Austrian (AC2T research GmbH)

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1 Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology (AC2T research GmbH) Questions Why does Austria have a Tribology research centre? A. Pauschitz and F. Franek Where and what is AC²T and XTribology? What are the funding programme history and rules? Is Tribology a field of science? ecoplus 1 2 Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology Copyright AC2T research GmbH All rights reserved. Reproduction of any material, whether by photocopying, photographing or storing in any medium by electronic or other means is prohibited without prior written consent of AC2T research GmbH. How the field of Tribology is perceived The expansion of objectives in Tribology lubricant alteration Energy Consumption Recyclability 3 Friction surface topography (roughness) contact energy cooling Classical Tribology particle contamination Wear Sufficient Lubrication contact pressure equalisation 4 Life-time Costs Modern Tribology Biodegradability Environmental Impact Global situation 1/2 Global situation 2/2 5 The main and fairly new (since 1966!) concept of Tribology is inter-disciplinary! There is an intrinsic need for personnel from different disciplines! Most research institutions (like university institutes) are typically focussing on narrow fields with high specialisation! Larger entities (e.g., research departments of international corporate groups) with inter-disciplinary infrastructure are mostly not specialising in Tribology! 6 There is still a lack of awareness of (and a lack of education on) the specific subject! There are comparatively few (units in) organisations explicitly devoted to Tribology! Normally existing units ( Tribology departments ) are comparatively small (about 6 15 persons)! There is a need for cooperation between researchers and/or institutions, in order to overcome simple multi-disciplinarity and to proceed to crossdisciplinarity and even trans-disciplinarity!

2 Situation in Austria The chicken-and-egg problem 7 No university master course in Tribology only few lectures No university chairs in Tribology marginal visibility To few Tribological engineers in industry if engineers do not know Tribology, why should money be spent for research in Tribology? Advantage: Industry is forced to buy Tribology knowledge (e.g., from AC²T) Disadvantage: AC²T must educate staff in Tribology on their own (or recruit international staff) 8 More Tribology knowledge available in industry Demand for Tribology in industry today's Austrian way # of educated alumni in Tribology research activities More Tribology education activities How to get an Excellence Centre for Tribology? Selected the right window 9 One needs crazy people Define a clear vision and roadmap Spend your leisure and accept that perhaps nobody is paying you to write the proposals It must be a job and a vocation for some Be at the right place at the right time Know relevant (groups of) people 10 A novel and advanced research funding program was established in Austria in 1997 Idea supported by decision makers (staff of ministry) Attracted public attention (World Tribology Congress 2001 [preparation: ]) Since the 1970s the Austrian Tribology Society acts as platform for industry/academic cooperation in Tribology Around 2000, Tribological activities increased in Austria (1970s: tribology starts in Austria; 1980s: 1st peak - perception in the industry rises; 1990s: 1st valley research costs to high ( ROI too low) What was/is the attractiveness of Tribology for decision makers in Austria Public climate protection and energy discussion Intensified drive to cut costs in industry Search for activities to enhance competitiveness of the economy Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology Our vision & mission Developing and operating an internationally visible centre of excellence with an emphasis on Tribology

3 Our holistic approach The Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology 13 Highly competent scientists as leaders & key researchers thinking in the ways of their respective disciplines Staff with extraordinary knowledge Use of top methods & approaches Collaborate where possible to push Tribology forward 14 is a private limited liability company: Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology (ACCT = AC²T) AC²T research GmbH was founded in July 2002 has about 150 employees (more than 100 scientists) and collaborates closely with scientists from universities) provides technology development in Tribology for the industry and SMEs on a cost-efficient time-sharing basis and making use of synergies by collaboration with relevant research institutions History and staff development of AC²T Today the Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology 15 Full time equivalents - FTE World Tribology Congress Vienna Foundation of AC2T research GmbH 1 st Laboratory 1 st Patent 1 st EU Research Training Network Niederösterreich Innovation Award Milestone 2010 Dr.Erwin Pröll Future-Award ~ 4000 m² laboratories and offices Scientists Administration 16 is one of the largest private and independent research service providers solely orientated in Tribology and tribology-related topics in the world performs all core activities in the Technology and Research Centre at the physical location Wiener Neustadt Technopole operates the umbrella project Excellence Centre of Tribology (COMET K2 Centre XTribology ) Kplus Centre Comet K2 XTribology Organisational chart Research Areas 17 18

4 Ownership XTribology XTribology research program XTribology Advantages for Partners AC²T runs the long-term research umbrella project XTribology within the partly public-funded program, which is open for international cooperation Pre-competitive, interdisciplinary research (fundamental and applied research) in multi-firm projects of high priority Possibilities for postgraduate education (especially for doctorate students) Long-term access to research promotion funds (without time-consuming single-applications by the partners) Access to interdisciplinary knowledge and development as well as improvement of partner cooperations; combination of complementary expertises Time-variable and -efficient use of infrastructure and human resources of the Centre and the scientific partners 21 Co-operation with Austrian and foreign partners 22 Research programme history Focus of COMET centres Kplus* programme (2-stage international evaluation [short proposal 30 pages & appendix, full proposal 120 pages & appendix]) each call up to 6 centres (1 st call [1998] for academic insiders ; 2 nd call [1999] another research group of the institute participated; 3 rd call [12/2000] participation of the tribology research group together with other institutes [physics, chemistry] decision: 01/2002 COMET** programme (2-stage international evaluation [short proposal 50 pages & appendix, full proposal 150 pages & appendix]) up to 5 K2 centres in Austria (1 st call [2007] 3 K2 centres; 2 nd call [2009] 2 K2 centres; one of them was XTribology other calls for K1 centres and K-projects Focus of research national K1 international K2 Application-orientated Fundamental research R&D 23 * Kplus: Research funding programme of Austria for Competence & Added Value ** COMET: Research funding programme of Austria for Competence Center of Excellence Technologies 24 Focus of cooperation K2-centre Possible position of a K1-centre non-k2 non-k1

