Biochemical Techniques 06 Salt Fractionation of Proteins. Biochemistry
|
|
- Polly Lang
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 . 1
2 Description of Module Subject Name Paper Name 12 Module Name/Title 2
3 1. Objectives Understanding the concept of protein fractionation Understanding protein fractionation with salt 2. Concept Map 3. Description 3.1 Protein purification Protein purification is vital for the characterization of protein structure, function and interactions, for example conformational alterations, substrate specificities, specific activities as well as interaction with other ligands. Further, for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry, a high level of protein purity is 3
4 essential and the desired protein must be purified over a number of steps. This is thus achieved through methods of protein purification. Purification is a multistep procedure. The various steps in the purification process are aimed removing nonprotein components and impurities to finally separating out the desired protein in its pure form. 3.2 Fractionation of proteins The first step in purifying intracellular proteins is preparing a crude extract. The extract will contain a complex mixture of proteins from cell cytoplasm, and additional components such as macromolecules, cofactors and nutrients. The debris are removed by centrifugation and supernatant (crude protein extract) recovered. Crude preparations of extracellular proteins may be obtained by removing cells by centrifugation. The extract can be subjected to treatments that separate proteins into different fractions based on several properties such as size, charge etc. This process is known as fractionation. Fractionation helps in the removal of any other contaminating material and also in the enrichment of the desired protein fraction. Early fractionation steps utilize the difference in protein solubility. The solubility of a protein depends on the concentration of dissolved salts, polarity of the solvent, ph, temperature. Some or all of these variables can be manipulated to precipitate specific proteins from the solutions while others remain soluble. 3.3 Fractionation of proteins by precipitation with salt A common step to purify a protein from a crude extract is by precipitation in a solution with high osmotic strength (i.e. salt solutions). Protein precipitation is usually done using ammonium sulfate as the salt. Different proteins precipitate in different ammonium sulphate concentrations, thus separating the overall protein into several fractions. High molecular weight proteins precipitate in lower ammonium sulfate concentrations. Salt fractionation of protein does not usually lead to a highly purified protein. As mentioned above, it helps in elimination of unwanted proteins and in further concentrating the sample. Salts in the solution are then required to be removed by dialysis or gel exclusion chromatography Salting out with ammonium sulphate Salting out is an effective means for purification which explores the reduced solubility of proteins present in a solution of very high ionic strength causing certain proteins to precipitate. Figure 1 below shows salting in and salting out processes 4
5 Figure 1 Salting in and salting out Each protein molecule in solution is uniformly layered by an essential layer of hydration by water molecules which enable the molecule to repel each other and stay in solution. As more and more salt is added to the protein, the solubility of the salt added gradually tends to become higher than protein. Owing to the increased affinity of salt molecules for water over protein molecules, the hydration shell around the protein molecule is thus gradually displaced by the increasing ionic concentration in the solvent. In other words, the protein molecules are thus stripped off their hydration layer, allowing hydrophobic interaction between proteins (interactions between hydrophobic patches on protein surface) to predominate which leads to aggregation of the protein molecules and precipitation. It is important to note that salting out occurs at high salt concentration. Use of salt at very high concentrations also cause a further increase in surface tension, inducing the protein to aggregate, resulting in salt-precipitation. 5
6 Figure 2. Effects of salt on protein precipitation How is fractionation achieved Ammonium sulphate is convenient, widely used and effective chemical because it is highly soluble, cheap, less toxics and stabilizes most proteins/enzymes How does fractionation take place Fractionation of protein mixtures by the stepwise increase in the ionic strength of the salt being used for protein precipitation can prove to be an effective strategy of obtaining partially purified enzymes. For example, the salt concentration in a solution containing several proteins can be adjusted to just below the precipitation point of the protein (to be purified). This eliminates many unwanted proteins. Precipitated proteins may be removed by filtration or centrifugation, following which the salt concentration is increased further in the remaining supernatant solution to precipitate desired protein. Once the desired protein is precipitated along with many other proteins, which precipitated in presence of similar ionic strength, the precipitate is removed to obtain a fairly more concentrated fraction that now contains the desired protein. Salt concentration may be further increased in the supernatant again to precipitate remaining proteins. This is how salt fractionation of proteins takes place. At very high salt concentrations, i.e., when the protein solution is saturated with salt, all proteins may precipitate all together completely (Figure 3). 6
