Suchanit Ngamkala (D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D) Pet food and its preparation

Transcription

1 Suchanit Ngamkala (D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D) Pet food and its preparation 7, 10 November 2016

2 Outlines 1. Types of pet food 2.The preparation of pet food 3. Feeding dogs and cats 4. Life stage foods

3 Basic pet caring OWNING A PET What is your responsibility? What will my pet need from me, and can I take care of its needs?

4 Training Your Pet

5 Spay or Neuter Your Pet

6 Providing veterinary care

7 Providing for Your Pet s Needs

8 Types of pet food Pet food falls into 2 categories. 1. Home-prepared diets 2. Commercial diets (complete or complementary) Dry food Moist food Semi-moist (loaded with chemicals)

9 1. Home-prepared diets Protein Sources of nutrients for home-made diets o Meat (trim fat) o Fish o Eggs and cheese o Milk powder (small amount) o Beans Vitamins and minerals o Green vegetable o Supplements o Avoid over-cooking o Do not add salt unless specifically advised to Carbohydrate o Rice, bread, potato Fats and Oils o Animal or Vegetable origin

10 Precautions of Home-prepared diets Problems from feeding bones Stuck in the mouth Damaged gut Constipation Cooking alters foodstuff or some nutrition home-prepared diets should be lightly cooked water used in cooking should be kept & mixed with food Salt should not be added. To ensure adequate nutrition.

11 Cats are true carnivores!!! Their bodies are programmed to function on a diet consisting mainly PROTEINS & FAT A low-carb diet Dogs have fewer taste buds than we do. Nothing s perfect so rotate diet (some pets can t tolerate changes) Don t use cat food for dog Dog food has too high in fat/protein level. What to feed? It depends on. Size or medical condition Lifestyle (active or inactive) Growth or Maintenance? (puppy or adult?)

12 Bones And Raw Food diet (BARF) The BARF diet is simple in philosophy and construction. Similar to the diet of a wild animal and mimics that type of feeding regime using available whole raw foodstuffs Owner s preference*** Usually not well balanced Consults with veterinarian Home-Prepared Diets (Cont.)

13 2. Commercial diets 2.1 Complete foods - With complete balanced and adequate diet when fed alone. - Containing all essential ingredients 2.2 Complementary foods - Nutritional imbalance - Require of the addition of another food / ingredient Whether complete or complementary, commercial diets can also divided into moist, semi-moist and dry

14 Meat, poultry, seafood, cereal, feed grain By-products Not fit for human consumption but still must meet federal standards for safety and nutrition Vitamins / Minerals (to complete nutritional needs) Preservatives (for shipping and to extend shelf-life) Coloring (to make it pretty) Approved by the FDA Food Contents

15 Standardization FDA (Food and Drug Association)** FTC (Federal Trade Commission) USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) State Government Pet Food Institute AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials)**

16 Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Set standards for animal feeds and pet foods in the U.S. Work with FDA Must meet Complete and Balanced standards All nutrients known to be required by a dog or cat Minimum of nutrients require Adult Maintenance Growth/Reproduction Feeding trials and Lab Analysis Fed and monitored for six months

17 Large number of varieties commercial food (based on age, size, flavor, activeness, weight loss, etc. )

18 Moist foods o 70-85% moisture with high fat per unit of dry matter o Available in variety of packaging (can is the most common) o Generally preserved by heat treatment (some are in frozen form) o High palatability and digestible o More expensive than dry food o Obesity problem in pets o Other problems: liver and kidney functions

19 Advantages: Canned food Good for picky eaters & Provides with moisture in the diet Disadvantages: More expensive (for most canned foods, first ingredient is water) More perishable (lasts 3-7 days must refrigerate)

20 Semi-moist foods o Around 30% moisture o Mostly complete foods and usually available in foil or cellophane package. o Meat and cereal ingredients are cooked and formed into a paste shaped into small pieces o Acid are added to inhibit the growth of microbes. o Food are coated preventing the food from drying out o Fairly long shelf-life and do not require refrigeration.

