COMBINATIONS OF PEANUT MEAL AND BLOOD MEAL AS SUBSTITUTES FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN CORN-BASED, GROWING-FINISHING PIG DIETS 1,2

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1 COMBINATIO OF PEANUT MEAL AND BLOOD MEAL AS SUBSTITUTES FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN CORN-BASED, GROWING-FINISHING PIG DIETS 1,2 J. O. llri 3, E. R. Miller 4, D. E. UUrey 4, P. K. Ku 4 and M. G. Hgberg a Michigan State University, East Lansing $umnwry Ninety-six pigs (average initial weight 20.9 kg) were assigned randmly within each f tw replicates in grups f eight t a crnsybean meal diet, a crn-peanut meal diet and fur ther diets in which peanut meal and flash-dried bld meal (FDBM) cmpletely replaced sybean meal. The six diets were calculated t be nutritinally adequate and islysinic during the grwer (.75% lysine fr 8 wk) and finisher (.60% lysine fr 4 wk) phases. Rate and efficiency f gains were lwer (P<.05) in pigs receiving the crnpeanut meal diet in cmparisn with thse n the ther diets. Over the entire 12-wk perid, rate and efficiency f gain were similar in pigs cnsuming the basal crn-sybean meal diet and the crn plus 15 t 20% peanut meal + 3 t 4% FDBM diets. Apparent bilgical value and net prtein utilizatin were lwer (P<.05) in pigs cnsuming the crnpeanut meal diet. Hwever, dietary treatments did nt affect energy, Ca r P utilizatin. Carcass measurements were als nt significantly influenced by dietary treatments. (Key Wrds: Swine, Peanut-Bld Meal, Sybean Meal, Nutrient Balance, Carcass Measurements.) Intrductin Althugh peanut meal has been evaluated in feeds fr pigs (Brks and Thmas, 1959; 1Michigan AgT. Exp. StL Jurnal Article N This study was supprted in part by the Internatinal Atmic Energy Agency (I.A.E.A.) in Vienna, Austria. 3Present address: ' Dept. f Anim. Sci., Univ. f lfe, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 4Dept. f Anim. Sci. Received December 7, Accepted February 21, Cmbs et al., 1963; Ork et al., 1975;Balgun and Kch, 1979b), very little infrmatin has been reprted n the effect f a peanutbld meal diet fr pigs. Nigeria prduces abundant amunts f peanut meal and a very limited amunt f sybean meal. Peanut meal cmprises between 20 and 25% f the ttal diet in mst pultry and swine frmulatins in current use in Nigeria. Palm kernel cake is used t the extent f abut 5 t 10%, while cttnseed meal is nt used much in swine and pultry diets because f the lack f technlgy within Nigeria t eliminate gssypl-a phenlic cmpund with antinutritinal effects. There is, therefre, a cmplete reliance n peanut meal which is lw in lysine (Brks and Thmas, 1959), methinine + cystine and, pssibly threnine fr feeding pultry and swine. Sybean meal is higher in critical amin acids than peanut meal but is used little in Nigeria because f its high cst f imprtatin. Bld meal made frm bld cllected at the slaughter f pigs and cattle is high in prtein and lysine. Its lack f use in swine diets is due primarily t the pr availability f lysine as a result f the extended high temperatures used during the batch drying prcess. Hwever, in recent years new rapid drying methds have been develped. Bld meal that has been flashdried by the ring r drum prcess has been shwn t have a high available lysine. Miller and Parsns (1981) reprted the biavailable lysine in ring-dried pig and cattle bld and steam-drum dried cattle bld t be 6.5 t 7% n an as fed basis. Because peanut meal is abundantly available in Nigeria and there is the pssibility f prductin f large amunts f flash-dried bld meal (FDBM), this study was designed t find what cmbinatins f crn, peanut meal and FDBM wuld supprt perfrmance equivalent t r superir t a crn-sybean meal diet fr grwing-finishing pigs. 394 JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, Vl. 59, N. 2, 1984