7 Figure 3. Steps in salt fractionation The stepwise precipitations of proteins by addition of increasing amounts of ammonium sulphate to the crude extract, with intermittent centrifugation steps is known as ammonium sulphate cuts. Amounts of solid ammonium sulphate which is to be added to a given volume of protein extract to achieve desired percentage saturation can be looked up in tables. Ammonium sulphate in solid powdered form, should be added slowly, in small batches, with continuous stirring, at low temperature, to allow for a uniform increase in concentration and ensure rapid equilibration. After all the ammonium sulphate that has been weighed out has been added and solubilized, the salt containing protein mixture is allowed to stand for sometime to allow for precipitated proteins to settle down which can be removed by centrifugation. 3.4 The Hofmeister Series The effectiveness of the different ions towards protein precipitation was established by Franz Hofmeister in 1888 and the ordering of cations and anions arranged in order of their effectiveness are called Hofmeister series. Cations: N(CH 3) 3 + > NH 4 + > K + > Li + > Mg 2+ > Ca 2+ > Al 3+ > guanidinium Anions: SO 4 2- > HPO 4 2- > CH 3COO - > citrate > tartrate > F - > Cl - > Br - > I - > NO 3 - > ClO 4 - > SCN - 7
8 Between cations and anions, the anions have the greatest effect on protein precipitation. The starting molecules decreasing solubility of the non-polar molecules and strengthen hydrophobic interactions, thus salting out the system. Contrarily, the latter molecules tend to form strong ionic interactions with the protein that disrupt hydrogen bonding, thus contributing to the denaturation of the protein. Increase in surface tension of water by salt follows the Hofmeister series. Salts which favour salting out raise the surface tension of the water the highest. As ammonium sulphate has a high solubility than any other phosphate salts, it is most commonly chosen reagent for salting out. 3.5 Dialysis After precipitating the protein fraction (using above approaches) and re-dissolving it in buffer, it is essential to remove the ammonium sulphate from the protein sample before subjecting it to subsequent steps during purification. One of the most widely used methods to achieve this is to dialyse the solution. Dialysis leads to the separation of protein molecules from other small molecules, such as salt, by using a semipermeable membrane (for e.g., cellulose membrane) with pores. The principle behind dialysis is usually diffusion, which is explained further. This membrane contains micro pores through which smaller molecules and ions (present along with the protein sample) move out (from region of higher concentration) and emerge in the dialysate outside the bag (to their region of lower concentration), across a concentration gradient, till equilibrium is achieved. To balance this, water/buffer molecules traverse into the dialysis bag, across a concentration gradient. However, the protein molecules which have sizes that are significantly greater than the membrane pore diameter, therefore cannot traverse out of the dialysis tubing and remain retained inside the dialysis bag. Figure 4 shows a typical set up for protein dialysis. Figure 4. Dialysis of proteins 8
9 As shown in Figure 4, the protein/enzyme solution is placed in a dialysis bag and immersed in a large volume of buffer that is stirred and maintained at about 4 C. During dialysis, the salt molecules will tend to diffuse out of the dialysis bag. If the buffer is changed several times, more or less all the salt will be removed from the protein solution. It is important to note that dialysis will result in an increase the volume of the enzyme solution, because water molecules from the buffer enter into the bag. It is therefore necessary to leave some space/gap at the top of the membrane tube as shown in Figure 3, to prevent it from bursting. 4. Summary In this lecture we learnt about: Protein purification is a multistep procedure. Fractionation helps to separate proteins into different fractions based on several properties such as size, charge etc. Early fractionation steps utilize the difference in protein solubility. Precipitation of proteins from a solution using high osmotic strength (i.e. salt solutions) is a common primary purification step. Ammonium sulphate is commonly used salt. The effectiveness of the different ions towards protein precipitation is given by Hofmeister series. Removal of salt used to precipitate the protein is first removed (commonly through dialysis) before subjecting it to subsequent purification steps. 9
Qualitative chemical reaction of functional group in protein
Qualitative chemical reaction of functional group in protein Certain functional groups in proteins can react to produce characteristically colored products. The color intensity of the product formed by
More informationLiquid-Liquid Extraction Prof. Mukesh Doble Department Of Biotechnology Indian Institute Of Technology, Madras. Lecture - 19
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Prof. Mukesh Doble Department Of Biotechnology Indian Institute Of Technology, Madras Lecture - 19 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Let us continue with the Liquid- Liquid Extraction.