21 SEMI-MOIST PET FOOD

22 Dry foods o 10-14% moisture for their preservation. o Usually packed in bags with long shelf-life. o May be complete or complementary food o May be less easily digested and the pets will require more to ensure adequate nutrition. o Variety ingredients which variation in size and weight, shape and color. o Less expensive compared to moist or semi-moist foods. o Less palatability

23 DRY PET FOOD

24 Diet for Healthy Teeth - Specially formulated dry food that can slow down the formation of plaque and tartar.

25 When selecting a commercial food for your pet? 1. Make sure the label has an "AAFCO guarantee," preferably one that references Feeding tests" or "feeding protocols" rather than nutrient profiles 2. Check for a named meat or meal ( lamb - chicken salmon or others) Treatment of food allergy

26 When selecting a commercial food for your pet? 3. Avoid foods that rely on by-products as the source of animal protein. By-products consist of organs and not desired parts These rendered products are the most inexpensive sources of animal protein The contents and quality of these meals can vary extremely from batch to batch Not a reliable source of nutrition for animals Not the main source of protein

27 o This can include bones, blood, intestines, lungs, head, ligaments, feet, and feathers o Feathers are a by-product of poultry meat processing. (pressure cooked with steam an edible gel) which makes them an acceptable feed grade ingredient. o Can appear on a label as Poultry By-products Example: Chicken By-products

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29 When selecting a commercial food for your pet? 4. Checking the expiration date to ensure freshness. 5. Avoid generic or store brands These may be repackaged rejects from the big manufacturers (generally contain cheaper & consequently poorer quality ingredients. Clean label Store dry pet food in a sealed non-porous container in a cool and dry place.

30 When selecting a commercial food for your pet? 6. Ingredients Ingredients are listed in order of weight, with the primary ingredient listed first and the rest following in descending order. Every ingredient must be listed separately either by its official name or common name (no brand names are allowed).

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32 When selecting a commercial food for your pet? 7. Guaranteed Analysis Usually be found in a table format. All dog food manufacturers are required to list Minimum amounts of protein and fat Maximum amounts of crude fiber and moisture if the label indicates a "minimum 21% protein" Can be fairly confident it will contain between 21% and 23% protein (The same process occurs for fat) Crude fiber and moisture are stated as "not more than

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35 PUPPY

36 When selecting a commercial food for your pet? 8. Daily Feeding To find out the recommended daily amount of the food your dog should consume. The amount is usually expressed as a range, and how much you feed within this range should depend on how much your dog weighs and his activity level.

37 When selecting a commercial food for your pet? 9. Manufacturer/Distributor The party responsible for either the manufacture or distribution of the product must be shown on the label. 10. Nutritional Adequacy Statement The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) is a national association composed of state and federal regulatory officials who establish standards and guidelines for labels and labeling.

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39 Conclusions : easy way to choose Good things to look for Foods that contain: Whole Beef, Chicken, Turkey, Lamb, Pork and meals made from whole meats (beef meal, chicken meal, etc.) Whole grains, vegetables and fruits Foods with as much animal protein as possible Identified ingredients (instead of liver should say beef liver ) Do Not Buy Foods that contain: Animal fat, animal digest, meat meal Foods with artificial colors Products without expiration dates or those past their expiration Products containing meat or bone meal Foods that are sweetened Products with protein derived from meat by-products

40 SUPPLEMENTS The addition of vitamins and / or minerals to the diet Tablet, liquid or powder form Nowadays, it is generally accepted that a normal, healthy animal fed a balanced diet, appropriate to its ages, life style and species no need the supplementation Many of the exotic species should routinely be given vitamin and mineral supplements. Other dietary supplements are available for specific problems (eg: joint & skin problem) veterinary advice

41 Feeding tips for dogs and cats

42 Feeding instructions included on pet food labels are guidance only and not absolute quantities. Based on the average energy requirements. Resting Energy Requirements (RER) RER can be calculated by multiplying the animal s body weight in kilograms raised to the ¾ power by 70 For example, a 10kg adult neutered dog of healthy weight needs RER = 70 x (10kg) 3/4 400 Calories/day.

