3/27/2015. A. Interactions and coordination between organs provide essential biological activities.

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EU 4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties. EU 4.

C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems

Interactions and coordination between organs provide essential biological activities. 1.

Interactions and coordination between systems provide essential biological activities.

Digestion of large food molecules is essential for absorption. 1.

Large molecules need to be broken down to pass through membranes (Absorption). B.

Biological catalysts that break down food. 2.

1 EU 4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties. EU 4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems. EU 4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment. A. Interactions and coordination between organs provide essential biological activities. 1. Stomach and small intestines 2. Kidney and bladder 3. Root, stem and leaf B. Interactions and coordination between systems provide essential biological activities. 1. Respiratory and Circulatory 2. Nervous and muscular 3. Plant vascular and leaf End A. Digestion of large food molecules is essential for absorption. 1. Molecules needs to be broken down (digestion) and reassembled (Assimilation). 2. Large molecules need to be broken down to pass through membranes (Absorption). B. Absorption is necessary for assimilation. C. Enzymes are needed in digestion. 1. Biological catalysts that break down food. 2. They work ork at body temperature (around 37 0 C) 3. Speed up the process of digestion by lowering the activation energy for the reaction. 4. Digestion would be too slow at body temp D. Source, Substrate, Products, ph (know these) 1

A. Stomach breaks down food into chime. 1.

Secretes HCL (parietal cells) which kills

Many villi increase the surface area for

2 A. Stomach breaks down food into chime. 1. Secretes pepsinogen (chief cells) 2. Secretes HCL (parietal cells) which kills bacteria. 3. HCL provides optimum ph to activate pepsin. 4. Pepsin digests protein. B. Small intestine absorbs nutrients. 1. Intestinal wall secretes enzymes 2. Receives enzymes from the pancreas. 3. Has villi for absorption of food particles. C. Large intestine 1. Moves material that has not been digested along. 2. Absorbs water. 3. Produces mucus and feces. A. Many villi increase the surface area for absorption. B. Epithelium is only one cell layer thick and so food is quickly absorbed. C. Microvilli on the villi increase the surface area for absorption further. D. Protein channels and pumps are present for rapid absorption. E. The mitochondria in the epithelium provide ATP needed for active transport. F. Blood capillaries are very close to the epithelium so diffusion distance is small. G. The lacteal takes away fats after absorption. A. Neural: Enterogastic Reflex (distention of duodenum) B. Hormonal: CCK (cholecystokinin), GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide), Secretin, all communicate with stomach to reduce digestive processes 2

A. Functions 1. Regulate the volume, composition, and ph of body fluids. 2.

Help control the rate of red blood cell formation by secreting hormone

Nephrons 1. A kidney contains about one million nephrons. 2.

Urine formation involves glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by active transport, and proteins

Sodium ions are reabsorbed by active transport, and negatively charged

As sodium is reabsorbed, water follows by osmosis. 4.

to water unless the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is present 6.

3 A. Functions 1. Regulate the volume, composition, and ph of body fluids. 2. Remove metabolic wastes from the blood. 3. Help control the rate of red blood cell formation by secreting hormone erythropoietin. 4. Regulate blood pressure by secreting enzyme renin. B. Nephrons 1. A kidney contains about one million nephrons. 2. Renal Tubule regulates urine formation A. Urine formation involves glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. B. Tubular Reabsorption 1. Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by active transport, and proteins by pinocytosis. 2. Sodium ions are reabsorbed by active transport, and negatively charged ions follow passively. 3. As sodium is reabsorbed, water follows by osmosis. 4. Sodium is concentrated in the renal medulla by the countercurrent mechanism. 5. Normally the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are impermeable to water unless the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is present 6. Aldosterone from adenal increases reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney (increasing blood pressure) A. Composed of bands of interlaced smooth muscle (detrusor). B. Body is rich in beta adrenergic receptors. 1. Sympathetic beta stimulation suppress contraction of the detrusor (bladder filling). 2. Parasympathetic stimulation cause the detrusor to contract (bladder emptying). 3

Stolons- horizontal stems above ground (runners) 2.

Attract pollinators. A. Need for Ventilation 1.

The body needs to get rid of carbon dioxide which is a

Oxygen needs to diffuse from the alveoli into the blood. 6.

