EFFECTIVE DURATION OF A COPPER OXIDE BOLUS ADMINISTERED ORALLY TO BONTEBOK {DAMALISCUS PYGARGUS DORCAS)

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1 EFFECTIVE DURATION OF A COPPER OXIDE BOLU ADMINITERED ORALLY TO BONTEBOK {DAMALICU PYGARGU DORCA) Michael L. chlegel, PhD, PA, 1 * and Mark. Edwards, PhD 1 ' Nutritinal ervices Department, Zlgical ciety f an Dieg, P.O. Bx 10551, an Dieg CA UA; Currently: Animal cience Department, Califrnia Plytechnic tate University, 1 Grand Avenue, an Luis Obisp, CA UA Abstract Tw male bntebk {Damaliscus pygargus drcas) (70.5 kg) received a 1.5 g cpper xide blus rally during anesthesia and were ffered a diet f high fiber herbivre pellets with ad libitum access t Bermuda grass hay, water, and either a white salt r trace mineralized salt blck. Bld samples were cllected prir t blus administratin and every fur weeks subsequently fr ne year. erum was harvested and analyzed fr calcium, cpper, irn, magnesium, phsphms, ptassium, sdium, and zinc. A paired t-test was used t cmpare mineral cncentratins determined n day 0 with cncentratins n subsequent cllectin dates. erum cpper cncentratins increased 8% within 30 days after blus administratin and remained abve baseline (day zer) thrugh the end f the study (day 364). Other minerals analyzed were transiently elevated and were nt affected by the cpper blus. erum zinc cncentratins were belw nrmal ruminant serum cncentratins thrughut the entire study. The cpper xide blus increased serum cpper within tw mnths f administratin and maintained elevated cpper cncentratins fr a least 305 days. Intrductin Clinical signs cnsistent with cpper deficiency have been bserved in individuals in a herd f blesbk {Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) at the an Dieg Z's Wild Animal Park. The individuals were hused in a 3 ha multi-species exhibit, with ad libitum access t a mixed species pasture (Bermuda grass, Cyndn dactyln (L.) Pers; kikuyu grass, Pennisetum clandestinum; and clvers, Triflium spp.). Feeds ffered t supplement the pasture included a high fiber (5% ADF) herbivre pellet and grass hays (Bermuda grass and udan grass, rghum biclr (L.) Mench). The alfalfa-based high fiber herbivre pellet was frmulated t cmplement grass hays grwn in sutheast (Imperial Cunty) Califrnia. The finished diet, when the herbivre pellets were fed in a 50:50 rati with grass hay, prvided 14.5 mg/kg cpper (Cu) n a dry matter basis. The dietary cpper requirement f beef cattle is 10 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM). Althugh the blesbk, in general, had ad libitum access t the frmulated herbivre pellets and grass hay, they preferentially grazed the pasture. amples f pasture, representative f the material cnsumed, cllected within the enclsure were high in sulfur (0.63% DM) and mlybdenum (1. mg/kg DM) and lw in cpper (7. mg/kg DM). High dietary sulfur () and mlybdenum (M) can interfere with cpper absrptin resulting in secndary cpper deficiency. 4 Because the blesbk prefer t graze rather than

2 cnsume the cpper supplemented pellets, lw serum cpper was bserved in adult animals, and mrtality due t enztic ataxia was bserved in newbrn calves. T imprve adult animal cpper status and calf survivability, females f breeding age were administered a 1.5 g cpper xide blus (Cpasure, The Butler C., Dublin, OH 43017) six mnths prir t calving. Prviding the supplemental cpper imprved cpper status f the adults and calf survivability. An increase in liver cpper cncentratins has been bserved within 1 days after cpper xide blus adiriinistratin in beef steers. 1 Liver and serum cpper cncentratins were increased within 14 days after cpper deficient heifers received a cpper xide blus. 5 Althugh imprvement in cpper status as indicated by increased liver cpper cncentratins demnstrated the bluses were effective fr at least six mnths, but less than a year, 3 the effective duratin f the cpper xide blus t elevate serum cpper in nndmestic ruminants has nt been evaluated. The bjective f this study was t evaluate the effective duratin f an rally administered 1.5 g cpper xide blus t elevate serum cpper in bntebk {Damaliscus pygargus drcas), a related antelpe subspecies t blesbk. Methds Tw male bntebk (70.5 kg, gd bdy cnditin), 4.5 and 6.5 years f age, were individually hused (4.9 m x 9.8 m pens) under dry lt cnditins fr mre than ne year. Each individual received a daily diet f 858 g high fiber herbivre pellets (cpper =.6 ppm DM; Western Milling, Gshen, CA 937) and ad libitum access t bermudagrass hay (cpper = 6.4 ppm DM) and water. A white salt (American tckman White blck, Nrth American alt Cmpany Overland Park, K 6610) r trace mineralized salt (American tckman, Big 6 Trace Mineral, Nrth American alt Cmpany Overland Park, K 6610; cmpsitin (as-is) % sdium (Na), 3500 ppm zinc (Zn), 000 ppm irn (Fe), 1800 ppm manganese (Mn), ppm Cu, 100 ppm idine (I), and 60 ppm cbalt (C)) blck was als prvided. The animals had n access t fresh pasture r ther surces f lng-stem frage thrughut the trial. Diet cnsumptin was nt measured. Animals were anesthetized and an initial bld sample cllected (day 0) via jugular vienapuncture int a 7 ml evacuated glass tube (BD Vacutainer trace element bld cllectin tube; Bectn, Dickinsn and C., Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417). A 1.5 g cpper xide blus (described abve) was administered rally. ubsequent bld samples were cllected every fur weeks fr a year by veinapuncture while animals were manually restrained in a drp-chute. erum was harvested frm the bld by centrifugatin and stred frzen (-80 C) until all samples were cllected. erum samples were analyzed by inductively cupled plasma (ICP) spectrmetry fr Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, P, K, Na, and Zn at the Califrnia Animal Health and Fd afety Labratry (Davis, CA 95617). Descriptive statistics are prvided t cmpare mineral cncentratins frm samples cllected n day zer with cncentratins frm subsequent samples. Results and Discussin Cpper cncentratins (Fig. 1) n day zer were abve nrmal ruminant ranges ( mg/l). 4 After the cpper blus was administered, serum cpper cncentratins increased (day