43 It is difficult to determine what is the ideal weight Body condition score is the best guide as to whether that animal is under- or overweight. Feeding pattern is different between dog and cat Dog : Meal feeding : Time-restricted feeding / Food-restricted feeding : Feeding 2 times/day is better than once a day Cat : ad libitum (ad lib)

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45 Hydration status of animals should be checked Because dehydration condition lead lack of appetite In sick or injured pets Feeding little and often Feeding with high-quality, rich-energy food Appropriate in size and texture Feeding at appropriate times and places Use smelly and warm food Provide suitable containers Forced or artificial feeding

46 Lifestage foods for dog and cat

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48 Younger animal has a higher requirement of protein, energy and calcium than and adult. Easily digested. Smaller breeds need more energy per kilogram. Larger breeds grow slower so a lower calorie feed might fit better. Puppies should be switched from Growth to Maintenance around 9 months or when they reach 80-90% of expected adult weight Growth or All Life Stages Neonate : Mother s milk Puppies / Growth phase

49 Puppies Growth phase (Cont.) No free feeding Can cause anorexia & Most dogs can t self-regulate 3-4 times / day little and often offering fresh food at the next meal time Gradually change food (5-7 days or longer if your puppies are sensitive)

50 Smaller breeds of dog mature earlier than large ones and age slower. (as same as in cat) Nutritional needs are the least demanding by any good-quality pet food Less frequency of feeding than during the growth phase One to three meals a day (average for adults) Adult

51 Higher energy needs Active dogs An energy-dense food for the highest level of performance. The extra energy is best supplied in the form of fat

52 Highest energy needs of any life stage Stress & Need for repair Similar to active dogs but more A large quantity Maintain mother and pups Pregnant or Nursing Females

53 Senior Dogs Lower protein is WRONG Need quality protein to maintain animal s body May need fewer calories If healthy = normal diet If sick = prescription diet

54 Prescription diet

55 CAT FOOD 1. Taurine (Beta-aminoethanesulfonic acid) Important in cat because lacking of enzyme (Cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase) to change Cysteine into Taurine Essential function of taurine in cat Cardiovascular function Retina Reproduction and immunity Bile acid Cell membrane stabilzer CNS & Skeletal muscle development + function

56 CAT FOOD 2. Carnitine Carnitine almost found in striated muscle & myocardium Function of carnitine ATP production Transport of waste product from cells Increase liver functions Increase lipid metabolism Muscle strength and wound healing

57 Prohibit food and drink for pet Food and drink Effects Alcoholic beverages Seizures, low blood sugar, arrhythmias, coma & death Avocado Vomiting and diarrhea Bones from fish, poultry, Obstruction or laceration of the digestive system Fish Vitamin B1 deficiency loss of appetite, seizures

58 Prohibit food and drink for pet Food and drink Effects Chocolate, coffee, tea, & other caffeine Restlessness, vomiting, diarrhea, can be toxic to the heart, nervous systems and death Grapes, raisins Kidney failure Macadamia nuts Onions & garlic Very toxic for dog (paralysis, tremor, toxic to digestive and nervous systems) Damaged red blood cells (Cats are more susceptible than dogs)

59 Raw eggs Prohibit food and drink for pet Food and drink Effects Decreases the absorption of vitamin B (biotin) Bacterial contamination Salt Salt poisoning Electrolytes imbalance Yeast dough Liver Production of alcohol by fermentation Can produce gas pain & possible rupture of the stomach or intestines. Electrolytes imbalance

60 Prohibit food and drink for pet Food and drink Effects Xylitol and sweetener Increase insulin level and cause Low blood sugar Fat Trimmings and Bones Pancreatitis peach and plum pits Contain cyanide