igcse DOUBLE AWARD SPECIFICATION INDEX

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1 Section 1 Living Organisms 1a Characteristics 1.1 All living organisms - universal characteristics 1 1b Variety 1.2 Variety of living organisms 16, 17-21, Pathogens: fungi, bacteria, protoctists & viruses. 20 Section 2 Living Organisms - Structure & Function 2a Levels of organisation 2.1 Levels of organisation within organisms: organelles, cells, tissues, organs and systems. 12, 13 2b Cell structure 2.2 Cell structures: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell, 1, Functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall. 2, Compare structure of plant and animal cells. 2,3 2c Biological molecules 2.5 Know chemical elements in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. 38, Structure/units of carbohydrates, proteins & lipids Tests for glucose & starch 42, Enzymes as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions Effect of temperature on enzymes ('active site' ) 4, Know experiments to investigate effect of temp on enzymes. 5, 6 2d Movement of substances 2.1 Define diffusion, osmosis & active transport 10, Movement of substances into and out of cells by above. 10, 11, 131, Factors affecting rate of movement of substances in/out cells e.g. SA:Vol ratio, temp, conc grad'. 9-11, 53-54, 2.1 Experiments to investigate diffusion and osmosis using living & non-living systems. 122, 123, 125, 126 2e Nutrition 2.2 Photosynthesis: conversion of light energy to chemical energy Photosynthesis: Word & balanced Chemical symbol equations. 112, 2.2 Effect of CO 2 conc', light intensity & temp on rate of photosynthesis. 116, Leaf structure - adaptations for photosynthesis Plant mineral requirements: for growth, chlophyll (Mg ions) & NO 3 for amino acids. 118, Photosynthesis experiments: evolution of O 2 (water plant), prod'n starch & req' for raw materials , 116, Sources & functions of 7 components (inc Vit's A, C & D, Mg, Fe) Human alimentary canal: mouth, oesoph', stomach, small/large intest', pancreas (Struct & function). 46, 47, 48, Processes: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion. 43, 46, 49, Peristalsis Digestive enzymes: starch to glucose by amylase & maltase, proteases & lipases Production & role of bile- emulsification & neutralisation. 48, Villus structure: absorption in small intestine 49, 50. Textbook Pages Completed Revised

2 2f Respiration 2.3 Respiration: release of energy in living organisms 6, Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration Respiration: Word equation & balanced chemical symbol equations Anaerobic Respiration: Word equation (in plants & animals). 7 2g Gas Exchange 2.3 Role of diffusion in gas exchange. 9, Gas exchange (CO 2 and O 2 ): in relation to respiration and photosynthesis 54, 26, 29-30, Leaf structure adapted for gas exchange Role of stomata in gas exchange. 129, Structure: thorax, ribs, intercost' muscles, diaphr', trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleural membr. 26, Ventilation: role of intercostal muscles & diaphragm Alveolar adaptations: for gas exchange by diffusion Smoking: consequences e.g. heart disease Experiments on effect of exercise on breathing. 30 2h Transport 2.4 Know why simple unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion of substances in/out cell. 53, Need for transport system in multicellular organisms Role of xylem in transporting water and mineral salts from roots around plant H 2 O absorption by root hair cells Transpiration = H 2 O evaporation from plant suface. 127, Transpiration rate is affected by humidity, wind speed, temp' & light Experiments to investigate how environmental factors affect transpiration rate from leafy shoot. 130, Composition of human blood Blood plasma: roles Red blood cells: adaptations as O 2 carrier. 60, Immune system: response to disease by white blood cells (phagocytes & lymphocytes). 60, Structure & function of heart. 56, 57, 2.5 Effect of exercise & adrenaline on heart rate. 57, Structure & function of veins, arteries & capillaries. 58, Structure of circulation system: blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys. 54, 55 2i Excretion 2.6 Origin of CO 2 & O 2 as waste products of metabolism & loss from the stomata Know organs of excretion - lungs, kidneys & skin Kidney: roles in excretion & osmoregulation Structure of the urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. 85, Nephron structure: Bowman s capsule, glomerulus, convoluted tubules, Loop Henlé, collect' duct