More informationQualitative test of protein-lab2
1- Qualitative chemical reactions of amino acid protein functional groups: Certain functional groups in proteins can react to produce characteristically colored products. The color intensity of the product
More informationDiffusion & Osmosis - Exercise 4
Diffusion & Osmosis - Exercise 4 Objectives -Define: Solvent, Solute, and Solution -Define: Diffusion, Selectively permeable membrane, Osmosis, and Dialysis -Understand rule of thumb: Concentration will
More informationMembrane Transport. Anatomy 36 Unit 1
Membrane Transport Anatomy 36 Unit 1 Membrane Transport Cell membranes are selectively permeable Some solutes can freely diffuse across the membrane Some solutes have to be selectively moved across the
More informationFIGURE A. The phosphate end of the molecule is polar (charged) and hydrophilic (attracted to water).
PLASMA MEMBRANE 1. The plasma membrane is the outermost part of a cell. 2. The main component of the plasma membrane is phospholipids. FIGURE 2.18 A. The phosphate end of the molecule is polar (charged)
More informationInteractions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment
Chapter 6 Interactions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment Et Extracellular lll environment Includes all parts of the body outside of cells Cells receive nourishment Cells release waste Cells
More informationEH1008 Biomolecules. Inorganic & Organic Chemistry. Water. Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry.
EH1008 Biomolecules Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry limian.zheng@ucc.ie 1 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry: generally, substances that do not contain carbon Inorganic molecules:
More informationCRYSTALLINE PEPSIN BY JOHN H. NORTHROP. (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, iv. J.
CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN III. PREPARATION OF ACTIVE CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM INACTIVE DENATURED PEPSIN BY JOHN H. NORTHROP (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton,
More informationPhysical Pharmacy. Interfacial phenomena. Khalid T Maaroof MSc. Pharmaceutical sciences School of pharmacy Pharmaceutics department
Physical Pharmacy Interfacial phenomena Khalid T Maaroof MSc. Pharmaceutical sciences School of pharmacy Pharmaceutics department 1 Introduction The boundary between two phases is generally described as
More informationCell membrane & Transport. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Ebneshahidi
Cell membrane & Transport Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Cell Membrane To enclose organelles and other contents in cytoplasm. To protect the cell. To allow substances into and out of the cell. To have metabolic reactions
More informationChapter PURIFICATION OF ALKALINE PROTEASES
Chapter PURIFICATION OF ALKALINE PROTEASES E /xtracellular alkaline proteases produced by Bacillus sp. K 25 and bacillus pumilus K 242, were purified and the homogeneity was examined by electrophoresis.
