Fundamentals of Biomechanics

Transcription

1 Fundamentals of Biomechanics

2 Fundamentals of Biomechanics Duane Knudson California State University at Chico Chico, California Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Knudson, Duane V., Fundamentals of biomechanics/duane Knudson. p. em. Includes bibliographic references and index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Biomechanics. I. Title. QP303.K '6--dc ISBN Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York in / A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Permissions for books published in Europe: permissions@wkap.nl Permissions for books published in the United States of America: permissions@wkap.com

4 Contents Preface ix NINE FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS 29 Acknowledgments xi Principles and Laws 29 Nine Principles for Application of Biomechanics 30 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 35 PART I INTRODUCTION SUMMARY 36 REVIEW QuESTIONS 36 CHAPTER I KEY TERMS 37 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS SuGGESTED READING 37 OF HuMAN MovEMENT WEB LINKS 37 WHAT Is BioMECHANics? 3 PART II WHY STUDY BIOMECHANICS? 5 BIOLOGICAL/STRUCTURAL BASES Improving Performance 5 Preventing and Treating Injury 9 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 11 CHAPTERJ WHERE CAN I FIND OUT ABOUT BIOMECHANICS? 12 ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION AND ITs LIMITATIONS Scholarly Societies 13 Computer Searches 14 REVIEW OF KEY ANATOMICAL CONCEPTS 41 Biomechanics Textbooks 15 Directional Terms 42 BIOMECHANICAL KNOWLEDGE VERSUS Joint Motions 43 INFORMATION 16 Review of Muscle Structure 46 Kinds of Sources 16 MuscLE AcnoNs 49 Evaluating Sources 18 Active and Passive Tension of Muscle 51 A Word About Right and Hill Muscle Model 52 Wrong Answers 18 THE LIMITATIONS OF FuNCTIONAL SuMMARY 20 ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS 53 REVIEW QuESTIONS 20 Mechanical Method of Muscle Action Analysis KEY TERMS 20 The Need for Biomechanics to 53 SuGGESTED READING 20 Understand Muscle Actions 56 Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation WEB LINKS 22 Applications 60 RANGE-OF-MOTION PRINCIPLE 60 FORCE-MOTION PRINCIPLE 63 CHAPTER 2 fundamentals OF BIOMECHANICS AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SuMMARY 65 REviEw QuESTIONS 65 KEY TERMS 66 KEY MECHANICAL CONCEPTS 23 SuGGESTED READING 66 Mechanics 23 Basic Units 25 WEB LINKS 67 v

5 VI fundamentals OF BIOMECHANICS CHAPTER4 OPTIMAL PROJECTION PRINCIPLE 115 MECHANICS OF THE ANGULAR MOTION 119 MuscuLOSKELETAL SYSTEM Angular Velocity 120 TISSUE LOADS 69 Angular Acceleration 121 RESPONSES OF TISSUES TO FORCES 69 CooRDINATION CoNTINUUM PRINCIPLE 125 Stress 70 SUMMARY 127 Strain 70 REviEW QuESTIONS 127 Stiffness and Mechanical Strength 71 Viscoelasticity 72 KEY TERMS 128 BIOMECHANICS OF THE PASSIVE SUGGESTED READING 128 MuscLE-TENDON UNIT (MTU) 75 WEB LINKS 129 BIOMECHANICS OF BONE 76 BIOMECHANICS OF LIGAMENTS 77 THREE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS CHAPTER6 OF MusCLE 79 LINEAR KINETICS Force-Velocity Relationship 79 Force-Length Relationship 84 LAWS OF KINETICS 131 Force-Time Relationship 86 NEwTON's LAws OF MoTION 131 STRETCH-SHORTENING CYCLE (SSC) 88 Newton's First Law and First FORCE-TIME PRINCIPLE 92 Impressions 131 Newton's Second Law 134 NEUROMUSCULAR CoNTROL 94 Newton's Third Law 135 Functional Unit of Control: INERTIA PRINCIPLE 137 Motor Units 94 Regulation of Muscle Force 95 MuscLE ANGLE of PuLL: Proprioception of Muscle Action QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE and Movement 98 ANALYSIS OF VECTORS 139 SUMMARY 99 Qualitative Vector Analysis of REviEw QuEsTioNs 100 Muscle Angle of Pull Quantitative Vector Analysis of 139 KEY TERMS Muscle Angle of Pull CONTACT FORCES 143 SUGGESTED READING 101 IMPULSE-MOMENTUM RELATIONSHIP 145 WEB LINKS 102 FoRcE-TIME PRINCIPLE 147 WoRK-ENERGY RELATIONSHIP 149 PART Ill Mechanical Energy 149 Mechanical Work 153 MECHANICAL BASES Mechanical Power 155 SEGMENTAL INTERACTION PRINCIPLE 158 CHAPTER 5 LINEAR AND ANGULAR SUMMARY 162 KINEMATICS REVIEW QuESTIONS 163 LINEAR MoTION 105 KEY TERMS 164 Speed and Velocity 107 SUGGESTED READING 164 Acceleration 111 Uniformly Accelerated Motion 113 WEB LINKS 165