3 2.6 Ultrafiltration in Bowman s capsule/ composition of glomerular filtrate Water reabsorption into the blood from collecting duct Selective reabsorption of glucose at proximal convoluted tubule Role of ADH in regulating H 2 O content of blood. 89, Urine contains water, urea and salts. 84 2j Coordination & response 2.7 Organisms can respond to changes in their environment. 65 Section Homeostasis = maintenance of constant internal environment e.g. body H 2 O content & body temp. 83, 84, Coordinated responses need stimuli, receptors & effectors Plants can respond to stimuli. 135, Geotropism in roots & stems. 135, 138, 139, Phototropism in stems Differences between nervous & hormonal communication/responses CNS consists of brain, spinal cord & nerves linking to sense organs , Receptors in sense organs - electrical impulses along nerves into/out of CNS - rapid responses. 65, Simple reflex arc illustrated e.g. withdrawal of finger from hot object. 72, Eye as a receptor: structure and function Human hormones: ADH, adrenaline, insulin, testosterone, progesterone & oestrogen Reproduction & inheritance 3a Reproduction 3.1 Differences between sexual & asexual reproduction. 96, 97, 143, Fertilisation = fusion of gametes = zygote = embryo via cell division Adaptations in insect/wind-pollinated flowers for pollination Growth of pollen tube/fertilisation produce seed and fruit formation Plant asexual reproduction (e.g. runners & artificial methods e.g. cuttings). 143, Human reproductive systems: structure & function Oestrogen & progesterone: roles in menstrual cycle Oestrogen & testosterone: roles in production of secondary sex characteristics b Inheritance 3.9 Cell nucleus contains chromosomes containing genes Gene = section of DNA molecule that codes for a specific protein. 181, 182, DNA double helix, linked by A-T, C-G complementary basis Alleles = alternative forms of a gene giving differences in inherited characteristics. 185, Definitions: dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype & codominance. 186, 200, 201, 204, Monohybrid inheritance using genetic diagrams Interpreting family pedigrees

4 Section Predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses Human gender controlled by 1 pair of chromosomes (XX & XY). 185, Determination of sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic diagram Mitosis cell division produces two cells with identical sets of chromosomes Mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction. 190, Meiosis cell division: 4 cells; 1/2 number chromosomes; genetically different haploid gametes. 190, Random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offspring. 98, Human cells have diploid number of 46 & haploid number of , Variation within a species can be genetic, environmental or both Mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited Evolution by means of natural selection Many mutations are harmful but some are neutral and a few are beneficial. 184, 186, Resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations making infections difficult to control. 212 Ecology 4a Organisms in environment 4.1 Define population, community, habitat & ecosystem. 152, Quadrat use to estimate population size in 2 different areas. 153, Quadrat use to sample the distribution of organisms in their habitats. 153, 154 4b Feeding relationships 4.4 Define trophic levels: producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and decomposers 152, Definitions: food chains & webs, pyramids of number, biomass & energy transfer Transfer of substances and of energy along a food chain Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next The C cycle: respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition and combustion d Human influences 4.9 Consequences of pollution of air by S0 2 & C0. 165, 171, 172 Section Greenhouse gases: C0 2, CH 4, N0, H 2 0 vapour, CFC's Human activities contributing to greenhouse gases. 165, 166, 170, Increase in greenhouse gases can increase greenhouse effect, global warming and consequences Eutrophication is leaching of minerals from fertilisers. 173, Deforestation effects: leaching, soil erosion, disturbance of H 2 0 cycle, balance in atmospheric O 2/ CO , 171 Biological resources 5a Food production 5.1 Use of glasshouses & polythene tunnels to increase crop yields Effect of increased CO 2 & temp' on crop yields Use of fertiliser to increase crop yield Pest control & advantages & disadvantages of pesticides & biological control with plant crops. 168, 169, 175, 176

5 5.5 Yeast use in beer production. 231, Simple experiment showing CO 2 production by yeast in different conditions Methods used to bulk farm fish as source of protein. 169, 170 5b Selective breeding 5.8 Selective breeding to develop plants with desired characteristics Selective breeding to develop animals with desired characteristics. 220, 221 5c GM 5.1 Use of restriction & ligase enzymes to cut/join DNA Plasmids & viruses as vectors to take DNA pieces & insert the recombinant DNA into other cells. 237, Bulk manufacture of human insulin from GM bacteria grown in a fermenter Evaluation of use of GM plants for food production (e.g. improved pest resistance) d Cloning 5.1 Micropropagation (tissue culture) of plant pieces (explants) in vitro using nutrient media. 221, Micropropagation production of commercial quantities of identical/desirable plant cloness Stages in the production of cloned mammals e.g. Dolly the sheep. 223, 224

igcse SEPARATE SCIENCE SPECIFICATION INDEX

igcse SEPARATE SCIENCE SPECIFICATION INDEX Specification number Content Textbook Pages Completed Revised Section 1 Living Organisms 1a Characteristics 1.1 All living organisms - universal characteristics 1 1b Variety 1.2 Variety of living organisms