu; 40 ppm Mn; 100 ppm Fe; 400 ppb Cr Complex = Zn as Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex; Cu as Availa Cu copper amino acid complex; Mn as Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex; Fe as Availa Fe iron amino acid complex; Cr as MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex 50/50 = one-half as Inorganic, one-half as Complex; total supplementation iso-trace mineral to High

50 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON LYSOZYME ACTIVITY a 0.20 Lysozyme Activity, U/mL a b c d e f Inorganic b Inorganic Complex e Complex 50/50 f Low c High d Low High P. vannamei; initial weight = 0.2 g; 10 wk experiment Inorganic = Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe as SO4; Cr as Cl Low = 45 ppm Zn; 15 ppm Cu; 20 ppm Mn; 50 ppm Fe; 200 ppb Cr High = 90 ppm Zn; 30 ppm Cu; 40 ppm Mn; 100 ppm Fe; 400 ppb Cr Complex = Zn as Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex; Cu as Availa Cu copper amino acid complex; Mn as Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex; Fe as Availa Fe iron amino acid complex; Cr as MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex 50/50 = one-half as Inorganic, one-half as Complex; total supplementation iso-trace mineral to High

51 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY a 55 Superoxide Dismutase Activity, U/mL a b c d e f Inorganic b Inorganic Complex e Complex 50/50 f Low c High d Low High P. vannamei; initial weight = 0.2 g; 10 wk experiment Inorganic = Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe as SO4; Cr as Cl Low = 45 ppm Zn; 15 ppm Cu; 20 ppm Mn; 50 ppm Fe; 200 ppb Cr High = 90 ppm Zn; 30 ppm Cu; 40 ppm Mn; 100 ppm Fe; 400 ppb Cr Complex = Zn as Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex; Cu as Availa Cu copper amino acid complex; Mn as Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex; Fe as Availa Fe iron amino acid complex; Cr as MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex 50/50 = one-half as Inorganic, one-half as Complex; total supplementation iso-trace mineral to High

52 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON PHENOLOXIDASE ACTIVITY a 20 z Phenoloxidase Activity, U/mL x x y y 16 Inorganic b Inorganic Complex e Complex 50/50 f Low c High d Low High a P. vannamei; initial weight = 0.2 g; 10 wk experiment b Inorganic = Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe as SO4; Cr as Cl c Low = 45 ppm Zn; 15 ppm Cu; 20 ppm Mn; 50 ppm Fe; 200 ppb Cr d High = 90 ppm Zn; 30 ppm Cu; 40 ppm Mn; 100 ppm Fe; 400 ppb Cr e Complex = Zn as Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex; Cu as Availa Cu copper amino acid complex; Mn as Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex; Fe as Availa Fe iron amino acid complex; Cr as MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex f 50/50 = one-half as Inorganic, one-half as Complex; total supplementation iso-trace mineral to High xyz Bars lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

53 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON BLOOD CELL COUNT a Blood Cell Count, 10 6 /ml y y Inorganic b Inorganic Complex e Complex 50/50 f Low c High d Low High a P. vannamei; initial weight = 0.2 g; 10 wk experiment b Inorganic = Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe as SO4; Cr as Cl c Low = 45 ppm Zn; 15 ppm Cu; 20 ppm Mn; 50 ppm Fe; 200 ppb Cr d High = 90 ppm Zn; 30 ppm Cu; 40 ppm Mn; 100 ppm Fe; 400 ppb Cr e Complex = Zn as Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex; Cu as Availa Cu copper amino acid complex; Mn as Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex; Fe as Availa Fe iron amino acid complex; Cr as MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex f 50/50 = one-half as Inorganic, one-half as Complex; total supplementation iso-trace mineral to High yz Bars lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05) z z z

54 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP SUMMARY Shrimp Fed Complexed Trace Minerals a Had: Increased weight gain Improved immune competence a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex,availa Cu copper amino acid complex, Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex and MiCroPlex chromium methionine complex

55 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR ECUADORIAN WHITE SHRIMP IMPLICATIONS Incorporating Amino Acid Complexes a into White Shrimp Diets Improves Weight Gain and Immune Competence to Ultimately Improve Consistent Shrimp Quality and Producer Profitability a AvailaMins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex, Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex and MiCroPlex methionine complex

56 AFF - 37 EFFICIENCY OF ZINPRO ZINC METHIONINE AS ZINC SOURCE TO RAINBOW TROUT

57 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR RAINBOW TROUT OBJECTIVES Determine Minimal Supplemental Zinc Level for Normal Growth of Rainbow Trout Evaluate Bioavailability of Zinc Sources (ZINPRO Zinc Methionine vs ZnSO 4 ) in Purified Diets for Rainbow Trout AFF - 38

58 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR RAINBOW TROUT CONDITIONS Location: Researcher: Fish: Replication: Duration: Tokyo University of Fisheries Tokyo, Japan Dr Shuichi Satoh Rainbow Trout Fingerlings- Four Months of Age Three Groups of Fish Per Treatment 12 Weeks AFF - 39

59 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR RAINBOW TROUT CONDITIONS (cont.) Trout Fed to Satiation 3X /d Purified Egg White Based Diets Zinc Levels, mg/kg Diet 20 - ZnSO ZINPRO zinc methionine 10 - ZINPRO zinc methionine 15 - ZINPRO zinc methionine 20 - ZINPRO zinc methionine AFF - 40

60 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR RAINBOW TROUT EFFECT OF ZINC SOURCE AND LEVEL ON GROWTH ab RAINBOW TROUT y 35.4 z 47.6 y 46.8 y 50.9 y ZnSO 4-20 Complex - 5 Complex - 10 Complex - 15 g 30 Complex Final Body Weight AFF - 41 a ZINPRO zinc methionine b Dietary levels: Zinc sulfate 20 mg Zn/kg diet; ZINPRO zinc methionine 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg Zn/kg diet yz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

