Motion of Left Upper Extremity During A Right- Handed Golf Swing

Transcription

1 Motion of Left Upper Extremity During A Right- Handed Golf Swing

2 Description of Movement While the movement required for a golf swing requires many muscles, joints, & ligaments throughout the body, the target side (left upper extremity in a right-handed golfer) requires combined movements that primarily involve abduction & adduction, internal & external rotation, and flexion & extension. The golf swing occurs in all three planes of movement. Although the entire swing involves movement at the the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapularthoracic, as well as all elbow & wrist joints; this presentation will focus on two of the major joints involved in motion: the glenohumeral & humeroulnar which describe motion between the proximal end of the humerus & glenoid fossa of the scapula and the trochlea of the distal humerus & trochlear notch of proximal ulna, respectively.

3 At the address position, or neutral starting position, of a right-handed golf swing, the left shoulder is adducted, horizontally & vertically flexed, & internally rotated. These movements require actions from the left arm s pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, both heads of the biceps brachii, subscapularis & teres major. Simultaneously, the left elbow is extended & slightly pronated requiring input from the left arm s triceps brachii, anconeus, pronator teres & pronator quadratus. The backswing phase of a golf swing produces left shoulder adduction, horizontal & vertical flexion, vertical extension & internal rotation. Muscles involved to produce these movements include the left arm s pectoralis major, anterior & posterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, short head of biceps brachii, infraspinatus, subscapularis, & teres major.

4 Also during this phase, the left elbow remains extended until the peak of the backswing is reached in which the left elbow becomes flexed & the forearm remains slightly pronated. The action of the flexed elbow is permitted by the left arm s brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, pronator teres & pronator quadratus The downswing phase involves the left shoulder movements of abduction, horizontal & vertical flexion, & external rotation. The muscles necessary to complete these actions include the left arm s anterior & middle deltioid, long head of the biceps brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatous & teres minor. During this same phase, the left elbow is moving from a flexed position back into extension & slight supination as the club makes contact with the ball. Again, extension requires input from both the left triceps brachii & anconeus; however, the action of the forearm supinating requires additional input from the left

5 arm s supinator & biceps brachii. The final phase, also known as the follow-through phase, requires the left shoulder to move into abduction, vertical flexion, horizontal extension, and external rotation. These combinations of movements involve actions from the left middle & posterior deltoid, long head of the biceps brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatus & teres minor. Also during this phase, the left elbow moves back into flexion as the forearm continues to slightly supinate. The muscles that promote these actions include the left arm s brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, & supinator. Ligaments at the glenohumeral joint make up the GH capsular ligament. This ligament is comprised of the coracohumeral ligament & the superior, middle, and inferior GH ligaments. Ligaments involved in elbow movements include the ulnar collateral, radial collateral, and annular ligament of the radius.

6 Major Muscles at Each Joint Glenohumeral Joint Teres Major Latissimus Dorsi Pectoralis Major (sternal & clavicular heads) Deltoid (anterior, middle, & posterior) Humeroulnar Joint Biceps Brachii Brachioradialis Triceps Brachii Anconeus

7 4 Stages of Golf Swing 1. Address (Starting) Position 2. Backswing 3. Downswing 4. Follow-Through

8 Shoulder Glenohumeral Joint (GH)

9 Primary Muscles Involved in Flexion Shoulder Movements External Humeral Rotation Coracobrachialis Teres minor Anterior deltoid Infraspinatus Pectoralis major Posterior deltoid Extension Internal Humeral Rotation Teres major Subscapularis Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Teres major Anterior deltoid

10 Humeral Horizontal Adduction Anterior deltoid Pectoralis major Humeral Abduction Middle deltoid Supraspinatus

11 GH Osteokinematics In the glenohumeral joint, the humeral head is the convex component, while the glenoid fossa of the scapula is the concave one. Motions include: Shoulder Adduction/Abduction Shoulder Flexion/Extension Internal/External rotation of humerus

12 GH Arthrokinematics Stage 1-2 Address-Backswing Body positioned with anterior/posterior axis Movement of UE in frontal plane Shoulder Adduction humeral head rolls superior, glenoid cavity slides inferior Internal Rotation of Humerus humeral head rolls anterior, glenoid cavity slides posterior

13 Stage 2-3 Backswing-Downswing Body remains in anterior/posterior axis Movement of UE in frontal plane Shoulder Abduction humeral head rolls inferior, glenoid cavity slides superior External Rotation of Humerus humeral head rolls posterior, glenoid cavity slides anterior

