Syllabus. FW 495/595. Special Topics in Fisheries and Wildlife. Wildlife Nutrition. Spring, 2011 Distance Education Course

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1 Syllabus FW 495/595. Special Topics in Fisheries and Wildlife. Wildlife Nutrition. Spring, 2011 Distance Education Course Dr. Robert D. Brown DVM Dean College of Natural Resources 2028 Biltmore Hall Campus Box 8001 Raleigh, NC Teaching Assistant: Dr. Jennifer Hurley-Sanders, PH: Catalogue Description: a review of the field of nutrition as it applies to wild vertebrates. Topics covered include nutritional theory; the nutrients; field measurements of feed intake and analysis of feed composition; digestive anatomy and physiology of monogastrics, ruminants, birds and fish; nutrient requirements for maintenance, growth, reproduction and production; absorption and metabolism; food availability and plant defensive agents; nutritional diseases; foraging behaviors; indices of nutritional condition; population density and nutritional habitat; neuro-endocrine control of intake and metabolism; feeding of animals in captivity; adaptation and evolution in terms of the effect of climate change on nutritional quantity and quality. Prerequisites: Introductory undergraduate courses in biology and chemistry. Learning Objectives: Overall: Students are expected to learn to appreciate the challenges in dealing with nutritional issues of wild animals as opposed to those of domestic animal pets, livestock, and captive wildlife. FW495/595 Learning Outcomes The student will compare and contrast the differences and similarities between the nutritional issues of wild animals as opposed to domestic animal pets, livestock, and captive wildlife. During the first phase of the course, the student will: Explain the nature of the nutrients required by all vertebrates carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and energy. explain how feed nutrient and energy content is analyzed

2 describe symptoms of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities. During the second phase of the course, the student will: describe how each of the nutrient groups are digested and absorbed in monogastric, ruminant, and avian species. Explain methods of determining feed and nutrient digestibility in domestic and wild animals. Explain how nutrients, once absorbed, are metabolized. During the third phase of the course, the student will: describe nutrients requirements for maintenance, growth and reproduction in wild animals describe the needs for water and adaptations to water scarcity describe the measurement of bodily indices that reflect nutritional condition of wild animals During the fourth phase of the course, the student will: describe how food quantity and quality and overall habitat quality is measured. explain how food intake is estimated in wild animals describe theories of food intake regulation and foraging strategies explain the impact of secondary plant compounds on intake and digestibility describe the causes and symptoms of nutritional diseases. In the fifth phase of the course, the student will: describe the general nutritional issues faced by managers of captive animals in zoos and fish describe the specific nutritional considerations when feeding herbivores, carnivores and primates in zoos In the sixth phase of the course, the student will: discuss issues which need clarification, those not fully covered or of additional interest from previous lectures, new topics of interest to the students, results of mini-theme questions, and/or the content and methodology of this course. Required Textbook: Integrative Wildlife Nutrition, Barboza, Parker and Hume, Springer-Verlag, 2009 Available from: NCSU Bookstore (Paperback) or On-line free from NCSU Libraries.

3 Over the course, we will cover this entire book. Available free on-line from the NCSU Library. Abbreviation: IWN Recommended Textbook: The Digestive System of Vertebrates. DVD download available free from the Comparative Nutrition Society at or DVD can be purchased at the same site for $25. An excellent addition, especially for those interested in zoo animals or multiple species. Midterm and final will have extra credit questions from this text. Abbreviation: DSV Week Units Readings Assignments Exams Phase 1. The Composition and Analysis of Wildlife Feeds Week 1: Getting Started Jan Intro to Course, Nutritional Theory and Nutrients 2.The Nutrients: Carbohydrates Intro: IWN Ch 1. Pgs 1-16 DSV Ch 1 (3pgs) Carbs: IWN Ch. 6, pgs DSV Ch. 2 (15pgs) Schedule your Proctored Midterms and Final Exams Begin Mini Theme 1 Week 2: Jan The Nutrients: Proteins Protein: IWN Ch 8, pgs , Complete Introduce yourself Forum Also Read: Carl & Brown Protein req. of peccaries. Week 3: Jan The Nutrients: Lipids 5. The Nutrients: Vitamins Lipids: IWN Ch 7, pgs Vitamins: IWN Ch 9, pgs Read: Sterling & McEwan Seals and polar bears Read: Van Der Eems &Brown.1988.

