Symptomatic ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament with stenosis of the cervical spine

Transcription

1 Spine Symptomatic ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament with stenosis of the cervical spine A REPORT OF SEVEN CASES J. Mizuno, H. Nakagawa, J. Song From Aichi Medical University, Aichi-gun Aichi, Japan Seven men with a mean age of 63.9 years (59 to 67) developed dysphagia because of oesophageal compression with ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL) and radiculomyelopathy due to associated stenosis of the cervical spine. The diagnosis of OALL was made by plain lateral radiography and classified into three types; segmental, continuous and mixed. Five patients had associated OALL in the thoracic and lumbar spine without ossification of the ligamentum flavum. All underwent removal of the OALL and six had simultaneous decompression by removal of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament or a bony spur. All had improvement of their dysphagia. Because symptomatic OALL may be associated with spinal stenosis, precise neurological examination is critical. A simultaneous microsurgical operation for patients with OALL and spinal stenosis gives good results without serious complications. J. Mizuno, MD, Associate Professor H. Nakagawa, MD, Professor J. Song, MD Department of Neurological Surgery Aichi Medical University, 21 Karimata Yazako Nagakute, Aichi-gun Aichi , Japan. Correspondence should be sent to Professor J. Mizuno; jmizuno@ amugw.aichi-med-u.ac.jp 2005 British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery doi: / x.87b $2.00 J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2005;87-B: Received 16 May 2005; Accepted 14 June 2005 Although ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is associated with radiculomyelopathy, ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL) has not been widely described since it is rarely symptomatic. 1-5 Resnick et al 6 and Resnick, Shaul and Robins 7 coined the term diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis for Forestier s disease and ossification of the spinal ligaments has been considered as a part of this entity. 8,9 They defined diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis as showing calcification or ossification along the anterior to anterolateral aspect of four contiguous vertebral bodies with relative preservation of the height of the intervertebral disc in the affected areas, 9 distinguishing it from degenerative discogenic disease. In the past dysphagia because of OALL has been confused with that caused by degenerative disc disease because of poor recognition of ossification of the spinal ligaments The management of symptomatic OALL is still controversial. Although conservative treatment with antiinflammatory medication may be effective, aspiration pneumonia has been described 1,17,21,22 and there may be myelopathy due to coexisting spinal stenosis. 3 We describe the clinical manifestations, radiological diagnosis and surgical treatment of symptomatic OALL in seven patients with special emphasis on simultaneous surgery for OALL and coexisting spinal stenosis. Patients and Methods Between January 1987 and December 2002, seven patients with OALL who presented with dysphagia were treated surgically. All were men with a mean age of 63.9 years (59 to 67). The dysphagia was due to oesophageal compression and all had radiculomyelopathy secondary to coexisting stenosis of the cervical spine. Their clinical details are summarised in Table I. Clinicoradiological characteristics. In all cases, the diagnosis of OALL was made on plain lateral radiographs. There was hyperostosis of the anterior longitudinal ligament at several levels with preservation of the disc height. The degree of anterior projection and the shape of the OALL were best visualised on transverse CT scans. MRI was effective in evaluating associated compression of the cord. OALL was classified into three types on radiological studies. The segmental type was defined as partial or total ossification over a vertebral body without involving the disc space. The continuous type showed ossification over many disc spaces as well as the vertebral body. In the mixed type there was a combination of the segmental and continuous types (Fig. 1). Of the seven patients, two showed the segmental, three the continuous and two the mixed types. In the continuous and mixed cases OALL was associated with OPLL in the cervical spine and in the segmental cases the spinal stenosis was caused VOL. 87-B, No. 10, OCTOBER