14 Stage 3-4 Downswing follow-through As body pivots during follow-through axis changes to superior/inferior Movement of UE is in sagittal plane External Rotation of Humerus humeral head rolls anterior, glenoid cavity slides posterior Flexion Spinning of humeral head in glenoid fossa

15 GH Movements & Muscles Stage 1-2 Address (neutral starting position)- backswing Horizontal Adduction Concentric-Open Chain Contraction Pectoralis major (claivicular head) Anterior deltoid Posterior deltoid Teres minor infraspinatous coracobrachialis (secondary) Long head of triceps (secondary)

16 Internal Humeral Rotation Concentric-Open Chain Contraction Anterior Deltoid Subscapularis Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Teres major

17 Stage 2-3 Backswing-Downswing Humeral Extension frontal plane movement Concentric-Open Chain Contraction: Latissimus Dorsi Pectoralis Major (Sternal Head) Eccentric Open Chain Contraction: coracobrachialis Pectoralis Major (Clavicular Head) Posterior deltoid Long head triceps (secondary)

18 External Humeral Rotation Eccentric Open Chain Contraction: Infraspinatous Teres minor Posterior deltoid Horizontal Humeral Abduction Concentric Open Chain Contraction: Infraspinatous Teres minor Posterior deltoid Supraspinatous (secondary)

19 Stage 3-4 Downswing-Follow-through Humeral Abduction Concentric-Open Chain Contraction Pectoralis major (claivicular head) Anterior deltoid Posterior deltoid Teres minor infraspinatous coracobrachialis (secondary) Long head of triceps (secondary)

20 External Humeral Rotation Eccentric Open Chain Contraction: Infraspinatous Teres minor Posterior deltoid Humeral Flexion Concentric Open Chain Contraction: Anterior deltoid Pectoralis major (clavicular head) Eccentric-Open Chain Contraction: Teres major Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major (sternal head)

21 Elbow Humeroulnar Joint

22 3 Joints in Elbow Humeroulnar elbow flexion & extension Humeroradial elbow flexion & extension Proximal radioulnar forearm pronation & supination

23 Primary Muscles Involved in Elbow Movements Flexion Biceps Brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Pronator Teres Extension Triceps Brachii Anconeus Supination Biceps Brachii Supinator Pronation Pronator Teres Pronator Quadratus

24 HU Osteokinematics In the humeroulnar joint, the tochlea of the humerus makes up the convex component; the trochlear notch of the proximal ulna makes up the concave one. Motions include: Extension Full Extension Flexion

25 HU Arthrokinematics Extension shaft of ulna rolls inferiorly, olecranon process of ulna glides posteriorly on trochlea Full Extension olecranon articulates with the olecranon fossa restricting further movement Flexion shaft of ulna rolls superiorly, olecranon process of ulna glides anteriorly on trochlea

26 HU Movements & Muscles Stage 1 Address (neutral starting position) Forearm Pronation Eccentric-Open Chain Contraction Pronator quadratus Pronator teres

27 Stage 2 - Backswing Elbow flexion Concentric-Open Chain Contraction Brachialis (primary flexor) Biceps brachii Brachioradialis Forearm Pronation (maintained from Stage 1) with elbow in flexed backswing position Concentric-Open Chain Contraction Pronator quadratus Pronator teres

28 Stage 3 Downswing Elbow extension Eccentric-Open Chain Contraction Triceps brachii Extensor carpi ulnaris Eccentric-Closed Chain Contraction Anconeus Forearm supination (from flexed, pronated elbow) Eccentric-Open Chain Contraction Supinator Biceps Brachii

29 Stage 4 Follow-through Elbow flexion Concentric-Open Chain Contraction Brachialis Biceps brachii Brachioradialis Forearm supination (continued from stage 3) Concentric-Open Chain Contraction Supinator Biceps Brachii

30 References Neumann, D. (2010). Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: Foundations for physical rehabilitation (2 nd edition). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Grinell, K. (1999). Golf Injuries and Biomechanics of the Golf Swing: A Review. Gothenburg, Sweden. Ballingall, P (2003). Golf 101 Essential Tips. New York, NY: DK Publishing. Latella,D., & Meriano C (2003). Occupational Therapy Manual for Evaluation of Range of Motion and Muscle Strenght. Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning. Sports Injury Clinic. (2012). Human Anatomy. Retrieved from Art Anatomy. (n.d.). Table of Muscle Origins and Insertions. Retreived from