61 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR RAINBOW TROUT EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON FEED CONVERSION ab RAINBOW TROUT Feed Conversion y 0.96 z 1.21 y 1.21 y 1.24 y ZnSO 4-20 Complex - 5 Complex - 10 Complex - 15 Complex AFF - 42 a ZINPRO zinc methionine b Dietary levels: Zinc sulfate 20 mg Zn/kg diet; ZINPRO zinc methionine 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg Zn/kg diet yz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

62 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR RAINBOW TROUT PRESENCE OF CATARACTS IN RAINBOW TROUT FED DIFFERENT ZINC LEVELS Zinc Source Zn level, mg/kg diet Cataractsa, % ZnSO y Complexed Zinc b Complexed Zinc Complexed Zinc Complexed Zinc z 0 y 0 y 0 y AFF - 43 a Eye lens cataracts are a known sign of zinc deficiency b ZINPRO zinc methionine yz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

63 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR RAINBOW TROUT SUMMARY RAINBOW TROUT 12 WEEK FEEDING TRIAL Growth Response and Feed Conversion of Complexed Zinc a Fed at 10, 15 and 20 mg Zn/kg Diet Was Similar to ZnSO 4 at 20 mg Zn/kg Diet Fish Fed Complexed Zinc at 5 mg Zn/kg Diet Had Reduced Growth and Presence of Cataracts Indicating Inadequate Zinc Level to Meet Requirement Minimal Dietary Zinc Level is 10 mg Zn/kg Diet When Complexed Zinc is Fed Bioavailability of Complexed Zinc is Twice That of ZnSO 4 AFF - 44 a ZINPRO zinc methionine

64 COMPLEXED ZINC FOR RAINBOW TROUT IMPLICATIONS ZINPRO Zinc Methionine Can be Used to Provide Dietary Zinc for Rainbow Trout Due to Higher Bioavailability, ZINPRO Meets Dietary Requirements at a Lower Inclusion Level AFF - 45

65 AFF - 12 EFFICACY OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS IN AQUAFEED FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA

66 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA OBJECTIVE Determine Efficacy of Availa Fe a, Availa Zn b, Availa Cu c and Availa Mn d in Aquafeeds Formulated for Nile Tilapia AFF - 13 a Availa-Fe iron amino acid complex b Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex c Availa-Cu copper amino acid complex d Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex

67 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA CONDITIONS Location: Researchers: Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand Dr Jowaman Khajarern and Dr Sarote Khajarern AFF - 14

68 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA Treatment 1: CONDITIONS DIETS Inorganic Control: Ferrous sulfate (400 mg Fe/kg) Zinc oxide (110 mg Zn/kg) Copper sulfate (35 mg Cu/kg) Manganese sulfate (30 mg Mn/kg) Treatment 2: Complexed Trace Minerals a at 50% Level of Control Treatment 3: Complexed Trace Minerals Iso-Levels to Control AFF - 15 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex

69 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA CONDITIONS Two Trials Four Replications Per Treatment in Cement Tanks 150 Fish Per Tank Fed 4X /d for 4 Weeks Biomass of Fish and Feed Intake Determined Weekly AFF - 16

70 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA CONDITIONS MEASUREMENTS Weight Gain Feed Conversion Survival Rate AFF - 17

71 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA WEIGHT GAIN RESPONSE TO FEEDING COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ab REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA Weight Gain, g yz z y Inorganic at 1X Complex at 0.5X Complex at 1X 0.0 Trial 1 Trial 2 AFF - 18 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex b Complex and Inorganic at 1X levels provided 400 ppm Fe, 110 ppm Zn, 35 ppm Cu and 30 ppm Mn in the diet; Complex at 0.5X provided 50% of the levels yz Within trial, means lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

72 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA EFFECT OF COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ON FEED CONVERSION ab REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA Feed Conversion y 1.94 z 1.89 z Inorganic at 1X Complex at 0.5X Complex at 1X 0 Trial 1 Trial 2 AFF - 19 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex b Complex and Inorganic at 1X levels provided 400 ppm Fe, 110 ppm Zn, 35 ppm Cu and 30 ppm Mn in the diet; Complex at 0.5X provided 50% of the levels yz Within trial, means lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

73 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA SURVIVABILITY INFLUENCED BY COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS ab REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA Survival Rate, % y 90 z 83 yz Inorganic at 1X Complex at 0.5X Complex at 1X 0 Trial 1 Trial 2 AFF - 20 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex b Complex and Inorganic at 1X levels provided 400 ppm Fe, 110 ppm Zn, 35 ppm Cu and 30 ppm Mn in the diet; Complex at 0.5X provided 50% of the levels yz Within trial, means lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05)

74 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA SUMMARY REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA 4 WEEK TRIALS Feeding Complexed Trace Minerals a for a 4 Week Period Increased weight gain Improved feed conversion Higher survival rate AFF - 21 a Availa Mins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex

75 COMPLEXED TRACE MINERALS FOR REVERSAL SEX NILE TILAPIA IMPLICATION Incorporating Availa Mins a (Amino Acid Complex Forms of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) Into Aquafeed Diets Improves Weight Gain, Feed Conversion, Survivability and Product Uniformity Resulting in Increased Profits AFF - 22 a AvailaMins: Availa Fe iron amino acid complex, Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex

76 Goals of Trace Mineral Supplementation Increased Profitability Improved Growth Performance Better Feed Conversion Increased Survivability Lower Environmental Contamination Improved Bioavailability Zinpro Complexes

77 THANK YOU