P<0.05 (In vitro) (1986) AL--enday. (Wild Reed) Phragmites communis. (Klopfenstein, 1978 ; Abedwale,1989; VanSoest.1985)

Transcription

1 72 * Aspergillus niger 152 % P<.5 (In vitro) A. niger () A.niger A. niger (186) AL--enday (Wild Reed) Phragmites communis (18) Al- Resk edaney Asay) 2 (Klopfenstein, 178 ; Abedwale,18; VanSoest.185) 6 *

2 x 8 Penicillium Aspergillus A.oryzae (lyayi, 2 8 A.O.A.C (NDF) ADF) VanSoest,Goering 17 InVitro (In Vitro) : Terry Tilly, Aspergillus niger (p <.5) (Pitt,Hocking,17) Czapek Yeast extract Malt extract agar agar(cya) Czapek concentrate (MCA) 72

3 Klopfenstein1 172,Olade A. niger Fahey 2.8 (p < (DMD In vitro).5) A. Lyayi, 21 Bakrie 26 niger (p < (OMD In vitro).5) 8 Cssava Kaping ( 1 Sago fiber 6.5 Lyayi,2 ( Guerra,18) (p <.5) 71

4 72 % %66.7 Klopfenstein % P<.5 Glucuronic Glucuronic 5 Tarkow, 16 Ali, 25 Hartly & Jones, 178 Chesson,188 Wallace (1) citric acid Gabriella 26 ph oxalic acid ph P<.5 72

5 72 Postharvest treatment of fibrous feedstuffs to improve their nutritive value. In: forage cell wall structure and digestibility (Jung, H.G., Buxton D.R., Hatfield, R.D. & Ra; Ph, J., eds.), pp American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wi. 1. Gabriella, A.Varga, and Ervi, S. Kolver (26). Microbial and animal limitations of fiber digestion and utilization, Goering, H.K., and Van Soest (17). Forage fiber analysis (apparatus, reagents procedures and some applications). 12. Hartley, R.D., and E.C. Jones. (178). Effect of aqueous ammonia and other alkalis on the in vitro digestibility of barley straw. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2: Klopfenstein, T.J. (178). chemical treatment of crop residue. J. Anim. Sci. 6: Klopfenstein, T.J., and U.E Kurese. (172). Chemical treatment of low quality roughages. J. Anim. Sci 5: Kopiang, I.P., Sinurat, A.P., Supriyati, Purwadaria T.,and Darma. J (1). Nutritive value of protein enriched cassava: cassapro.ilmu dan petermakan 7(2) : Lyayi E,A,and Losel, D.M (21). Changes in carbohydrate fractions of cassava peel following fungal solid state fermentation. J. Food Technol Afr. 6 () Lyayi, Eustace A. (2) Changes in cellulose, sugar and crude protein contents of agro - industerial by products fermented with Aspergillus niger, A.flavus and Penicillum sp. African Journal of Biotechnology (), Ololde, B.G., D.N. Mowat and J.E. winch (17). Effect of processing method on in vitro digestibility of 7 2. Abedwale. E.A (18). Response of west afriacn dwarf sheep and goats fed maize cobs treated with different concentration of caustic soda. Trop. Agric (Trindad), 66: Al- Edany. T.Y., and Ab Almousawi (186). Regional variation in the chemical composition of soil and dominant aquatic plants in Shatt Al- Arab, Iraq, Banglsh. J.Bot Ali, M.A. (25). Effect of probiotic addition on growth performance of growing lambs fed different roughages. Egyption J. Nutrition and Feed (25) 8(special issue): Asay, K.H. Carlson, I.T., Wilsit, C.P. (168). Genetic variability in forage yield, crude protein percentage and palatability in reed cannary grass Crop Sci. 8: Association of Official Analytical Chemists (A.O.A.C) (18) Official methods of analysis (1 th edition) Washington, D.C.U.S.A. 7. Bakrie, B (26). Improvement of nutritive quality of crop Byproducts using bioprocess technique and their uses for animals.improvement of nutritive quality of crop(1-1) 8. Chesson, A. (188). lignin polysaccharide complex of the plant cell wall and their effect on microbial plant degradation in the rumen. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol, 21: Fahey G.C., Jr., Bourquin, L.D., Titgemeyer, E.C., & Atwell, D.G. (1) 1 7

6 72 vitro digestion of forage crops J. Br. Grassld. Sci. 18: Tarkow, H. and W.C. Fiest (16). A mechansim for improving the digestibility of ligniocellosic materials with dilute alkali and liquid ammonia. Advances in Chemistry series 5. American Chemistry Society, Washington D.C.p Van Soest, P.J. (185). Defination of fiber in animal feeds. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition p Wallace R.J.(1). Ruminal microbiology, and ruminant nutrition: progress and problems. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 22-. sodium hydroxide treated roughages. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 5: Pitt, J.I., and Hocking, A,O. (17). Fungi and food spoilage Blackie Academic Professional. Association of official Analytical Academic chemists. 2. Resk, M.R.,and T.Y. Al-Edany (18). Ecology of Phragmites anstrallis (Cav) Thrine x.stand in Shatt Al-Arab, Iraq. 1-seasonal and regional variations in the chemical constituents of water and soil in red. Pol.Arch.Hydrobiol 27: 21. Tilley, J.M., and R.A. Terry (16). A two stage technique for in THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ON IMPROVING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CORN COBS AND WILD REED Raheef.S.H* *Dept. of Animal resources, College of Agriculture,Baghdad University Abstract: This study was conducted in Animal Resources Department, College of Agriculture to estimate the effect of chemical and biological treatments to improve the nutritive value of poor quality roughages ( corn cobs and wild reed ). The feeds were treated chemically with % NaoH solution,whereas Aspergillus niger was used to ferment corn cobs and wild reed samples. The chemical analysis showed that protein percentages of corn cobs and wild reed was increased significantly (P<.5) from 6.5% to 1.51% and 17.7% and from.1 %to 6.5% and.6% for both chemical and biological treatments respectively. The crude fiber percentages decreased significantly (P<.5) from 2.1% and 26.1% to 2.6% and 2.1% for chemical treatment and was 2.2% and 1.5% after biological treatment for both corn cobs and wild reed respectively. In Vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility was increased significantly ( ) by using both treatments. The results of this study indicated an improvement in the nutritive value for corn cobs and wild reed when treated chemically with % NaOH and biologically with Aspergillus niger. 7