4 Vitamin D. 6. The Nutrients: Minerals Minerals: IWN Ch 9, pgs Read: Stephenson &Brown Ca kinetics. Mini theme 1 due: Jan. 28, 2010 Week 4: Jan 31-Feb 4 7. The Nutrients: Energy Energy: IWN Ch 10, pgs DSV Ch 3(6pgs) Read: Meyer et al Prot & energy in deer. 8. Analysis of Feeds IWN, Ch 1, pgs 4-9; Ch 6, pgs ; Ch 8, pgs Read: Meyer & Brown 1985 seasonal trends GRAD Students ONLY: Proposal for Term Paper Due: Feb. 4, 2010 Phase II. Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism of Nutrients Week 5: Feb Monogastric Digestion MG Dig.: IWN Ch. 5, pgs 73-88; Ch 6, pgs & ; Ch 7, pgs ; Ch 8, pgs & DSV Ch 4 (9pg) 10. Ruminant Rum Dig. Ch 5, pgs 88-93; Ch 6,

5 Digestion pgs DSV Ch 5(18pgs) (Skip fish) Week 6: Feb Week 7: Feb Avian, Etc. Digestion 12. Determining Digestibility 13. Nutrient Absorption DSV Ch 6 (20 pgs) Read: Strey & Brown Estimating digestibility Absorption: IWN Ch 6, pgs ; Ch 7, pgs ; Ch 8, pgs Mini Theme 2 due Feb 21 (Monday) 1 st Midterm Exam. 1 hr. (proctored). Over lects Schedule for Feb DSV Ch 7 (29pgs) Metabolism: IWN Ch 6, pgs 92-98, 14. Intermediary ; Ch 7, pgs Metabolism ; Ch 8, pgs Phase III. Nutrient Requirements and Evaluation of Nutritional Status Week 8: Feb 28 - Mar Nutrient Requirements for Maintenance Maintenance: IWN Ch 10, pgs DSV Ch 8 (19pgs) Note: Week 10, Mar 7 11 is Spring Break Week 10: Mar Nutrient Requirements for Growth 17. Nutrient Requirements for Reproduction Growth: Ch 10, pgs DSV Ch 9 (29pgs) Reproduction:IWN Ch 10, pgs Mini Theme 3: due Mar. 18, Water Water: IWN Ch 9, pgs DSV Ch 10 (26pgs) Read: Lautier, et al Water restriction Week Indices of None in IWN or Read Brown,

6 Nutritional Status DSV et al Diet restriction on indices in deer Phase IV. Food Availability Intake Regulation and Measurement, Plant Defensive Agents and Nutritional Diseases Week 11 cont d. Mar Week 12: Mar 28 April 1 Week 13: April Food Availability and Habitat 21. Intake Control and Measurement 22. Foraging Behavior & Habitat Guest Lecturer: Dr. Jennifer Hurley-Sanders 23. Toxins and Secondary Plant Compounds 24. Nutritional Diseases Phase V. Feeding of Zoo Animals Week 14: April Guest Lecturer: Dr. Kimberly Ange 25. Intro to Zoo Nutrition Food Availability: IWN Ch 2, pgs 19-31;Ch 11, pgs Intake: IWN, Ch 11, pgs DSV Ch 11 (10pgs) Foraging: IWN, Ch 2, pgs 19-31; Ch 3, pgs TBA TBA TBA Mini Theme 4: due Apr. 4, 2010 Monday Read: Wheaton and Brown Feed intake.. Read: McCall et al Nutr. Carrying capacity in deer Midterm Exam 2. Proctored. Over lects Schedule for Mar 30, 31 or April 1. Week 15: Apr Carnivore Nutrition Guest Lecturer: Dr. Jennifer Campbell 27. Feeding Captive Animals: Ruminants TBA Mini Theme 5 due: Apr. 22, 2010

7 28. Feeding Captive Animals- Primates Phase VI. Considerations for the Future Week 16 Apr. 25- May 29 Final Exam 29 and 30. Fish Nutrition, possibly Herp Nutrition, Evolutionary Issues Climate Change Ch 11, pgs Read: Brown and Cooper Baiting and feeding GRAD Students ONLY: Term Paper due Apr. 29, 2010 Final Exam: 2 hrs in length: May 4 or May 5, or May 6, Reading Assignments: Assignments will be made from Integrative Wildlife Nutrition (IWN), available at the NCSU Bookstore (paperback) or free on-line from NCSU Libraries. We will cover the entire book. The Digestive System of Vertebrates (DSV). Download of DVD available free ) - assignments from this text are options, but recommended extra credit questions from this text will be on Midterm and Final. There will also be assignments of scientific papers available through e-reserves (within the Moodle course). Homework, Quizzes and Tests: There will be 5 Mini Theme papers (2-3 pages each) worth a total of 100 points (20 points each). There will be two Midterm Exams worth 100 points each and a Final Exam worth 200 points. One half of the final exam will cover the last portion of the course, and one half will course the entire course. BOTH the Midterms and the Final Exams will be proctored exams. Midterm 1 hr in length: Schedule your Midterm for March 2, 3 or 4, Final Exam 3 hrs in length: Schedule your Final for May 4, 5, or 6, Local Testing: Remote Testing: Graduate students will be required to write a Term Paper choosing one species or sub species of wild animals, and discussing the status of the wild population in terms of location and density; known digestive anatomy and efficiency; nutrient requirements; and nutritional challenges and need for additional research on this animal. The paper will