6 CONTENTS VII CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY 222 ANGULAR KINETICS DISCUSSION QuESTIONS 222 TORQUE 167 SuGGESTED READING 222 SUMMING TORQUES 171 WEB LINKS 223 ANGULAR INERTIA (MOMENT OF INERTIA) 172 NEwToN's ANGULAR ANALOGUES 176 CHAPTER 10 EQUILIBRIUM 177 APPLYING BIOMECHANICS IN CENTER OF GRAVITY 178 CoACHING PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE 181 QuALITATIVE ANALYSis of SUMMARY 187 THROWING TECHNIQUE 225 REVIEW QuESTIONS 187 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KEY TERMS 188 DRIBBLING TECHNIQUE 226 SUGGESTED READING 188 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WEB LINKS 189 CONDITIONING 228 CHAPTER 8 FLUID MECHANICS RECRUITMENT 229 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CATCHING 231 SUMMARY 232 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 232 FLUIDS 191 SuGGESTED READING 232 FLUID FoRcEs 191 WEB LINKS 233 Buoyancy 191 Drag 193 Lift 198 The Magnus Effect 201 PRINCIPLE OF SPIN 206 SUMMARY 208 CHAPTER II APPLYING BIOMECHANICS IN STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING KEY TERMS 208 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SQUAT TECHNIQUE REVIEW QuESTIONs QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SuGGESTED READING 208 WEB LINKS 209 DROP JuMPS 237 ExERCISE SPECIFICITY 238 INJURY RISK 240 PART IV EQUIPMENT 242 APPLICATIONS OF BIOMECHANICS SUMMARY 242 IN QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 243 CHAPTER 9 SuGGESTED READING 244 APPLYING BIOMECHANICS IN WEB LINKS 244 PHYSICAL EDUCATION QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KICKING TECHNIQUE 213 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BATTING 216 CHAPTER 12 APPLYING BIOMECHANICS IN SPORTS MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BASKETBALL FREE THROW 217 INJURY MECHANISMS 245 ExERCISE/ AcTIVITY PRESCRIPTION 218 ExERCISE SPECIFICITY 246 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CATCHING 220 EQUIPMENT 248

7 VIII fundamentals OF BIOMECHANICS READINESS 249 LAB ACTIVITIES SUMMARY FINDING BIOMECHANICAL SouRCES L-2 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE SUGGESTED READING 251 ANALYSIS OF RANGE OF MoTION L-4 WEB LINKS FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY? L-6 REFERENCES MuscLE AcTIONS AND THE STRETCH- SHORTENING CYCLE (SSC) L-8 APPENDIX A 5 VELOCITY IN SPRINTING L-10 GLOSSARY 277 APPENDIXB 6A ToP GuN KINETics: FORCE-MOTION PRINCIPLE L-12 CoNVERSION FACTORS 291 6B IMPULSE-MOMENTUM: FORCE-TIME PRINCIPLE L-14 APPENDIXC SuGGESTED ANSWERS TO SELECTED 7 ANGULAR KINETICS OF ExERCISE L-16 REviEw QuEsTioNs MAGNUS EFFECT IN BASEBALL APPENDIXD RiGHT-ANGLE TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW 299 PITCHING L-18 9 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAD-UP ACTIVITIES L COMPARISON OF SKILLED AND APPENDIXE NoviCE PERFORMANCE L-22 QuALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES COMPARISON OF TRAINING MoDES L QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDEX 303 WALKING GAIT L-26