4 A. Root system 1. Functions a) Anchor plants b) Absorbs and conducts water and nutrients c) Stores food 2. Two types a) Taproot (some are modified for food storage) b) Fibrous roots B. Stems- some are specialized for food and water storage. 1. Stolons- horizontal stems above ground (runners) 2. Rhizomes- horizontal stems below ground (some end in tubers that store food) 3. Bulbs- vertical underground shoots modified for food storage. C. Leaves- main photosynthetic organ, some have specialized functions. 1. Tendrils- modified leaflets that cling to supports. 2. Spines- protection 3. Modified for storing water in succulents. 4. Attract pollinators. A. Need for Ventilation 1. Bringing fresh air into the alveoli and removing the stale air. 2. Maintains the concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. 3. The body needs oxygen to make ATP via cell respiration. 4. The body needs to get rid of carbon dioxide which is a product of cell respiration. 5. Oxygen needs to diffuse from the alveoli into the blood. 6. Carbon dioxide needs to diffuse from the blood into the alveoli. 7. To do so there must be a high oxygen concentration and a low carbon dioxide concentration in the alveoli. 8. A ventilation system makes this possible by getting rid of the carbon dioxide in the alveoli and bringing in more oxygen. B. Gas exchange 1. Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. 2. Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries from the air in the alveoli 3. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillaries and into the air in the alveoli. 4

C. Adaptations of Alveoli 1. Great numbers increase the surface area for gas exchange. 2.

Diffusion distance is small allowing rapid gas exchange. 4.

Some cells in the walls secret fluid (surfactant) allowing gases to dissolve (also

Bronchiole 4. Alveoli 5. Lungs 6. Diaphragm E. Inhalation 1.

The diaphragm contracts (becomes relatively flat). 3.

Pressure eventually drops below atmospheric pressure. 5.

Exhalation 1. The internal intercostal muscles contract (moves the ribcage down and in).

Results in a decrease in the volume of the thorax (increasing pressure). 4.

5 C. Adaptations of Alveoli 1. Great numbers increase the surface area for gas exchange. 2. Alveoli and capillary wall are single layer of cells. 3. Diffusion distance is small allowing rapid gas exchange. 4. Covered by a dense network of capillaries. 5. Some cells in the walls secret fluid (surfactant) allowing gases to dissolve (also prevents the sides of alveoli from sticking together). D. Organs 1. Trachea 2. Bronchi 3. Bronchiole 4. Alveoli 5. Lungs 6. Diaphragm E. Inhalation 1. The external intercostal muscles contract (moves the ribcage up and out). 2. The diaphragm contracts (becomes relatively flat). 3. Increase in the volume of the thorax (decreases Pressure) 4. Pressure eventually drops below atmospheric pressure. 5. Air flows into the lungs from the mouth or nose, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. F. Exhalation 1. The internal intercostal muscles contract (moves the ribcage down and in). 2. The abdominal muscles contract (pushes the diaphragm up). 3. Results in a decrease in the volume of the thorax (increasing pressure). 4. Air flows out of the lungs. A. Heart, vessels, and blood B. The coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. C. Heart Action 1. Atria collect blood from veins. 2. Atria contract (atrioventricular valves open). 3. Blood is pumped into ventricles. 4. Ventricle contract (AV valves close/semilunar valves open). 5. Blood is pumped into arteries, semilunar valves close. 5

a) Sympathetic nerve from the medulla of

b) Parasympathetic nerve from the medulla

fibers and muscle fibers (blood does not

Thin walls (nearby muscles can help push

Thin outer layer of longitudinal collagen

Wall is one cell layer thick so distance

a small space. G. Blood is composed of 1.

6 D. Heart Control 1. Heart muscle can contract by itself (myogenic muscle contraction). 2. Pacemaker initiates contractions. a) Sympathetic nerve from the medulla of brain speeds up. b) Parasympathetic nerve from the medulla of brain slows down. c) Adrenaline signals the pacemaker to speed up. E. Arteries 1. Thick outer longitudinal collagen and elastic fibers prevents leaks and bulges. 2. Thick wall for high pressure. 3. Thick layers of circular elastic fibers and muscle fibers to pump blood. 4. Narrow lumen maintains high pressure. F. Veins 1. Thin layer with few circular elastic fibers and muscle fibers (blood does not flow in pulses). 2. Thin walls (nearby muscles can help push blood towards the heart). 3. Thin outer layer of longitudinal collagen and elastic fibers (low pressure). 4. Wide lumen (accommodates slow flowing blood). G. Capillaries 1. Wall is one cell layer thick so distance for diffusion is small. 2. Pores allow plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid (Phagocytes can also pass through pores). 3. Very narrow lumen so that many can fit in a small space. G. Blood is composed of 1. Plasma 2. Erythrocytes 3. Leucocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets. H. Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat are all transported by the blood. A. Blood pumped to respiratory organ to be oxygenated B. Oxygenated blood flows to surface of heart first 6

7 A. Resting potential is disrupted in neuron B. Generates an action potential in neuron C. Perpetuates down axon D. Signals calcium influx at synaptic knobs E. Synaptic Vesicles release acetylchline F. Stimulates muscle impulse A. Xylem 1. Water conducting cells 2. Dead at maturity 3. Tracheids a) Long, thin tapered cells with pits. b) Lignin (organic polymer) in walls provide support 4. Vessel Elements- wider, shorter, thinner, with perforated ends B. Phloem 1. Conduct food 2. Alive at maturity 3. Sieve-tube members have sieve plates at ends 4. Associated with Companion cells C. Flow of Substances 1. Leaf produces glucose (transported to root) 2. Stomata help flow of water out of leaf 7

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