DIGESTION: Breakdown of food. Small components WHY?
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1 HOW YOU DIGEST FOOD
2 Cells Organs
3 DIGESTION: Breakdown of food Small components WHY?
4 Carbohydrates Sugars Protein Amino Acids Fats Fatty Acids
5 Absorption: Taking Substances Interior of Body (blood)
6 Gastrointestinal Tract: 30 feet long Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Large Intestine Small Intestine Stomach Rectum Anus Transit time- Food: Mouth Anus hours (small beads + meal)
7
8 Digestion Begins: Mouth Waters Stomach Gastric Juice Sight Sounds Smell
9
10 Mouth- Salivary Glands Saliva Saliva Enzyme Starch (bread) Enzymes (protein): speed up chemical reaction, reused. A enzyme B Substrate Product(s)
11 Chemical Digestion Mechanical Digestion: Chewing Surface Area- Digestive Juices
12 Mouth Food Pharynx (throat) Esophagus Swallowing Epiglottis (trachea)
13 breathing swallowing food
14
15 Food Esophagus Stomach Sphincter Peristalsis
16
17
18 Vomiting Heartburn Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Backwash: stomach acid
19 GERD: Possible causes Overweight Family history Hiatal hernia Smoking Excessive alcohol Large or high fat meals
20 Obesity Surgery Gastric bypass, stapling, banding
21 Digestion in Stomach 2-6 hours Gastric Juice: Acid (kills bacteria) + Enzymes Enzyme: Pepsin Protein digestion Contractions: Churning, mixing food
22 Release of Gastric Juice Nervous system: thought, smell, taste- food brain gastric juice stomach impulses
23 Release of Gastric Juice Hormone: Gastrin Response to food in stomach: Gastric Juice Contractions
24 Absorption (limited) in stomach Water Alcohol Aspirin, Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
25 Chyme (partially digested liquid food) sphincter small intestine (duodenum) Large, solid meal- slower Small, liquid meal-faster
26
27 Stomach Emptying Carbohydrates Protein Fat Sadness/Fear Emptying Aggression Emptying + Contractions
28 ULCERS Stomach lining- gastric mucosa Erosions (open sores) of liningesophagus, stomach, duodenum: peptic ulcer 1 in 10 people
29 ULCERS- Causes Bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) Aleve, Advil, Motrin (not Tylenol) Smoking Excess alcohol
30 An 11 year look inside the living stomach Fur trapper s store Michigan. Gun accident: St. Martin shot Dr. Beaumont dressed wound Healing fistula gauze (opening)
31
32 Beaumont-St. Martin Bread gastric juice release Remove fluid test tube digest meat Anger: gastric mucosa red (blood) contractions acid Fear: gastric mucosa pale contractions
33 Most digestion: small intestine 3-5 hours Intestinal cells (lining) Intestinal Juice Enzymes: starch polypeptides sugars amino acids
34 Pancreatic Juice: Pancreas Bicarbonates- neutralize acid Enzymes: Starch Protein Fats sugar polypeptides amino acids fatty acids
35 Pancreas Exocrine gland: secretions (enzymes) ducts (tubes) Endocrine gland: secretions blood (insulin)
36
37 Gallbladder Bile produced-liver stored gallbladder Bile duct small intestine Emulsification Fats Surface area (detergent)-helps fat digestive enzymes
38
39 Bile Bile acids (made from cholesterol) Cholesterol Lipids (lecithin) Bile pigments (hemoglobin breakdown feces- color)
40 Pathology: gallstones Bile: supersaturated with cholesterol cholesterol crystals gallstones Block ducts bile secretion
41 Obstructive jaundice Backup- bile pigments Yellow skin, eyes Fat malabsorption Surgery: remove stones
42 Your Liver: what it does for you
43 Liver Functions 1. Makes Bile (digestion) 2. Glucostat- regulates blood glucose (homeostasis) Fasting: glycogen blood After meal: glucose Blood glucose liver glycogen
44 Liver Functions 3. Urea formation: amino acids breakdown urine kidneys urea
45 Liver functions 4. Synthesis & breakdown: lipoproteins, other proteins (albumin, clotting proteins) 5. Detoxification: Drugs, toxins, alcohol
46 Liver functions 6. Stores vitamins & iron 7. Destroys old red blood cells