8 Preface This book is written for students taking the introductory biomechanics course in Kinesiology /HPERD. The book is designed for majors preparing for all kinds of human movement professions and therefore uses a wide variety of movement examples to illustrate the application of biomechanics. While this approach to the application of biomechanics is critical, it is also important that students be introduced to the scientific support or lack of support for these qualitative judgments. Throughout the text extensive citations are provided to support the principles developed and give students references for further study. Algebraic level mathematics is used to teach mechanical concepts. The focus of the mathematical examples is to understand the mechanical variables and to highlight the relationship between various biomechanical variables, rather than to solve quantitative biomechanical word problems. It is obvious from research in physics instruction that solving quantitative word problems does not increase the conceptual understanding of important mechanical laws (Elby, 2001; Lawson & McDermott, 1987; Kim & Pak, 2002). So why another textbook on the biomechanics of human motion? There are plenty of books that are really anatomy books with superficial mechanics, that teach mechanics with sport examples, or are sport books that use some mechanics to illustrate technique points. Unfortunately, there are not many books that truly integrate the biological and mechanical foundations of human movement and show students how to apply and integrate biomechanical knowledge in improving human movement. This book was written to address these limitations in previous biomechanics texts. The text presents a clear conceptual understanding of biomechanics and builds nine principles for the application of biomechanics. These nine principles form the applied biomechanics tools kinesiology professionals need. The application of these biomechanical principles is illustrated in qualitative analysis of a variety of human movements in several contexts for the kinesiology professional: physical education, coaching, strength and conditioning, and sports medicine. This qualitative analysis approach meets the NASPE Guidelines and Standards (Kinesiology Academy, 1992) for an introductory biomechanics course, and clearly shows students how biomechanical knowledge must be applied when kinesiology professionals improve human movement. The text is subdivided into four parts: Introduction, Biological/Structural Bases, Mechanical Bases, and Applications of Biomechanics in Qualitative Analysis. Each part opener provides a concise summary of the importance and content of that section of text. The text builds from familiar anatomical knowledge, to new biomechanical principles and their application. This book has several features that are designed to help students link personal experience to biomechanical concepts and that illustrate the application of biomechanics principles. First, nine general principles of biomechanics are proposed and developed throughout the text. These principles are the application link for the biomechanical concepts used to improve movement or reduce injury risk. Some texts have application chapters at the end of the book, but an ix

9 X fundamentals OF BIOMECHANICS application approach and examples are built in throughout Fundamentals of Biomechanics. Second, there are activity boxes that provide opportunities for students to see and feel the biomechanical variables discussed. Third, there are practical application boxes that highlight the applications of biomechanics in improving movement and in treating and preventing injury. Fourth, the interdisciplinary issues boxes show how biomechanics is integrated with other sport sciences in addressing human movement problems. Fifth, all chapters have associated lab activities (located at the end of the book, after the index) that use simple movements and measurements to explore concepts and principles. These lab activities do not require expensive lab equipment, large blocks of time, or dedicated lab space. Finally, Part IV (chapters 9 through 12) provides real-life case studies of how the biomechanical principles can be qualitatively applied to improve human movement in a variety of professions. No other text provides as many or as thorough guided examples of applying biomechanical principles in actual human movement situations. These application chapters also provide discussion questions so that students and instructors can extend the discussion and debate on professional practice using specific examples. There are also features that make it easy for students to follow the material and study for examinations. Extensive use of graphs, photographs, and illustrations are incorporated throughout. Aside from visual appeal, these figures illustrate important points and relationships between biomechanical variables and performance. The book provides an extensive glossary of key terms and biomechanics research terminology so that students can read original biomechanical research. Each chapter provides a summary, extensive citations of important biomechanical research, and suggested readings. The chapters in Parts I, II, and III conclude with review questions for student study and review. The lists of web links offer students the internet addresses of significant websites and professional organizations. I hope that you master the fundamentals of biomechanics, integrate biomechanics into your professional practice, and are challenged to continuously update your biomechanical toolbox. Some of you will find advanced study and a career in biomechanics exciting opportunities.

10 Acknowledgments The author would like to thank the many people who have contributed to this book. I am indebted to many biomechanics colleagues who have shared their expertise with me, given permission to share their work, and contributed so much to students and our profession. I would like to thank Tim Oliver for his expert editing, formatting, and design of the book, Katherine Hanley-Knutson for many fine illustrations, and Aaron Johnson at Kluwer for his vision to make this book happen. To the ones I truly love-lois, Josh, and Mandy-thanks for being such great people and for sharing the computer. Finally, I would like to thank God for knitting all of us so "fearfully and wonderfully made." xi

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