More informationCellular Neurophysiology I Membranes and Ion Channels
Cellular Neurophysiology I Membranes and Ion Channels Reading: BCP Chapter 3 www.bioelectriclab All living cells maintain an electrical potential (voltage) across their membranes (V m ). Resting Potential
More informationProteins. Amino acids, structure and function. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz Brian K. Kobilka
Proteins Amino acids, structure and function The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz Brian K. Kobilka O O HO N N HN OH Ser65-Tyr66-Gly67 The Nobel prize in chemistry 2008 Osamu Shimomura,
More informationChapter 3. Structure of Enzymes. Enzyme Engineering
Chapter 3. Structure of Enzymes Enzyme Engineering 3.1 Introduction With purified protein, Determining M r of the protein Determining composition of amino acids and the primary structure Determining the
More informationPhospholipids. Extracellular fluid. Polar hydrophilic heads. Nonpolar hydrophobic tails. Polar hydrophilic heads. Intracellular fluid (cytosol)
Module 2C Membranes and Cell Transport All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. Eukaryotic cells also contain internal membranes and membrane- bound organelles. In this module, we will examine the
More informationCRYSTALLINE PEPSIN V. ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM BOVINE GASTRIC JUICE BY JOHN H. NORTHROP
CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN V. ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM BOVINE GASTRIC JUICE BY JOHN H. NORTHROP (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J.) (Accepted
More informationPlasma Membrane Function
Plasma Membrane Function Cells have to maintain homeostasis, they do this by controlling what moves across their membranes Structure Double Layer of phospholipids Head (polar) hydrophiliclikes water -
More informationExtracting DNA from cheek cells: a classroom experiment for Year 7 upwards
Extracting DNA from cheek cells: a classroom experiment for Year 7 upwards Dr Kathryn Scott Research Administrator, Zitzmann Group, Department of Biochemistry Lecturer in Biochemistry, Christ Church Extracting
More informationCHAPTER 8 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER 8 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Section B: Traffic Across Membranes 1. A membrane s molecular organization results in selective permeability 2. Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane
More informationMBB 694:407, 115:511. Please use BLOCK CAPITAL letters like this --- A, B, C, D, E. Not lowercase!
MBB 694:407, 115:511 First Test Severinov/Deis Tue. Sep. 30, 2003 Name Index number (not SSN) Row Letter Seat Number This exam consists of two parts. Part I is multiple choice. Each of these 25 questions
More informationQUALITATIVE TEST OF PROTEIN
QUALITATIVE TEST F PRTEIN UTLINE Experment2 To detect the presence of peptide bonds or proteins in the sample Using Biuret Method Protein precipitation and denaturation Salt Strong Acid Heavy metals Heating
More informationChapter MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Chapter 3 I MEMBRANE TRANSPORT The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is the outermost layer of the cell. It completely surrounds the protoplasm or living portion of the cell, separating the cell s interior
More informationEmulsification. An Introduction to the Emulsification of Lipids within a Watery Environment. By Noel Ways
Emulsification An Introduction to the Emulsification of Lipids within a Watery Environment By Noel Ways To begin the process of understanding emulsification, let's start with water. First, we note that
More informationData File. Sephadex ion exchange media. Ion exchange chromatography. Introduction. Sephadex ion exchangers General description
A m e r s h a m B i o s c i e n c e s Sephadex ion exchange media Data File Ion exchange chromatography Based on well documented and well proven Sephadex base matrix Simple and economical to use Very high
More informationBIOL 305L Spring 2019 Laboratory Six
Please print Full name clearly: BIOL 305L Spring 2019 Laboratory Six Osmosis in potato and carrot samples Introduction Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
More information3150:112 SAMPLE TEST 2. Print out a copy Answer the questions on your own. Check the answers at GOBC Ans.pdf. Good Luck!
SAMPLE TEST 2 3150:112 Print out a copy Answer the questions on your own. Check the answers at GOBC Ans.pdf. Good Luck! QUESTIONS 1-3 REFER TO TE FOLLOWING: A. C 2 O O B. C 2 O O O C 2 O C. O C 2 O 1.