5 K2 Centre General COMET funding model 25 COMET-R&D-Budget: up to 15 Mio./a; ~ 50% of this is expected as funding money Duration: years (continuation is possible) Human capacity: ~ 150 FTE; out of which ~ 40 should be PhD students Company partners: > 5; typically Scientific partners: > 2; typically Visibility & collaboration: strong & international 26 application-orientated research K1 5% % (2:1) 55-40% K2 application-orientated basic research Scientific partner contribution Provincial funding Federal funding by Austria Company partner (CP) contribution min. 50% max. 50% in-kind contribution Relation cash/in-kind on the basis of all CP contributions cash payment Focus of Tribology research Tribology research needs more than one producer of a part of a tribosystem as project partner to realise the optimal result; this is untypical for other sciences Is Tribology a science? Tribology research needs confidence of the customer, because typically the goal of tribology research is often the optimisation of weak functions of a product/system (and not of one part). Tribology research questions differ from other sciences Probably one of the first scientists in Tribology Leonardo da Vinci (1512) Friction experiments F. Franek Exhibition object, WTC IV, Kyoto (J), Sketches of a ball bearing cage (avoiding ball-ball contact), designed by Leonardo da Vinci (Codex Madrid I)

6 Base and Focus of interdisciplinary research in Tribology Imaging of tribolayer chemistry Stress-induced distribution of organic and inorganic species 250 µm Light microscope image disc wear scar cation Oxidation in tribocontact anion XPS image inorganic fluoride up to 6.4 at % µm Light microscope image disc wear scar intact cation oxidised cation + 1 O oxidised cation + 2 O Gabler et al, Green Chem, 2011 Gabler et al, Anal Chem, 2012; Gabler et al, Trib Int, 2014 High temperature wear 3-Body wear rate Corrosive Erosion on side walls environment Friction and nanoscopic wear Radio-Isotope Concentration Influence of bio-ethanol method (RIC) Wear behaviour in engine and component test Impact Abrasion during crushing Up to 900 C Cast materials Co-based hardfacings Carbide-rich Fe-based hardfacings Hot hardness AUDI Cast material Carbide-rich hardfacing 33 Mechanically mixed layer formation Varga et al., Tribol. Int. 65 (2013), Carbide-breakage, matrix support fails Rojacz et al., Mat. Sci. Eng. A 562 (2013), Oil Pump European Patent EP (B1) Jech M., PhD Thesis (2012) Lenauer C. et al., Tribol.Int. (2014) Lenauer C., PhD Thesis (in progress) 35 Three-term Kinetic Friction Law smooth particle (SPM) visualisation system parameters contact area quantification configurational entropy of lubricant F(L) = F 0 + A asp (L) + L good correlation S. Eder et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 23, (2011) A. Vernes et al., Faraday Discuss. 156, 173 (2012) S. Eder, PhD Thesis (2012) S. Eder et al., Langmuir 29, (2013) S. Eder et al., Comp. Phys. Comm. 185, 217 (2014) sliding resistance area in lubricant-lubricant interface 36 Conclusion Tribology research is focussed on complex systems: developing systematic/theoretical foundations, determining material parameters of interacting soft and hard materials, covering changes of energy state, material, etc. Tribology research has several mother sciences, interacting in a very complex system; thus Tribology is not a subfield of another science; Tribology is an independent science! But Tribology is much more than only the science of rubbing! Tribology is a term covering a complex system described by knowledge from several mother disciplines!

7 Our scientific umbrella: The Tribotope concept Tribotope versus Tribosystem and vice versa 37 The TRIBOTOPE concept (German "Tribotop ) follows a similar idea to the biotope: Tribotope: Greek (tribeïn) = rub and (topos) = place Thus, the word Tribotope, literally translated, means a space where Tribology happens. 38 Whereas a Tribosystem by its definition may comprise according the intentions (and knowledge) of the respective observer even fairly large components, whole aggregates and considerable parts of the environment, the Tribotope focuses on smaller and more specific regions. In that sense, a Tribotope can be understood as a nearfield tribosystem (with the narrowest possible system boundaries), i.e., the field of observation in order to describe the immediate interaction between at least one base body and a counteracting body and in case an intermediate substance and the impacts thereof on the actual state of involved materials. Condition and processes under observation Summary 39 geometric (micro)structures of surfaces their generation & alteration during tribological processes failure mechanisms in near-surface zones transport of wear particles & contaminants adsorption processes & chemical reactions of & caused by lubricating matter (nano-)rheological effects of lubricant flow 40 Find the right window to create a research centre Tribology is a separate field of science AC²T was founded in 2002 and is running a research umbrella project beyond 2020 Knowledge gain in Tribology goes from the global Tribosystem to the Tribotope approach and vice versa Without increasing Tribology research activities in Europe we will lose the manufacturing industry Disclaimer All information in this publication and all further technical advice is based on our present knowledge. However, they imply no liability or other legal responsibility on our part, including with regard to existing third party intellectual property rights, especially patent rights including copyrights, trademarks and designs. In particular, we cannot give any warranty, whether express or implied, or guarantee product properties in the legal sense. We reserve the right to make any changes according to technological progress or further developments. The performance of products described herein should be verified by each user with experiments (designed for the respective application) which are to be carried out by qualified experts. Suggestions for uses or applications are only opinions. Reference to trade names used by other companies is neither a recommendation, nor does it imply that similar products cannot be used. 41 Tribology