2 1376 J. MIZUNO, H. NAKAGAWA, J. SONG Table I. Details of the seven patients Case Age (yrs) Gender Dysphagia Hoarseness Neurological symptoms Type of OALL* c-opll OLF th-oall l-oall 1 63 M Myelopathy Mixed M ++ + Myelopathy Continuous M + - Myelopathy Mixed M Myelopathy Continuous M + - Myelopathy Continuous M + - Myelopathy Segmental M Radiculopathy Segmental * OALL, ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament c-opll, cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament OLF, ossification of the ligamentum flavum th-oall, thoracic ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament l-oall, lumbar ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament patients and at two levels in four. Titanium interbody cages were used for fixation after decompression. Post-operative course. One patient was temporarily hoarse, but otherwise no new symptoms occurred. This patient wore a hard cervical collar for one month. All the patients were able to swallow both liquid and solid food. All were followed up for a mean of 17.1 months (12 to 36); None developed recurrent symptoms or radiological evidence of further ossification. a b c Fig. 1 Diagram of the radiological classification of ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament showing the a) segmental, b) continuous and c) mixed types. by cervical spondylosis. The patients with continuous and mixed disease had coexisting OALL in the thoracic and lumbar regions. Ossification of the ligamentum flavum was not seen. Operative procedures. A microscopic anterior approach was used for removal of the OALL. A transverse skin incision was employed in six patients in whom the OALL and spinal stenosis were located at the same or at adjacent levels, while a longitudinal incision was made in one patient in whom the OALL and OPLL were at different levels. The platysma was exposed and the operating microscope introduced. Adhesions were present between the oesophagus and the OALL which were separated using a microdissector. After retracting the trachea and oesophagus the ossified mass was incised and the anterior surface smoothed using ronguers and a high-speed drill with a 5-mm burr. A decompressive procedure for stenosis was carried out in six patients. The other patient had a mild left hemiparesis because of previous cerebral infarction and decompression was not undertaken. Compression of the cord was seen at one level in two Illustrative cases Case 1 (Table I). A 63-year-old man developed severe dysphagia and mild hoarseness three months before admission. He had a mild right hemiparesis after cerebral infarction three years before. The dysphagia gradually deteriorated, and he had difficulty in swallowing solid food. Neurological examination showed a mild hemiparesis, numbness in both upper limbs, severe dysphagia and mild hoarseness. Plain lateral radiography revealed OALL from C1 to C7 with prominent anterior projection of OALL from C2 to C5. Stenosis of the spinal canal was present from C3 to C6 with a small segmental OPLL at C4 to C5. The anterior longitudinal ligament of both the thoracic and lumbar spine was ossified. The disc height in the cervical spine was relatively normal. MRI revealed marked compression of the pre-vertebral soft tissue including the oesophagus and trachea. Resection of the OALL was undertaken from C2 to C5 through an anterior approach using an operating microscope. Decompression of the spinal stenosis was not performed because this patient was hemiparetic on the right side. There were adhesions between the OALL and the oesophagus which required meticulous separation and gentle retraction of the oesophagus. The dysphagia and hoarseness immediately improved after operation (Fig. 2). Case 7 (Table I). A 65-year-old man slowly developed dysphagia over a period of two years. There was also some clumsiness in both hands for one year, but he was otherwise healthy. Neurological examination showed clumsiness of the hands and hyperaesthesia in C7/8 with severe dysphagia. A plain lateral radiograph revealed OALL from C4 to C6 and a posterior spur at C6/7. CT confirmed marked anterior projection of the OALL compressing the pre-verte- THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY

3 SYMPTOMATIC OSSIFICATION OF THE ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT WITH STENOSIS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE 1377 Fig. 2a Fig. 2b Fig. 2c Figure 2a A plain lateral radiograph showing the mixed type of ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL) involving the entire cervical spine. Figure 2b CT showing marked OALL and slight ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament at C5. Figures 2c and 2d Tomography of the thoracic and lumbar spine showing OALL. Figure 2e Plain radiograph after operation showing the smooth surface of the vertebral body after resection of the OALL. Fig. 2d Fig. 2e bral soft tissue. MRI showed compression of the cord due to cervical stenosis. A simultaneous anterior procedure combined with removal of the OALL and decompression of the spinal canal was