More informationBabyBio IMAC columns DATA SHEET DS
BabyBio IMAC columns DATA SHEET DS 45 655 010 BabyBio columns for Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) are ready-to-use for quick and easy purification of polyhistidine-tagged (His-tagged)
More informationQUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids. Amino acids of
More informationPassive Transport. Does not expend cellular energy for the movement to take place. Ex-rolling down a hill
Passive Transport Fluid Mosaic Model Passive Transport Does not expend cellular energy for the movement to take place Ex-rolling down a hill Parts of a Solution Solute: what gets dissolved Solvent: What
More informationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-asfob8cmic Chapter 8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-asfob8cmic Chapter 8 Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes ALL cells have DNA cytoplasm In prokaryotes the DNA is in the. nucleus In eukaryotes the DNA is in the. Function
More informationHydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography TOYOPEARL Butyl-6M TOYOPEARL Butyl-65C TOYOPEARL Butyl-65M TOYOPEARL Butyl-65S TOYOPEARL Ether-65M TOYOPEARL Ether-65S TSKgel Ether-5PW (2) TSKgel Ether-5PW (3) TOYOPEARL
More informationOCR (A) Biology A-level
OCR (A) Biology A-level Topic 2.2: Biological molecules Notes Water Water is a very important molecule which is a major component of cells, for instance: Water is a polar molecule due to uneven distribution
More informationPartition and purification of lysozyme from quail egg white using aqueous two phase system
ISSN : 0974-7435 Volume 9 Issue 4 Partition and purification of lysozyme from quail egg white using aqueous two phase system Senthilkumar Rathnasamy*, B.N.Vedhahari, R.Kumaresan Downstream processing laboratory,
More informationCh 3 Membrane Transports
Ch 3 Membrane Transports what's so dynamic about cell membranes? living things get nutrients and energy from the envrionment this is true of the entire organism and each cell this requires transport in/out
More informationEffect of Surfactants and Adjuvants on Postemergence Herbicide Efficacy
Effect of Surfactants and Adjuvants on Postemergence Herbicide Efficacy Dr. William B. McCloskey Cooperative Extension Weed Specialist Department of Plant Sciences University of Arizona Herbicide Uptake
More informationQuotes from Next Generation Science Standards, available at
Teacher Preparation Notes for Diffusion across a Selectively Permeable Membrane Drs. Jennifer Doherty and Ingrid Waldron, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 2015 1 Students investigate
More informationTable of Contents Title Page Number Due Date Stamp
1 Table of Contents Title Page Number Due Date Stamp Calendar 3 Warm - Ups 4 Carbon Based Molecules 5 02/20/2018 Notes Cell Membrane Notes 8 02/20/2018 Membrane Structure and Cell Signaling Worksheet Diffusion
More informationBIOL 347L Laboratory Three
Introduction BIOL 347L Laboratory Three Osmosis in potato and carrot samples Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration,
More informationBiology. Membranes.
1 Biology Membranes 2015 10 28 www.njctl.org 2 Vocabulary active transport carrier protein channel protein concentration gradient diffusion enzymatic activity facilitated diffusion fluid mosaic hypertonic
More informationManual (Second edition)
Reagent for RNA Extraction ISOGENⅡ Manual (Second edition) Code No. 311-07361 Code No. 317-07363 NIPPON GENE CO., LTD. Table of contents I Product description 1 II Product content 1 III Storage 1 IV Precautions
More informationLAB 4: OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION
Page 4.1 LAB 4: OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION Cells need to obtain water and other particles from the fluids that surround them. Water and other particles also move out of cells. Osmosis (for water) and diffusion
More informationاالمتحان النهائي لعام 1122
االمتحان النهائي لعام 1122 Amino Acids : 1- which of the following amino acid is unlikely to be found in an alpha-helix due to its cyclic structure : -phenylalanine -tryptophan -proline -lysine 2- : assuming
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Purification and biochemical properties of SDS-stable low molecular weight alkaline serine protease from Citrullus Colocynthis Muhammad Bashir Khan, 1,3 Hidayatullah khan, 2 Muhammad
More informationTopic 3: Movement of substances across cell membrane
Topic 3: Movement of substances across cell membrane 1. What is/are the role(s) of structure A? (1) For cell recognition. (2) For carrying water-soluble substances across cell membrane. (3) For supporting
More informationBCM 101 BIOCHEMISTRY Week 4 Practical Chemistry of proteins
BCM 101 BIOCHEMISTRY Week 4 Practical Chemistry of proteins The word protein is derived from the Greek word proteios, which means of primary importance. In fact, proteins plays an important role in all
More informationUNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, ONDO DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY PHS 211 TRANSPORT MECHANISM LECTURER: MR A.O. AKINOLA
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, ONDO DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY PHS 211 TRANSPORT MECHANISM LECTURER: MR A.O. AKINOLA OUTLINE Introduction Basic mechanisms Passive transport Active transport INTRODUCTION
More informationبسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Q1: the overall folding of a single protein subunit is called : -tertiary structure -primary structure -secondary structure -quaternary structure -all of the above Q2 : disulfide
More informationChallenges with Chelated &/or Complexed Minerals (Chelated and Soluble Methods of Analysis Used in FL)
Challenges with Chelated &/or Complexed Minerals (Chelated and Soluble Methods of Analysis Used in FL) Patty Lucas AAPFCO Laboratory Services Committee Meeting Friday, August 7, 2015 Fertilizer Sample
More informationTransport through membranes
Transport through membranes Membrane transport refers to solute and solvent transfer across both cell membranes, epithelial and capillary membranes. Biological membranes are composed of phospholipids stabilised
More informationCellular Transport. 1. A potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure below.