2 PEANUT MEAL AND BLOOD MEAL IN SWINE DIETS 395 Materials and Methds Ninety-six grwing Durc x Yrkshire and Landrace x Durc crssbred pigs averaging 20.9 kg were alltted randmly int pens f eight pigs. Tw replicate pens f pigs were assigned t each f the six dietary treatments shwn in table 1. A simple substitutin f peanut meal fr sybean meal n a prtein basis was cnsidered unsatisfactry in frmulating the diets because this wuld autmatically cause the experimental diets t be deficient in lysine and ther essential amin acids. The diets were therefre frmulated t meet the lysine levels rather than prtein levels, but in n case was the prtein level much lwer than the NRC (1979) requirements. All diets were ffered ad libitum and all pigs had ad libitum access t water frm an autmatic watering cup. All diets were frmulated t meet NRC (1979) requirements fr lysine, tryptphan, methinine + cystine, isleucine, metablizable energy, Ca and P, ther essential minerals and vitamins. Pigs were switched frm the grwing t the finishing diet (table 1) when they attained an average weight f 66.3 kg. Bdy weight and feed cnsumptin were recrded every 2 wk and average daily gain (ADG) and gain/feed (G/F) were calculated frm these data. Carcass measurements were cllected n eight pigs/ treatment when the pigs attained an average market weight f kg accrding t the prcedure utlined by Kaufman et al. (1978). Nitrgen, energy, Ca and P balance studies were cnducted with 12 littermate pigs (average weight 10.0 kg). Tw pigs were fed each f the six grwing diets (table 1). The pigs received twice daily an amunt f finely grund feed equivalent t 2% f each pig's initial bdy weight, with an equal amunt f water t frm a slurry that the pigs cnsumed within 5 t 10 rain, withut cntaminatin f excreta. All pigs were adjusted t this regimen and cntinued n it fr 7 d befre excreta cllectins were made fr a 5 d perid. Feces were cllected separately n a fine screen under the expanded metal flr f the stainless steel metablism cages in which the pigs were hused. Urine passed thrugh this screen nt a stainless steel cllecting tray and int plastic cntainers cntaining enugh 6N HC1 t maintain an acid ph. Feed, feces and urine were prepared and analyzed in duplicate fr grss energy, N, Ca and P. Grss energy values f feed, feces and urine were determined using an adiabatic bmb calrimeter standardized with benzic acid. Urine grss energy was determined after freeze drying.5 ml f urine n cttn balls and subtracting the calric cntributin f the cttn. The N cntent f the feed, feces and urine was determined by a semi-micr Kjeldahl methd (AOAC, 1980). Calcium in feed, feces and urine was determined by atmic absrptin spectrphtmetry and P was determined by visible light spectrphtmetry (Gmri, 1942). Gain, gain/feed, nutrient balance r utilizatin and carcass measurements were analyzed accrding t the analysis f variance prcedure as utlined by Steel and Trrie (1960). Bnferrni t-statistics were utilized fr cmparisns amng treatment means (Gill, 1978). Results and Discussin The data presented in table 2 summarize the effect f crn-sybean meal, crn-peanut meal and crn-peanut meal-bld meal diets n daily gains (ADG), efficiency f gain (G/F) and carcass measurements. Gain and Gain/Feed. The rate f gain during the grwer phase and ver the entire 12-wk perid was lwest (P<.05) in pigs fed the crn-peanut meal diets. Feed efficiency (G/F) ver the entire grwing-finishing phases was als lwest (P<.05) in pigs receiving the crnpeanut meal diet. The rate and efficiency f gains in pigs receiving the crn-peanut meal diet were much imprved during the finisher ver the grwer phase when cmpared with the ther dietary treatments. The lwer rate and efficiency f gains btained in this study fr pigs n the crnpeanut meal diet may nt have been expected because it cntained mre than the suggested prtein and lysine requirements (NRC, 1979). The pr perfrmance f pigs n this diet culd be due t a requirement fr a higher level f lysine (McWard et al., 1959) and ther essential amin acids at the high prtein level (21.6%) at which it was fed. Pigs fed the crn-peanut meal grwer diet cnsumed less feed daily than pigs fed the crn-sybean meal diet and, cnsequently, their daily lysine intake was nt adequate t supprt maximum rate f gain. This was effectively crrected with the use f a lysine-rich prtein such as ring-dried bld meal. During the finishing