47 ABSORPTION Small end products- digestion: glucose amino acids fatty acids H20 minerals vitamins
48 Small Intestine 20 feet long Major site: absorption nutrients Huge surface area: tennis court
49
50
51 Small Intestine Inner surface: fingerlike villi Each villus- covered- microvilli absorptive surface Inside villus: 1. Capillaries - blood 2. Lacteal - lymphatic system
52
53 Nutrients Absorption- small intestine Intestinal absorptive cells Blood or Lymph
54 Glucose Glucose absorption small intestine cells liver vein villus capillaries
55
56 Glucose: How it s used Glucose- liver cells: energy Glucose- liver vein heart General circulation: glucose energy cells/tissues
57 Glucose: How it s used Extra glucose Glycogen Fat (stored- liver) (stored-adipose 24 hr supply tissue)
58 FASTING After 24 hours- no new glucose (food) Brain senses glucose Liver: amino acids (homeostasis) blood glucose
59 Carbohydrate loading marathoners Muscle glycogen- used 1 st : intense exercise Loading: restrict carbohydrate- few weeks Day before event- carbohydrate loading: replenish stores (muscle/liver)
60 Amino acid absorption and use Amino acid absorption- same as glucose Intestine capillaries vein liver Amino acid use: enzymes, hormones, new protein structure
61 Excess amino acids In liver: excess amino acids urea glucose glycogen (stored) fat (stored)
62 Vitamins, minerals, H20 absorption Vitamins (water-soluble B, C), minerals (sodium, potassium, chloride), H20 (99%) intestine circulation liver capillaries cells & tissues
63 Fat Absorption & lymphatic system Capillaries leaky fluid, protein tissues tissue fluid Lymphatic system: system of vessels- collect leaked fluid
64 Lymphatic System Tissue fluid inside lymph vessels= lymph Lymph as muscles contract veins in shoulders Exercise: 10X faster return-lymph
65
66 Lymphatic System Lymph nodes: filters, white blood cells: bacteria, cancers Throat infectionlymph nodes near jaw: sore, swollen
67 Fat Absorption- how you do it Digested fatty acids intestine cells Reform triglyceride
68 Triglyceride + Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) + protein Chylomicron (lipoprotein)
69 Chylomicrons Enter lacteals Lymph vessels Vein left shoulder General circulation
70 Lacteal
71
72 Chylomicron triglyceride muscle Fat Stored adipose tissue
73 Colon: 5 feet long Colon appendix (dead end) Rectum Anus
74
75
76 Colon functions (last chance) Absorb H20 (dehydrator) Convert chyme (liquid) Absorb vitamins/minerals blood feces blood Home: bacteria: cecum (pouch) + appendix
77 Bacteria ( species) Make B vitamins & vitamin K blood You: enzymes digest fiber Bacteria- guests partially digest fiber (cellulose- plant cell walls) Gas production (fermentation)
78 Feces Undigested fiber, dead cells, water, bacteria Water in feces: Fiber attracts H20 feces: softer-easier bowel movements Fiber- hard/dry constipation
79 Peristalsis- slower than small intestine Feces (rectum) sphincter muscle (relaxes) defecation
80 Digestive System: Problems/Diseases Colonoscopy cancer screeninggold standard: everyone > 50 Flexible tube rectum camera large intestine view entire colon
81 Colon Pathology Colonoscopy: polyps (precancerous) removed Afterward doctor recommends: exercise + aspirin
82 2009 European Study Pillcam : Swallow capsule with video cameras inside After excreted Read video images No sedation/no inflating colon with air Need good colon cleansing Sensivity vs. Colonscopy 14/19 cancers detected
83 Probiotics Population- good bacteria: essential health/normal functions Prevent growth- bad bacteria Bad bacteria-take over: diarrhea, infection Should you eat bacteria? Probiotics: eat living organisms health benefit
84 Probiotics: Benefits Help- immune function- intestine Reduce toxins-colon Inhibit enzymes Relieve constipation, bloating, diarrhea, gas carcinogens
85
86 Diverticulitis Small pouches in colon (diverticula) inflamed/painful (diverticulitis) Treatment Soluble fiber (reduces pressure) H20
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