Year 12 Psychology (Paper 2)

Transcription

1 Half Term 1 4 th September 11 th September 18 th September 25 th September 2 rd October 9 th October 16 th October Introduction to Psychology different approaches. Emergence of psychology as a science from introspection and Wundt to Scientific psychology. Behaviourist approach Classical conditioning (CC) key concepts Pavlov Operant conditioning (OC) key concepts. Types of reinforcement. Negative reinforcement v punishment Social learning theory and the role of mediation processes imitation identification modelling, vicarious reinforcement, Bandura. Strengths and limitations of learning approaches Cognitive approach. Internal mental processes Monitoring and controlling purposes of consciousness. Role of schemas. Theoretical and computer models to explain mental processes. The role of inference in understanding behaviour. The emergence of cognitive neuroscience. Biological approach Overview of biological structures and neurochemistry Genetic basis of behaviour genotype phenotype Role of family, twin and adoption studies. Egs of studies of genetic basis of behaviour Evolutionary basis of behaviour selective advantage, natural selection, sexual selection Describe the origins of psychology: Wundt, introspection and the emergence of psychology as a science. basic assumptions of the behaviourist approach, including classical conditioning and Pavlov s research. basic assumptions of the behaviourist approach operant conditioning, types of reinforcement and basic assumptions of the social learning theory including imitation, identification, modelling, vicarious reinforcement. basic assumptions of the social learning theory including the role of meditational processes study of internal mental processes, the role of schema in cognitive approach. use of theoretical and computer models to explain the mental processes, e.g. emergence of cognitive neuroscience. basic assumptions of the biological approach: the influence of genes, biological structures and neurochemistry on behaviour. basic assumptions of genotype and phenotype, genetic basis of behaviour, evolution and behaviour Skinner s research. and Bandura s research.

2 Half Term 2 30 st October 6 th November 13 th November 20 st November 27 th November 4 th December 11 th December Intro to Bio psychology From the bottom up - Structure and function of sensory relay and motor neurons. Synaptic transmission Process and the role of neurotransmitters - excitation and inhibition Divisions of nervous system Structure and functions of CNS Structure and functions of somatic and autonomic NS Endocrinal system (glands and hormones) and their influence on behaviour Adrenaline and the fight or flight What is Psychopathology Normal v abnormal Cultural relativism reference to culture bound syndromes Definitions of abnormality their strengths and limitations Introduction to Psychological disorders Behavioural emotional and cognitive characteristics of phobias, adaptive v maladaptive fear, diagnosis, co-morbidity, cultural differences. Behavioural approach to explaining phobias CC Watson and Rayner and the acquisition of phobia. Concept of preparedness eg Ohman (1975) and uncertainty eg Mineka (1985) OC and the reinforcement of phobic behaviour through avoidance. Mowrer - Two Process theory Treating Phobias Systematic desensitisation, principle of reciprocal inhibition, the role of hierarchy, relaxation. Flooding principles and process of the role of exhaustion and stimulus satiation. Distinction in vivo in vitro and VR, research on effectiveness. Evidence of effectiveness and appropriateness of behavioural therapies. Cognitive explanations for depression Ellis ABC model Beck s cognitive triad and errors in logic. Examples of cognitive biases. Evaluation of cognitive explanations Research evidence eg Reynolds (2003) Evans (2005) Hammen (1992). Understand the divisions of the nervous system: central and peripheral (somatic and autonomic) Understand the structure and function of sensory, relay and motor neurons Explain the process of synaptic transmission, including reference to neurotransmitters, excitation and inhibition Know the function of the endocrine system: glands and hormones Discuss the fight or flight response including the role of adrenaline Know the definitions of abnormality: deviation from social norms failure to function adequately statistical infrequency deviation from ideal mental health Describe the behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of phobias Describe the behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of depression Describe the behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Discuss the behavioural treating phobias: the twoprocess model including classical and operant conditioning Discuss the behavioural treating phobias: systematic desensitisation, including relaxation and use of hierarchy Outline the cognitive treating depression: Beck s negative triad