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4 PEANUT MEAL AND BLOOD MEAL IN SWINE DIETS 397 TABLE 2. GAIN, FEED EFFICIENCY AND CARCASS MEASURES OF PIGS FED EXPERIMENTAL DIETS Diets a Item --b- ~ ~ MSE c P values d Average daily gain, kg Grwer.85 e.71 f.81 e.84 e.86 e.80 e Finisher Overall.86 e.76 f.81 ef.83 ef.86 e.80 ef Gain/Feed Grwer Finisher Overall.33 e.31 f.31 f.33 e.34 e.31 f Carcass measures Ht carcass weight, kg Backfat at loth rib, cm Lin eye area, cm Kg muscle in carcass % muscle in carcass alevel f flash-dried bld meal in the grwer diet. blevel f flash- dried bld meal in the finisher diet. CMSE = mean squares f errr. d = nt significantly different (P>.05). e'fmeans within rws having different superscripts differ (P<.05). phase f the study, hwever, pigs fed the crn-peanut meal diet ate and gained similarly t pigs fed the ther diets. This suggests that when a crn-peanut meal finishing diet is frmulated t ensure an adequate intake f the essential amin acids, finishing pigs can utilize up t 24% peanut meal in their diet with little lss f perfrmance. This view is supprted by the research f Balgun and Kch (1979b) wh fund finishing pigs utilized up t 20% f raw r rasted peanuts efficiently in their diet. Over the entire 12-wk trial, the rate and efficiency f gains in pigs receiving the basal crn-sybean meal diet, the crn-peanut meal plus 3 r 4% FDBM during the grwer phase (20 t 66 kg) and the crn-peanut meal plus 2 r 3% FDBM during the finishing phase (66 t 100 kg) were abut equal. Inadequacy f the amin acid lysine was shwn by Brks and Thmas (1959) and Ork et al. (1975) t be the greatest limitatin in the quality f peanut meal. The imprved perfrmance f pigs n the peanut meal diet supplemented with lysine frm FDBM supprted the view f Evans (1958) wh fund added lysine t be advantageus in a cereal-peanut meal diet fr pigs. In the present study, additin f FDBM at levels f 3 t 4% with peanut meal at levels f 15 t 20% in the grwer diets and 2 t 3% FDBM with 10 t 15% peanut meal in the finisher diets prduced pig perfrmance similar t that btained frm pigs fed a basal crn-sybean meal grwing-finishing diet. Our results are supprted by the research f Balgun and Kch (1979b), wh shwed that when bld meal was added t cmplement grund peanuts in lysine, finishing pigs culd efficiency utilize up t 20% grund peanuts in their diet. The results f this study are als in agreement with the bservatins f Miller and Parsn (1981), wh reprted pig perfrmance equal t a crn-sybean meal diet when FDBM was limited t 4% in the grwer diet (26 t 55 kg) and 3% in the finisher diet (55 t 110 kg) bdy weight. Carcass Measures. There were n significant differences in the carcass measures f pigs fed crn-sybean meal, crn-peanut meal r crn-peanut meal-fdbm diets during the grwing-finishing perids. Balgun and Kch (1979b) shwed that pigs cnsuming a 20% whle peanut diet had thicker backfat, lwer lin eye area and a lwer percentage

5 398 ILORI ET AL. TABLE 3. NITROGEN, ENERGY, CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS BALANCE OF PIGS FED GROWER DIETS Diets a Item MSE b P values c Nitrgen Apparent N digestibility, % Net prtein util., % 51.1 d 41.4 e 52.3 d 47.1 de 45.9 de 54.3 d 13.8 Apparent bil. value, % 63.1 d 47.2 e 61.2 d 55.2 de 55.8 de 66.0 d.001 Energy Apparent energy dig., % Apparent met. energy, kcal/g Calcium Daily Ca balance, g % Ca retentin Phsphrus Daily P balance, g % P retentin asee table 1. bmse = mean squares f errr. c = nt s~,nificantly different (P>.06). d'emeans within rws having different superscripts differ ~P<.05). f lean cuts than pigs cnsuming a crnsybean meal diet. This cntrasts with ur bservatins in the present study in which carcass measures