8 be worth 100 points, bringing the total for graduate students to 500 points. The Term Paper is due April 29, Note: Quizzes contained within each lecture are not graded. They are merely a learning tool. ALL times for due dates are based on Eastern Time. All assignments that you need to submit through Moodle s assignment tool will open when your instructor opens the content for that Unit and close on the due date at 23:55 p.m. Eastern Time. Undergraduates Two Mid Term Exams 200 pts 5 Mini-Themes 100 pts (20 pts each) Final 200 pts (1/2 over last 1/2 of course, 1/2 comprehensive Undergrad Total Points 500 Graduate Students 2 Mid Term Exams 200 pts 5 Mini-Themes 100 pts (20 pts each) Final 200 pts (1/2 over last 1/2 of course, 1/2 comprehensive Term paper (Grad students only) 100 pts. Grad Total Points 600 Determination of Grades: For undergraduates, a total of 400 points will be available. Grades will be determined by A = 90% or 360 points; B = 80% or 320 points; C = 70% or 280 points; D = 60% or 240 points; F = less than 240 points. Undergraduates Grade Percentage Points Total of 500 points will A be available. B C D F Less than 300

9 For graduate students, a total of 500 points will be available/ Grades will be determined by A = 90% or 450 points; B = 80% or 400 points; C = 70% or 350 points; D = 60% or 300 points; and F = less than 300 points. Graduate Students Grade Percentage Points Total of 600 points A will be available. B C D F Less than 360 Incomplete Grades and Late Assignments: Incomplete grades will not be given without substantial documentation of conditions that interfere with satisfactory completion of work within the semester limits. If allowed, incomplete grades will carry a specific time limitation and definite statement of work required. Those missing an exam will also be required to provide an explanation of the reason exam was missed. Options for a makeup exam may include taking the exam at a later date, but within a reasonable time, or increasing the point value of the final exam. Late submission of the paper for graduate students will lead to a reduction in grade of one full grade per week unless an acceptable explanation can be provided. Academic Integrity Statement: The University policy on academic integrity may be found in the Code of Student Conduct Policy (POL ) at Students in this course are expected to respect and have a professional relationship with each other and their instructor. Students are expected to do their own work in completion of assignments and exams. Statement for Students with Disabilities: Reasonable accommodations will be made for students with verifiable disabilities. In order to take advantage of available accommodations, students must register with Disability Services at For more information on NC State s policy on working with students with disabilities, see the Academic Accommodations for Students with Disabilities Regulations at Final Note: Based on comments from students who took the course in Spring, 2010, we have added a 2 nd midterm exam. As of fall, 2010 we are still modifying the last 2 weeks of the course likely condensing the specific zoo-oriented lectures and adding fish digestive physiology and nutrition, and possibly herp nutrition and physiology. We may add an additional means of student interaction with the professor and the TA, such as a weekly on-line chat room. We may also schedule optional field trips to local zoos or primate or carnivore rescue/research facilities. Reading assignments, especially those of scientific papers, may change.

10 Reference Texts: Comparative Avian Nutrition. K. Klasing. CAB International pp. Bioenergetics of Wild Herbivores. R.J. Hudson and R.G. White. CRC Press pp. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. 2 nd Ed., C. T. Robbins Academic Press. 352 pp. Integrative Wildlife Nutrition. P.S. Barboza, K.L. Parker, and I.D. Hume Springer-Verlag. 342pp. Physiological Ecology. W.H. Karasov and C. Martinez del Rio. Princeton University Press pp. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. 2 nd Ed. P.J. Van Soest. Cornell University Press pp. The Ruminant Stomach. Vol. 2. R.R. Hofmann. East African Literature Bureau pp. (Out of Print) The Evaluation of Feeds Through Digestibility Experiments. B.H. Schneider and W. P. Flatt. University of Georgia Press pp. (Out of Print) Zoo Animals: Behavior, Management and Welfare. G. Hosey, V. Melfi, and S. Pankhurst. Oxford University Press pp. Wild Mammals in Captivity Principles and Techniques. D. G. Kleiman, M.A. Allen, K. V. Thompson and S. Lumpkin (Eds).University of Chicago Press pp.