3 Half Term 3 1st January 8 th January 15 th January 22nd January 29 th January 5 th February 12 th February Treating Depression CBT principles and process Challenging irrational thoughts Evidence of effectiveness and appropriateness of cognitive therapies. Causes of OCD & Issues of co-morbidity Genetic explanations, including Twin & family studies Role of glutamate systems, eg Arnold (2006 ) Neuroanatomical explanations for OCD. Neurochemical explanations Evaluation of biological explanations for OCD. Drug therapy for OCD Evidence from drug therapies to support neurochemical explanation. Beta blockers, Bz s, SSRI s Mode of action. Evaluation of drug therapies. Appropriateness (side effects) and effectiveness. Research Methods Overview of the scientific process. Introduction to practical research methods. Overview of research methods Experimental v non experimental - Types of experiment natural, quasi, lab, field Qualitative v quantitative research Key features of experimental method Population and Sampling - types and procedures Relationship between sampling and research conclusions Peer review Pilot studies (pilot measures /procedure) Ethics Comparison with alternative therapies Outline the cognitive Discuss the biological Discuss the biological approach Understand how to state Know the experimental Discuss pilot studies and Discuss the role of the approach to explaining and treating depression: Ellis s ABC model treating OCD: genetic and neural explanations to explaining and treating OCD: drug therapy aims, the difference between aims and hypotheses. Explain the different hypotheses: directional and non-directional. method: types of experiment; laboratory and field experiments; natural and quasiexperiments. Explain the experimental designs: repeated measures, independent groups, matched pairs. the aims of piloting. Discuss the role of peer review in the scientific process. British Psychological Society s code of ethics. Discuss ethical issues in the design and conduct of psychological studies; dealing with ethical issues in research.

4 Half Term 4 26 th February 5 th March 12 th March 19 th March 26 th March 2 nd April Observational techniques Observational methods naturalistic/controlled covert/overt, ppt/non ppt Behavioural categories, Self-report techniques Strengths and limitations of selfreport techniques Questionnaires. Interviews, structured and unstructured Open and closed questions correlational study using standardised scale Correlational research Strengths and limitations. Positive and negative and Zero relationships Presenting and interpreting correlational data Graphical presentation of data Scatterplots Research methods question Data presentation and descriptive stats Inferential stats - sign test Probability Economic of psychological research, e.g drug therapies Practical Research methods review study Know the types of observation: naturalistic and controlled observation; covert and overt observation; participant and non-participant observation. Understand observational design: behavioural categories; event sampling; time sampling. Discuss self-report techniques, e.g. questionnaires; interviews, structured and unstructured. Understand questionnaire construction, including use of open and closed questions Understand the design of interviews. Analyse the relationship between co-variables. Calculate of percentages; positive, negative and zero correlations Use measures of central tendency mean, median, mode; calculation of mean, median and mode. Use measures of dispersion; range and standard deviation; calculation of range.. Understand statistical testing; the sign test. Discuss the implications of psychological research for the economy.

5 Half Term 5 23 rd April 30 th April 7 th May 14 th May 21 st May Revision Revision Revision Exam period Exam period

6 Half Term 6 5 th June 12 th June 19 th June 26 th June 3 rd July 10 th July 17 th July Exam period Exam period Introduction to A Level content: Psychodynamic approach Main assumptions &Methods of study The role of the unconscious mind Psychosexual stages of development Defence mechanisms Evaluation of approach Humanistic approach Main assumptions and methods of study The role of congruence and the self Maslow s hierarchy of needs The role of counselling Evaluation of approach Comparision of approaches Research methods new content for A Level Case studies Content analysis Validity and reliability End of year review psychodynamic approach: the role of the unconscious psychodynamic approach: the structure of personality, that is ID, ego and superego psychodynamic approach: defence mechanisms including repression, denial and displacement psychodynamic approach: psychosexual stages. Know the humanistic psychology: free will, selfactualisation and Maslow s hierarchy of needs, focus on the self, congruence, the role of conditions of worth. Know the influence of counselling psychology in humanistic psychology Discuss the comparison of approaches Understand case studies Apply content analysis.