The Effects of a Workplace Exercise Intervention: A Field Experiment in China

Transcription

1 The Effects of a Workplace Exercise Intervention: A Field Experiment in China Betsy Lai, Amanda Griffiths, Holly Blake 10 th UKSBM Annual Scientific Meeting Patients, Populations and Policy-makers: Behavioural Medicine in Practice Nottingham, November 2014 University of Nottingham 1

2 The Chinese Context Chinese working population % of 1.35 billion National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2012 Limited research to date Siu et al, 2013 Relevance of western health promotion approaches Historical context Radio callisthenics 2

3 Definitions Workplace Exercise Physical activity Caspersen et al, 1985 Exercise Workplace Quintilliani et al, 2007 Effects of physical activity on individuals Workplace physical activity interventions Workplace exercise interventions weekly aerobics, short exercise break, individual exercise prescription, 30min to 2hrs per week 3

4 Objectives Investigate effects on employees Health and psychological effects Level of physical activity Investigate effects on organisation Job satisfaction, organisation commitment, staff engagement, recruitment and retention Work performance Sickness absence 4

5 Method 1. Feasibility study 2. Employee participative management 3. Pilot group study 4. Experimental vs Wait-list Control 5. Pre & post comparison - longitudinal design 6. Process evaluation using the RE-AIM framework Kim et al, 2012; Aittasalo et al,

6 Setting & Participants Insurance information technology service provider: Guangzhou (N = 440) Beijing ( N = 250) Sedentary IT workers - more prone to musculoskeletal problems Barredo & Mahon, 2007 Age range % university graduates 51% male, 49% female 6

7 Intervention Qigong - 10 minutes, twice a day, in the workplace Pop-up window alerts or led by exercise champions 7

8 Move It 动起来 Workplace Exercise Intervention Programme

9 Self-reported data: Measures Physical activity levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ, short form) Work performance (WHO Health and Work Performance Questionnaire: HPQ) Sickness absence (Work Ability Index, WAI) 9

10 0 mth Time 1 Design 4 th mths Time 2 12 th mths Time 3 Experimental Group - Guangzhou Measures n = wks intervention Measures n = 143 On-going exercise Measures n = 127 Wait-list Control Group - Beijing Measures n = 86 Waiting Measures n = wks intervention Measures n = 54 Study 1 pre and post comparison T1 vs T2, within groups and between groups Study 2 longitudinal study T1 vs T3, within groups and between groups

11 Results Demographic analysis Effects on employees Level of physical activity Effects on work-related outcomes Work performance Sickness absence 11

12 Demographics: Comparable Experimental Group Wait List Control Group Gender 50% W 50% M 45% W 55% M Age 92% Years of Employment 50% 3 years 60% 3 years 1/27/

13 Demographics: Different Education Experimental Group 87% university graduates Wait List Control Group 99% university graduates Marital Status 61% married 75% married 1/27/2015 Event Name and Venue 13

14 Effect on Employees Significant in Physical Activity Levels Experimental group pre and post T1 vs T2 comparison longitudinal T1 vs T3 comparison Wait-list control group longitudinal T1 vs T3 comparison 14

15 Comparison in Physical Activity between Groups - Median Scores (weekly METs) Experimental Group Wait-list control group Pre-study T1 Post-study T2 Post-study T3 15

16 Magnitude of in Physical Activity Levels Between Two Groups Pre and post T1 vs T2 comparison Experimental group 36% > Wait list control group 22% Longitudinal T1 vs T3 comparison Experimental group 46% > Wait list control group 13% % based on the median of physical activity levels due to nonnormal distributions of scores for both groups 16

17 Effect on Work Performance 1. Pre and post T1 vs T2 comparison 2. Longitudinal T1 vs T3 comparison No significant difference within the experimental group No significant difference within the wait-list control group No significant difference between two groups although wait-list control group had higher mean scores 17

18 Comparison in Work Performance (1-10) between Two Groups in Mean Scores Experimental Group Wait-list Control Group Pre-study T1 Post-study T2 Post-study T3

19 Effects on Sickness Absence 1. Pre and post T1 vs T2 comparison 2. Longitudinal T1 vs T3 comparison No significant difference within the experimental group No significant difference within the wait-list control group No significant difference between two groups 19

20 Experimental Group T1, T2 & T3 Sickness Absence Outcomes in % 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Pre-study T1 Post-study T2 Post-study T3 10% 0% None at all At the most 9 days days days 20

21 Wait-list Control Group T1, T2 & T3 Sickness Absence in % 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% None at all At the most 9 days days days days Pre-study T1 Post-study T2 Post-study T3 21

22 RE-AIM Process Evaluation Model Reach: 50% participation rate, employee profiles Effectiveness: survey results Adoption: focus group interviews Implementation: exercise logs, focus groups Maintenance: integrate to company practice 22

23 Significance Short exercise breaks as incorporated into company practice Dishman et al, 2009 Provide further evidence in Chinese context Lessons from the West to the East and vice versa 23

24 More Research Needed Organisational outcomes Odeen et al, 2013 Higher quality methodological approaches Explore effects with different delivery modalities More studies with employees doing prolonged sedentary work 24

25 References Aittasalo, M., Rinne, M., Pasanen, M., Kukkonen-Harjula, K. & Vasankari, T. (2012). Promoting walking among office employees: evaluation of a randomized controlled intervention with pedometers and messages. BMC Public Health Caspersen, C.J., Powell, K.E., & Christenson, G.M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public health reports, 100(2), 126. Dishman R.K., Dejoy D.M., Wilson M.G. & Vandenberg R.J. (2009). Move to improve: a randomized workplace trial to increase physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 36(2)

26 References Kim. A.E., Towers, A., Renaud, J., Zhu, J., Shea, J.A., Galvin, R. & Volpp K.G. (2012). Application of the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the impact of a worksitebased financial incentive intervention for smoking cessation. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine. 54(5) Odeen, M., Magnussen, L.H., Maeland, S., Larun, L., Eriksen, H.R. & Tveito, T.H. (2013). Systematic review of active workplace interventions to reduce sickness absence. Occupational Medicine-Oxford, 63(1), Quintiliani, L., Sattelmair, J. & Sorensen, G. (2007). The workplace as a setting for interventions to improve diet and promote physical activity. WHO press, World Health Organization. Siu, O.L., Cooper, C.L. & Phillips, D.R. (2013) Intervention studies on enhancing work well-being, reducing burnouts and improving recovery experience among Hong Kong health care workers and teachers. International Journal of Stress Management, 21(1),