performed. There were slight adhesions between the OALL and the oesophagus. He made a good post-operative recovery (Fig. 3). Discussion The patients in our series were all men in the sixth or seventh decade as is seen in OPLL. 8,9 Both the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments run longitudinally along the vertebral body from the cervical spine to the sacrum. Because of the frequent association of OALL and OPLL, the same mechanism may enhance ossification of these spinal ligaments, 23,24 but none had ossification of the ligamentum flavum, which may be explained by the anatomical difference between this structure and the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament. Because the ligamentum flavum is attached to the lamina segmentally it may be affected by extension, flexion and rotational forces more than the longitudinal ligaments. Overstretching of the ligamentum flavum by neck movements may be required in addition to a systemic hyperostotic factor for the initiation and progression of ossification, whereas dynamic stress would not be of importance in OALL and OPLL. 25,26 Neurological complications from OALL are rare. Myelopathy or radiculopathy in our patients was caused by stenosis of the cervical spine due to coexisting OPLL or cervical spondylosis. The most common symptoms of OALL are compression of the oesophagus and trachea. 6,17,21 Although fewer than 10% of patients require surgical decompression of these structures, aspiration pneumonia and suffocation by aspiration of food have been described. 1,27 Dysphagia due to OALL which is severe or resistant to conservative treatment should be treated by decompression of the protruding ligamentous mass. VOL. 87-B, No. 10, OCTOBER 2005

4 1378 J. MIZUNO, H. NAKAGAWA, J. SONG Fig. 3a Fig. 3b Fig. 3c Figure 3a A lateral cervical radiograph with barium contrast showing severe compression of the oesophagus because of segmental ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL) at C4/5. Figure 3b T2- weighted MRI showing compression of the pre-vertebral soft tissues, including the trachea and the oesophagus from C4 to C6 with mild compression of the cord by a spur at C6/7. Figure 3c CT showing anterior projection of the OALL. Figure 3d Post-operative plain radiograph showing resection of the OALL and fusion of C6/7. Fig. 3d THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY

5 SYMPTOMATIC OSSIFICATION OF THE ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT WITH STENOSIS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE 1379 Radiological evaluation should include plain lateral radiography and CT. MRI cannot differentiate OALL from an anterior spur, although compression of the pre-vertebral soft tissues or spinal cord is well demonstrated. A barium meal and endoscopy may be undertaken for further evaluation of the oesophagus. 1 The radiological patterns of the segmental, continuous and mixed types in OALL are similar to those of OPLL. 28 All continuous and mixed cases were associated with thoracic and lumbar OALL, while segmental OALL was isolated in our patients. This suggests that radiological evaluation should be performed in the thoracic and lumbar spine as well as in the cervical region because compression of the trachea and oesophagus can occur at the upper thoracic level. Stuart 21 and Underberg- Davis and Levine 17 described oesophageal compression by the thoracic spine. Segmental OALL and an anterior spur may be confused because of their clinical and radiological similarity. However, a decrease in disc height, a posterior spur or instability indicate degenerative disc disease. Although mild dysphagia due to OALL may be treated with anti-inflammatory medication, 14,16,29 surgical decompression should be performed when the symptoms are severe. 1,17,21,22 The use of an operating microscope for resection of the OALL helps avoid complications such as oesophageal injury. None of our patients had significant morbidity or recurrent symptoms. Some advise cervical fusion after resection of OALL 21,30 but it can be treated by simple resection of the ossified mass without fixation. Six of our seven patients had simultaneous resection of the OALL and decompression for spinal stenosis. A routine anterior procedure enabled us to remove both the OALL and coexisting OPLL or cervical spondylosis using a single incision. Laminectomy or laminoplasty by a posterior approach for spinal stenosis coupled with anterior resection of OALL may be an alternative procedure in cases of OALL and spinal stenosis at three levels. Spinal fusion is required after decompression because instability may produce further symptomatic osteophytes causing dysphagia. Hirano et al 13 and Suzuki et al, 30 have each described a patient with recurrent dysphagia due to an anterior osteophyte. No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. References 1. McCafferty RR, Harrison MJ, Tamas LB, Larkins MV. Ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament and Forestier s disease: an analysis of seven cases. J Neurosurg 1995;83: Forestier J, Rotes-Querol J. Senile ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine. Ann Rheum Dis 1950;9: Epstein N, Hollingsworth R. Ossification of the cervical anterior longitudinal ligament contributing to dysphagia: case report. J Neurosurg 1999;90(Suppl 2): Mizuno J, Nakagawa H, Isobe M. Dysphagia caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: report of two cases. No Shinkei Geka 1998;26:67-72 (in Japanese). 5. Oga M, Mashima T, Iwakuma T, Sugioka Y. Dysphagia complications in ankylosing spinal hyperostosis and ossification of the posterior longitundinal ligament: roentgenographic findings of the developmental process of cervical osteophytes causing dysphagia. Spine 1993;18: Resnick D, Shapiro RF, Wiesner KB, et al. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) (ankylosing hyperostosis of Forester and Rotes-Querol). Semin Arthritis Rheum 1978;7: Resnick D, Shaul SR, Robins JM. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH): Forestier s disease with extraspinal manifestations. Radiology 1975;115: Mizuno J, Nakagawa H. Anterior decompression for cervical spondylosis associated with an early form of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Neurosurg Focus 2002; Mizuno J, Nakagawa H. Outcome analysis of anterior decompressive surgery and fusion for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: report of 107 cases and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 2001; Miyazawa N, Akiyama I. Clinical and radiological study of ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine. No Shinkei Geka 2003;31: (in Japanese). 11. Gamache FW Jr, Voorhies RM. Hypertrophic cervical osteophytes causing dysphasia: a review. J Neurosurg 1980;53: Kristensen S, Sander KM, Pedersen PR. Cervical involvement of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis with dysphagia and rhinolalia. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1988;245: Hirano H, Suzuki H, Sakakibara T, et al. Dysphagia due to hypertrophic cervical osteophytes. Clin Orthop 1982;167: Hargrove MD Jr. Dysphagia associated with inflammatory reaction within the oesophagus at the level of a vertebral spur. Gastroint Endosc 1966;13: Kritzer RO, Parker WD. DISH: a cause of anterior cervical osteophyte-induced dysphagia. Spine 1998;16: Lambert JR, Tepperman PS, Jimenez J, Newman A. Cervical spine disease and dysphagia: four new cases and a review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 1981;76: Underberg-Davis S, Levine MS. Giant thoracic osteophyte causing oesophageal food impaction. Am J Roentgenol 1991;157: Benhabyles M, Brattstrom H, Sunden G. Dysphagia and dyspnoea as complications in spondylarthritis anklylooetica with cervical osteophytes. Acta Orthop Scand 1970;41: Iglauer S. A case of dysphagia due to an osteochondroma of the cervical spine: osteotomy: recovery. Ann Otol 1938;47: Saffouri MH, Ward PH. Surgical correction of dysphagia due to cervical osteophytes. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1974;83: Stuart D. Dysphagia due to cervical osteophytes: a description of five patients and a review of the literature. Int Orthop 1989;13: Kobayashi T, Hida K, Iwasaki Y, et al. Dysphagia due to ossification of anterior longitudinal ligament with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH): two cases report. Spinal Surg 1999;13: (in Japanese). 23. Resnick D, Niwayama G. Radiographic and pathologic features of spinal involvement in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Radiology 1976;119: Yamada T, Mizuno J, Isobe M, Matsushita Y, Nakagawa H. Analysis of ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament: report of five cases. J Japan Med Soc Paraplegia 2000;13:70-1 (in Japanese). 25. Otani K, Aihara T, Tanaka A, Shibasaki K. Ossification of the ligamentum flavum of the thoracic spine in adults kyphosis. Int Orthop 1986;10: Stoltmann HF. The role of the ligament flava in the pathogenesis of myelopathy in the cervical spondylosis. Brain 1964;86: Warwick C, Sherman MS, Lesser RW. Aspiration pneumonia due to diffuse cervical hyperostosis. Chest 1990;98: Hirabayashi K, Miyakawa J, Satomi K, Maruyama T, Wakano K. Operative results and postoperative progression of ossification among patients with ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine 1981;6: Ratnesar P. Dysphagia due to cervical exostosis. Laryngoscope 1970;80: Suzuki K, Ishida Y, Ohmorik K. Long term follow-up of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in the cervical spine: analysis of progression of ossification. Neuroradiology 1991;33: VOL. 87-B, No. 10, OCTOBER 2005