3 59) 8% within 30 days, increased t 118% abve baseline (day zer) n day 80, and remained abve baseline thrugh the end f the study (day 364). The initial increase in serum cpper was similar t previus studies. 1 ' 3 ' 5 The initially (day zer) nrmal serum cpper cncentratins bserved in the cunent study may explain why the magnitude f the respnse in serum cpper was lwer than the % increase bserved in cpper deficient bullcks by Rgers and Ple (1988). The ther minerals analyzed were transiently elevated and were nt affected by the cpper blus (Fig. and 3). erum zinc cncentratins (averaged 0.47 mg/l) were belw nrmal ruminant cncentratins ( mg/l) thrughut the entire study. 4 The diet prvided 8 mg Zn/kg DM which exceeds the presumed 30 mg Zn/kg DM dietary requirement. Underwd and uttle (1999) state that zinc absrptin can be impaired when cpper is added t the diet. erum zinc cncentratin was initially lw at the start f the study and did nt g lwer after the cpper blus was adiriinistered. The cpper xide blus effectively increased serum cpper within tw mnths f administratin and maintained elevated cpper cncentratins fr at least 305 days. Acknwledgements The authrs wuld like t thank the an Dieg Z's Wild Animal Park's animal care staff, registered veterinary technicians, veterinarians, and clinical labratry technicians fr their assistance t cmplete this study. LITERATURE CITED 1. Arthingtn, J.D Effects f cpper xide blus adiriinistratin r high-level cpper supplementatin n frage utilizatin and cpper status in beef cattle. J. Anim. ci. 83: Natinal Research Cuncil Nutrient Requirements f Beef Cattle 7 rev. ed. Natinal Academy Press. Washingtn, DC. 3. Rgers, P.A., and D.B. Ple Cpper xide needles fr cattle: a cmparisn with parenteral treatment. Vet. Rec. 13: Underwd, E.J. and N.F. uttle The Mineral Nutritin f Livestck, 3 rd ed. CABI Publishing, New Yrk, NY. 5. Yst, G.P., J.D. Arthingtn, L.R. McDwell, F.G. Martin, N.. Wilkinsn, and C.K. wensn. 00. Effect f cpper surce and level n the rate and extent f cpper repletin in Hlstein heifers. J. Dairy ci. 85:

4 a- 1 g Days pst-blus administratin Figure 1. emm cpper cncentratins f tw bntebk {Damaliscus pygargus drcas) males after cpper xide blus administratin (day zer). Open symbl = Animal 1, Clsed symbl = Animal, Dashed line = average. ±u 150 i r ^ 10- fe 90, i J "&* 60- [ O O O 0 O O O I_I_ i i i - i -T-- 1 f-- 1 i i i --"H- -H- i H-^ i i -H * O 0 A Days pst-blus administratin * Figure. Average semm sdium (meq/l, ), phsphms (mg/l, ), calcium (mg/l, A), and magnesium (mg/l, 0) cncentratins f tw bntebk {Damaliscus pygargus drcas) males after cpper xide blus administratin (day zer).

5 Days pst-blus administratin Figure 3. Average serum ptassium (meq/l, ), irn (mg/l, ), and zinc (mg/l, 0) cncentratins f tw bntebk {Damaliscus pygargus drcas) males after cpper xide blus administratin (day zer).