The causes of variation and its biological importance. (Total 25 marks)
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1 Q1. Essay The causes of variation and its biological importance. Q2. Essay How the structure of proteins is related to their functions. Page 1 of 19
2 Q. This question should be answered in continuous prose. Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in the answer. (i) Starting with mrna, describe how the process of translation leads to the production of a polypeptide. (4) (ii) Normal tomato plants have an enzyme that softens tomatoes as they ripen. Genetically engineered tomatoes ripen and soften more slowly. A gene was inserted which reduces the amount of softening enzyme produced. The diagram shows matching parts of the base sequences for the mrna produced by the gene for the softening enzyme and that produced by the inserted gene. Softening gene mrna Inserted gene mrna AAUCGGAAU UUAGCCUUA Suggest how the inserted gene reduces the production of the softening enzyme. (2) (Total 6 marks) Page 2 of 19
3 Q4. Essay Energy transfers which take place inside living organisms. Q5. Essay The process of osmosis and its importance to living organisms. Page of 19
4 Q6. Essay Enzymes and their importance in plants and animals Q7. Research scientists can increase the nutritional value of potatoes by genetically engineering potato plants. A gene which results in increased protein production has been removed from cells of an amaranth plant and inserted into cells of a potato plant. (a) Describe how a gene could be removed from cells of an amaranth plant and inserted into cells of a potato plant. (6) Page 4 of 19
5 (b) Describe the advantages of using vegetative propagation rather than sexual reproduction to reproduce genetically engineered potato plants. () (c) Whole potato plants can be produced from genetically identical potato cells grown in a tissue culture. Use your knowledge of genes to suggest how different cells, such as leaf and root cells, can develop from genetically identical cells. (2) (Total 11 marks) Q8. Essay Mean temperatures are rising in many parts of the world. The rising temperatures may result in physiological and ecological effects on living organisms. Describe and explain these effects. Page 5 of 19
6 Q9. Essay Negative feedback in living organisms. Q10. Essay Cells are easy to distinguish by their shape. How are the shapes of cells related to their function? Page 6 of 19
7 Q11. Essay How carbon dioxide gets from a respiring cell to the lumen of an alveolus in the lungs. Q12. Essay Ways in which different species of organisms differ from each other. Page 7 of 19
8 Q1. Essay The transfer of energy between different organisms and between these organisms and their environment. Q14. Homeostatic mechanisms maintain a constant environment in the body. (a) The graph shows changes in plasma glucose concentration that occurred in a person who went without food for some time. Page 8 of 19
9 Use evidence from the graph to explain the role of negative feedback in the control of plasma glucose concentration. (5) (b) (i) Explain how normal core body temperature is maintained when a person moves into a cold room. (5) Page 9 of 19
10 S (ii) How does maintaining a constant body temperature allow metabolic reactions in cells to proceed with maximum efficiency? (5) (Total 15 marks) Q15. Essay Condensation and hydrolysis and their importance in biology. Page 10 of 19
11 Q. Essay Negative feedback and its importance in biology. Q17. Essay Bacteria affect the lives of humans and other organisms in many ways. Apart from causing disease, describe how bacteria may affect the lives of humans and other organisms. Page 11 of 19
12 Q18. Essay Inorganic ions include those of sodium, phosphorus and hydrogen. Describe how these and other inorganic ions are used in living organisms. Q19. (a) The table describes some reproductive hormones in a female mammal. Complete the table by adding the name of the hormone which matches each description. Hormone Description Produced by the corpus luteum Produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates growth of the corpus luteum Produced by the developing follicle () Page 12 of 19
13 (b) Menopause is the time when women stop ovulating and the menstrual cycle stops. There are very few follicles remaining in the ovaries of a woman at menopause. Explain why the FSH concentration in the blood rises at menopause. () (Total 6 marks) Q20. Essay Heat and many different substances are transferred within the body and between the body and the environment. Explain how surface area is linked to this transfer. Page 1 of 19
14 Q21. Essay Polymers have different structures. They also have different functions. Describe how the structures of different polymers are related to their functions. Q22. Essay The causes of variation and its biological importance. Page 14 of 19
15 Q2. Essay Mean temperatures are rising in many parts of the world. The rising temperatures may result in physiological and ecological effects on living organisms. Describe and explain these effects. Q24. Essay The causes of disease in humans. Page 15 of 19
16 Q25. Essay Carbon dioxide may affect organisms directly or indirectly. Describe and explain these effects. Q26. Essay A cycle is a biological pathway or process in which the end product of one cycle becomes the starting point for the next cycle. Write an essay about cycles in biology. Page of 19
17 Q27. Essay Using DNA in science and technology Q28. Essay How bacteria can affect the lives of humans and other organisms. Page 17 of 19
18 Q29. Essay The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms. Page 18 of 19
19 Page 19 of 19
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