Name: Date: 1. potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure below. Which diagram best represents the net movement of molecules?.. C. D. page 1 2. The following question(s) is/are
More information15. Mixed fertilizers sources preparations- their compatibility advantages
15. Mixed fertilizers sources preparations- their compatibility advantages Mixed fertilizers For over hundred years the mixed fertilizers are in use besides straight fertilizers. Many fertilizer mixtures
More informationChapter 7: Membranes
Chapter 7: Membranes Roles of Biological Membranes The Lipid Bilayer and the Fluid Mosaic Model Transport and Transfer Across Cell Membranes Specialized contacts (junctions) between cells What are the
More informationMembranes. Chapter 5. Membrane Structure
Membranes Chapter 5 Membrane Structure Lipid Bilayer model: - double phospholipid layer - Gorter & Grendel: 1925 Fluid Mosaic model: consist of -phospholipids arranged in a bilayer -globular proteins inserted
More informationWater compartments inside and outside cells maintain a balanced distribution of total body water.
Chapter 9 Water Balance Chapter 9 Lesson 9.1 Key Concepts Water compartments inside and outside cells maintain a balanced distribution of total body water. The concentration of various solute particles
More informationThe Plasma Membrane. 5.1 The Nature of the Plasma Membrane. Phospholipid Bilayer. The Plasma Membrane
5.1 The Nature of the Plasma Membrane The Plasma Membrane Four principal components in animals Phospholipid bilayer Molecules of cholesterol interspersed within the bilayer. Membrane proteins embedded
More informationCHAPTER 6 FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES
68 CHAPTER 6 FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES 6.1 INTRODUCTION Functional properties can be defined as the overall physicochemical properties of proteins in food systems during processing,
More informationINVESTIGATION : Determining Osmolarity of Plant Tissue
INVESTIGATION : Determining Osmolarity of Plant Tissue AP Biology This lab investigation has two main components. In the first component, you will learn about the osmolarity of plant tissues and the property
More informationMembrane Structure and Membrane Transport of Small Molecules. Assist. Prof. Pinar Tulay Faculty of Medicine
Membrane Structure and Membrane Transport of Small Molecules Assist. Prof. Pinar Tulay Faculty of Medicine Introduction Cell membranes define compartments of different compositions. Membranes are composed
More informationCopyright 2016 Dan Dill 1
carbonate These solutions are mixed and a precipitate forms. After the precipitation, the solution 1. will be positively charged 2. will be electrically neutral 3. will be negatively charged 4. More information
More informationThe phosphate group replaces the fatty acid on C number 3 of a triacylglycerol molecule O O CH 2 O C R CH 2 O P O X OH.
Phosphoacylglycerols (Phospholipids) Phosphoacylglycerols are fatty acid esters of glycerol which also contain a phosphate group and other specific groups The phosphate group replaces the fatty acid on
More informationBear: Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain 3e
Bear: Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain 3e Chapter 03: The Neuronal Membrane at Rest Introduction Action potential in the nervous system Action potential vs. resting potential Slide 1 Slide 2 Cytosolic
More informationMembranes. Chapter 5
Membranes Chapter 5 Membrane Structure The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure contends that membranes consist of: -phospholipids arranged in a bilayer -globular proteins inserted in the lipid bilayer
More informationPrinciples & Practice of Diffusion & Osmosis. Storage: Store entire experiment at room temperature. EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE
The Biotechnology Education Company Storage: Store entire experiment at room temperature. 281 EDVO-Kit # Principles & Practice of Diffusion & Osmosis EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment
More informationOsmosis and Diffusion: How biological membranes are important This page is a lab preparation guide for instructors.
