The Nature and Scope of Psychology. Lecture 1
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1 The Nature and Scope of Psychology Lecture 1 1
2 William James ( ) Psychology is the science of mental life Principles of Psychology (1890) R.H. Wozniak 2
3 A Short List of Mental Functions Immanuel Kant ( ) There are three absolutely irreducible faculties of mind: knowledge, feeling, and desire. Critique of Judgment (1790) R.H. Wozniak 3
4 The Trilogy of Mind Hilgard (1980) Cognition Knowledge and Beliefs Emotion Affect, Moods, Feelings Motivation E.R. Hilgard Drives, Needs, Desires, Goals, Purposes 4
5 The Scope of Psychology Basic Processes How the Mind Works Development Origins of Mind Individual Differences Individual Organization of Mental Life Pathology Disorders of Mind and Behavior Applications of Basic Knowledge Education, Psychotherapy, Workplace 5
6 Psychology as a Behavioral Science Anthropology Biology Economics History Political Science Psychology Sociology How Individuals, Human or Animal, Interact with Each Other and the World in which They Live What is a Psychological Explanation of Behavior? 6
7 The Doctrine of Mentalism Doctrine of Mental Causation Mental States are to Action as Cause to Effect Mental States : Action :: Cause : Effect 7
8 Example Behavior: A Person Commits Suicide Cognitive Explanation Knowledge, Beliefs He Believed He Was Worthless Emotional Explanation Affects, Moods, Feelings He Felt Depressed Motivational Explanation Drives, Needs, Goals He No Longer Wanted to Live 8
9 % of Population Variance Genetic Influences on Suicide Voracek & Loibl (2007) Genetic Environment Broad Narrow Definition 9
10 Example Behavior: A Person Commits Suicide Japanese Kamikaze Pilots World War II Jonestown Massacre People s Temple,
11 Levels of Explanation Sociocultural Psychological Biophysical 11
12 Psychology as a Social Science The Individual in Society Social Interaction Cooperation, Competition Social Influence Individuals, Groups Social Cognition Personality Individual Differences Organization of Individual Lives Mind in the Abstract vs. Mind in Action 12
13 Psychology as a Biological Science The Brain is the Physical Basis of the Mind Neuroscience Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology Other Bodily Systems Endocrine System Immune System Molecular and Cellular Biology Genetics Evolutionary Biology National Geographic Ecology 13
14 Psychology as a Physical Science The Brain is an Electrochemical System Psychophysics Physical Stimuli vs. Psychological State Brain Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetoencephalography Henry H. Wheeler Brain Imaging Center UC Berkeley 14
15 Scientific American The Question of Reductionism There is only one science, and it is physics; all the rest is stamp collecting Attributed to Ernest Rutherford ( ) [Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 1908] Mental Talk as Folk Psychology Can the Principles of Psychology be Reduced to the Principles of Physics? Or, At Least, the Principles of Biology Should They? 15
16 Levels of Explanation Psychological Explanations In Terms of Cognition, Emotion, Motivation Individual Mental States Sociocultural Explanations In Terms of Socio-Cultural Structures, Practices Group Membership, Institutional Roles Biophysical Explanations In Terms of Neurotransmitters, Genes, Hormones Biological, Physical Structures, Processes 16
17 Psychology Has a Long Past, but Only a Short History Herman von Ebbinghaus (1908) 16 th -17 th c., Study of the Soul or Spirits Post-Classical Latin Greek Psycho, Soul or Mind Latin Logia, Study Christian Wolff Psychologia Empirica (1732) Psychologia Rationalis (1734) David Hartley: Observations on Man (1749) Psychology, or the Theory of the Human Mind 17
18 Psychology as an Impossible Science Rene Descartes ( ) Substance Dualism Material Body Immaterial Mind Immanuel Kant ( ) Science Based on Measurement Immaterial Substances Cannot be Measured 18
19 The Emergence of Scientific Psychology Psychophysics Weber (1830) Fechner (1860) Physiological Psychology Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies Muller ( ) Physiological Optics Helmholtz ( ) Reaction Time Speed of Neural Impulse (Helmholtz, 1850) Speed of Mental Processes (Donders, 1868) 19
20 First Laboratories Leipzig (Wundt, In the United States Johns Hopkins (Hall, 1883) Pennsylvania (Cattell, 1888) Wisconsin (Jastrow, 1888) Harvard (James, 1875; Munsterberg,1891) 20
21 First Textbooks Wundt, Grundzüge der Physiologischen Psychologie ( ) James Principles of Psychology (1890) Psychology: Briefer Course (1892) 21
22 First American PhDs G. Stanley Hall, Harvard James, 1878 Joseph Jastrow, Hopkins Peirce, 1884 James McKeen Cattell, Leipzig Wundt,
23 First Journals Philosophische Studien Wundt, 1881 American Journal of Psychology Hall, 1887 Psychological Review Baldwin & Cattell,
24 Two Kinds of Science, Two Kinds of Psychology Wundt (1900) Naturwissenschaft vs. Geisteswissenschaft Experimental Psychology vs. Völkerpsychologie 24
25 From Immediate Experience to Higher Mental Processes Memory Ebbinghaus (1885) Learning Pavlov (1898) Thorndike (1898) Thinking Hull (1920) 25
26 and Beyond Emotion and Motivation Cannon (1915) Psychopathology Kraepelin (1890s) Jung (1919) Shakow (1930s) 26
27 Individual Differences Personal Equation (Bessel, 1820) Mental Measurement (Galton, 1883) Regression, Correlation (1886) Intelligence (Binet & Simon, 1905) Terman (1916), Wechsler (1939) 27
28 Personality and Attitudes Personality Measurement Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (1917) Bernreuter Personality Inventory (1931) Attitude Measurement Thurstone & Chave (1929) Likert (1932) 28
29 Completing the Circle Experimental Social Psychology Triplett (1898) Sherif (1935) Experimental Personality Research Rosenzweig (1937) Murray et al. (1938) Experimental Psychopathology Hunt (1936) 29
30 Cognitive Science as an Interdisciplinary Field Philosophy Psychology Linguistics Computer Science Neuroscience Anthropology Other Social Sciences 30
31 Philosophy Theology Literature Fine Arts Biology Ecology Physical Anthropology Psychology The Universe Within (Morton Hunt) Economics Sociology History Political Science Cultural Anthropology Physics Chemistry Astronomy 31 Cosmology
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