f pigs fed a crn-peanut meal diet were equal t r superir t thse f pigs fed a crn-sybean meal diet. Tfiis cntrast is likely due t the feeding f whle peanuts by Balgun and Kch (1979b), while peanut meal was used in ur study. Ork et al. (1975) fund that carcasses f pigs fed sybean meal-supplemented diets differed frm the carcasses f pigs fed peanut meal-supplemented diets nly in lin eye area and grade index. Nutrient Balance. There were n significant differences in apparent energy and N digestibilities resulting frm dietary treatments (table 3). Hwever, the bilgical value (P<.05) and the net prtein utilizatin (P<.05) f the crnpeanut meal diet was lwer than that f the crn-sybean meal, crn-peanut meal plus 2% FDBM and crn-peanut meal plus 6% FDBM diets. N explanatin can be ffered fr the lw (P>.05) net prtein utilizatin and bilgical value bserved in pigs n the crn-peanut meal plus 3 r 4% FDBM, which were as efficiently utilized in ur feeding trials as the crn-sybean meal diet. Hwever, the lw net prtein utilizatin and bilgical value f the crn-peanut meal diet is cnsistent with the lwer rate and efficiency f gains btained in the feeding trials f pigs fed this diet. Daily Ca, P and energy balance r utilizatin were nt significantly influenced by dietary treatments. Balgun and Kch (1979a) fund n differences in apparent digestible energy r apparent digestible N and N retained in yung pigs fed 0, 10, 15 and 20% raw peanuts in islysinic (.90%) crnsybean meal diets. Overall, results f ur study suggest that a cmbinatin f peanut meal and FDBM can replace sybean meal cmpletely in islysinic grwing-finishing pig diets withut reductin in rate and efficiency f gain, nutrient utilizatin r carcass quality. Thus, in the grwer diet, levels f 15 t 20% f peanut meal plus 3 t 4% f FDBM can replace 17.6% f dehulled sybean meal plus 2 t 5% f crn; while in the finisher diet, levels f 10 t 15% f peanut meal plus 2 t 3% f FDBM can replace 12.4% f dehulled sybean meal plus 1 t 4% f crn. Literature Cited AOAC Official Methds f Analysis (13th Ed.). Assciatin f Official Analytical Chemists, Washingtn, DC. Balgun, T. F. and B. A. Kch. 1979a. Raw r rasted grundnut as a partial prtein and energy surce

6 PEANUT MEAL AND BLOOD MEAL IN SWINE DIETS 399 in ratins fr grwing pigs. Trp. Agr. 56: 135. Balgun, T. F. and B. A. Kch. 1979b. Influence f trypsin inhibitr level and prcessing n the nutritinal value f grundnut fr finishing pigs. Trp. Agr. 56:245. Brks, C. C. and H. R. Thmas Supplements t peanut il meal prtein fr grwing-finishing swine. J. Anita. Sci. 18:119. Cmbs, G. E., F. L. Osegnenda, H. D. Wallace and C. B. Ammerman Digestibility f ratins cntaining different surces f supplementary prtein by yung pigs. J. Anita. Sci. 22:396. Evans, R. E Nutritin f the bacn pig. J. Agr. Sci. (Camb.) 50:230. Gill, J. L Design and Analysis f Experiments, Vl. 1. Iwa State Univ. Press, Ames. Gmri, G A mdificatin f the clrimetric phsphrus determinatin fr use with the phtelectric clrimeter. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 27:955. Kaufman, R. G., R. J. Epley, J. R. Rmans, F. C. Smith and D. G. Tpel Carcass evaluatin. Prk Industry Handbk, U.S. Dept. f Agriculture and Natinal Prk Prducers Cuncil. McWard, G. W., D. E. Becker, H. W. Nrtn, S. W. Terril and A. H. Jensen The lysine requirement f weaning pigs at tw levels f dietary prtein. J. Anita. Sci. 18:1059. Miller, E. R. and M. J. Parsns Flash dried bld meal as an ingredient fr pig diets. Pig News and Infrmatin 2(4) :407. NRC Nutrient Requirements f Dmestic Animals, N. 2. Nutrient Requirements f Swine. Eighth Revised Ed. Natinal Academy f Sciences-Natinal Research Cuncil, Washingtn, DC. Ork, E. J., J. P. Bwland and C. W. Briggs Rapeseed, peanut and sybean meals as prtein supplement with r withut added lysine: Bilgical perfrmance and carcass characteristics f pigs and rats. Can. J. Anita. Sci. 55:135. Steel, R.G.D. and J. H. Trrie Principles and Prcedures f Statistics. McGraw-Hill Bk C., New Yrk.