Osmosis and Diffusion: How biological membranes are important This page is a lab preparation guide for instructors. **All solutions and dialysis bags can easily be prepared prior to lab start to maximize
More informationMembrane Structure. Membrane Structure. Membrane Structure. Membranes
Membrane Structure Membranes Chapter 5 The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure contends that membranes consist of: -phospholipids arranged in a bilayer -globular proteins inserted in the lipid bilayer
More informationAspergillus foetidus BY AQUEOUS TWO PHASE
33 CHAPTER 3 PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF TANNASE FROM Aspergillus foetidus BY AQUEOUS TWO PHASE EXTRACTION AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION 3.1 INTRODUCTION Partial purification of proteins in general and tannase
More informationCell Membrane Structure and Function. Hot Seat
Cell Membrane Structure and Function Hot Seat Rules A. You are competing against classmates in your row (across the classroom). The hot seat is the seat in each row closest to the outside windows. B. Your
More informationStudent Handout. This experiment allows you to explore the properties of chiral molecules. You have
Student Handout This experiment allows you to explore the properties of chiral molecules. You have learned that some compounds exist as enantiomers non-identical mirror images, such as your left and right
More informationβ amylase purification from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus): Reverse micellar extraction versus ammonium sulphate precipitation
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2016, 8 (16):118-125 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4
More informationSoil Fertility and Nutrient Management. Hailin Zhang. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Hailin Zhang Department of Plant and Soil Sciences C H O P N K 16 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS Ca S Mg B Cl Cu Fe Mn Mo B NON-MINERAL NUTRIENTS Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen
More informationPrerequisites Protein purification techniques and protein analytical methods. Basic enzyme kinetics.
Case 19 Purification of Rat Kidney Sphingosine Kinase Focus concept The purification and kinetic analysis of an enzyme that produces a product important in cell survival is the focus of this study. Prerequisites
More informationColloid Chemistry. Lecture #2 Association colloid
Colloid Chemistry Lecture #2 Association colloid 1 https://ilustracionmedica.wordpress.com/2014/08/27/fisicos-haciendo-medicina-john-tyndall/ Solution Classical vs. Colloid solution Tyndall effect Increased
More informationThe Cell Membrane and Cellular Transportation
The Cell Membrane and Cellular Transportation Oct 20 7:07 PM Cell Membrane Forms a barrier between the cell and the external environment. Has three main functions: 1) helps the cell retain the molecules
More informationChapter 3b Cells Membrane transport - Student Notes
Chapter 3b Cells Membrane transport - Student Notes 1 Transport are permeable Some molecules the membrane; others do 2 Types of Membrane Transport processes No cellular required Substance its processes
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationThe Cell Membrane. Lecture 3a. Overview: Membranes. What is a membrane? Structure of the cell membrane. Fluid Mosaic Model. Membranes and Transport
Lecture 3a. The Cell Membrane Membranes and Transport Overview: Membranes Structure of cell membranes Functions of cell membranes How things get in and out of cells What is a membrane? Basically, a covering
More informationChapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of
Chapter 2 pt 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life Including the lecture Materials of Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida with amendments and additions by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
More informationMembrane Structure and Function - 1
Membrane Structure and Function - 1 The Cell Membrane and Interactions with the Environment Cells interact with their environment in a number of ways. Each cell needs to obtain oxygen and other nutrients
More informationFERTIGATION 24 FERTIGATION WITH DRIPPERS
24 WITH DRIPPERS A completely different approach is required when fertigation is applied through drippers. This approach also offers numerous other possibilities. The volume of soil treated has a dominant
More informationLAB 04 Diffusion and Osmosis
LAB 04 Diffusion and Osmosis Objectives: Describe the physical mechanisms of diffusion and osmosis. Understand the relationship between surface area and rate of diffusion. Describe how molar concentration
More informationDiffusion, osmosis, transport mechanisms 43
Diffusion, osmosis, transport mechanisms 43 DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS AND TRANSPORT MECHANISMS The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment
More informationUnit 1 Matter & Energy for Life
Unit 1 Matter & Energy for Life Chapter 2 Interaction of Cell Structure Biology 2201 Primary Membrane Function: Homeostasis Conditions in the cell must remain more or less constant under many different
More informationCh. 7 Diffusion, Osmosis, and Movement across a Membrane
Ch. 7 Diffusion, Osmosis, and Movement across a Membrane Diffusion Spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Does not require energy (exergonic)
More informationHydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
1 Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Philip Cummins 1 and Brendan O Connor 1,2 1 School of Biotechnology, 2 Irish Separation Science Cluster, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland.
More informationThe Cell Membrane AP Biology
The Cell Membrane 2007-2008 Warm Up What would happen if you gave a patient an IV of pure water? a. Their blood cells would shrink. b. Their blood cells would burst. c. The patient would slowly become
More informationTransport of Solutes and Water
Transport of Solutes and Water Across cell membranes 1. Simple and Facilitated diffusion. 2. Active transport. 3. Osmosis. Simple diffusion Simple diffusion - the red particles are moving from an area
More informationPlasma Membrane Structure and Function
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function The plasma membrane separates the internal environment of the cell from its surroundings. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The
More informationChapter 5 Ground Rules of Metabolism Sections 6-10
Chapter 5 Ground Rules of Metabolism Sections 6-10 5.6 Cofactors in Metabolic Pathways Most enzymes require cofactors Energy in ATP drives many endergonic reactions Table 5-1 p86 Cofactors and Coenzymes
More informationBIOLOGICAL MOLECULES REVIEW-UNIT 1 1. The factor being tested in an experiment is the A. data. B. variable. C. conclusion. D. observation. 2.
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES REVIEW-UNIT 1 1. The factor being tested in an experiment is the A. data. B. variable. C. conclusion. D. observation. 2. A possible explanation for an event that occurs in nature is
More informationBiology Chapter 2 Review
Biology Chapter 2 Review Vocabulary: Define the following words on a separate piece of paper. Element Compound Ion Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Molecule Hydrogen Bon Cohesion Adhesion Solution Solute Solvent
More informationTransport Across the Cell Membrane 11/5/07
11/5/07 "The difference between the internal and external chemical composition of a cell represents a degree of order, that can be maintained only by a barrier to free movement into and out of the cell.
More informationLipids and Membranes
Lipids and Membranes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Biological membranes are composed of lipid bilayers
More informationTRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES
Unit 2: Cells, Membranes and Signaling TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES Chapter 5 Hillis Textbook TYPES OF TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE: What do you remember? Complete the chart with what you
More informationChapter 2 Transport Systems
Chapter 2 Transport Systems The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the cell and the extracellular environment. It permeability properties ensure that essential molecules such as
More informationPMT GCE MARKING SCHEME SUMMER 2016 BIOLOGY - BY1 (LEGACY) 1071/01. WJEC CBAC Ltd.
GCE MARKING SCHEME SUMMER 016 BIOLOGY - BY1 (LEGACY) 1071/01 INTRODUCTION This marking scheme was used by WJEC for the 016 examination. It was finalised after detailed discussion at examiners' conferences
More informationChapter 5: Cell Membranes and Signaling
Chapter Review 1. For the diagram below, explain what information you would use to determine which side of the membrane faces the inside of the cell and which side faces the extracellular environment.
More informationCellular Transport Notes
Cellular Transport Notes About Cell Membranes All cells have a cell membrane Functions: a. Controls what enters and exits the cell to maintain an internal balance called homeostasis b. Provides protection
More informationDIFFUSON AND OSMOSIS INTRODUCTION diffusion concentration gradient. net osmosis water potential active transport
DIFFUSON AND OSMOSIS NAME DATE INTRODUCTION The life of a cell is dependent on efficiently moving material into and out of the cell across the cell membrane. Raw materials such as oxygen and sugars needed
More informationENVE 424 Anaerobic Treatment
ENVE 424 Anaerobic Treatment Lecture 6 Toxic substances in anaerobic treatment 2012 2013 Fall 01 Nov 2012 Assist. Prof. A. Evren Tugtas Basic Fundamentals Inhibition Competitive Inhibition Uncompetitive
More information