Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D. 2 October
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1 Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D. 2 October
2 Life Without Memory (Clive Wearing) Video Clive s Diary 10:08 a.m.: Now I am superlatively awake. First time aware for years. 10:13 a.m.: Now I am overwhelmingly awake. 10:28 a.m.: Actually I am now the first time awake for years. 10/2/ :41 PM 2
3 Genes determine the possible range. Reflex actions, simple behaviors Knee-jerk, swallow, suck, grip John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner 2 October
4 Experience (and memory of it) determines our individual differences and allows us to improve upon initial behaviors and reflexes. 2 October
5 How well can you read these sentences? The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs. 2 October
6 Context and Expectations Group 1 Group 2 2 October
7 Bugelski & Alampay (1961) 2 October
8 Jastrow (1899) 2 October
9 Kremen (2010) 2 October
10 2 October
11 2 October
12 Introspection, Logic, & Philosophy Plato s Aviary metaphor 2 October
13 other animals (as well as man) have memory, but none except man, shares in the faculty of recollection All knowledge is innate, The Republic Intuition and Logic Observation and Data Theories Contiguity, Frequency, Similarity Memory Replication of sensory perception Passive re-perception Familiarity? Reminiscence Replaying an entire experience Temporal contiguity Recollection? 2 October
14 Mind Cogito ergo sum (Descartes, 1637) Body Stimulus, Response (reflex arc) Like a machine/clock Animal Spirits flow Knowledge is mostly innate 2 October
15 Absolute Power of the Monarchy Isaac Newton s Light and Robert Boyle s chemicals Associationism (Green, Bitter/Sour vs. Limes) Tabula rasa & Empiricism Knowledge (and memory) come from experience Thomas Jefferson s Declaration of Independence Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness 2 October
16 Habit Automatic associations, underlie all three basic forms of memory 1. Representative Memory Most complex, flexible * Conscious recollection 2. Mechanical Memory Motor / Procedural actions 3. Sensitive Memory Emotional associations 2 October
17 Wilhelm Wundt 1 st Intro Psychology course in America (Harvard, 1869) Goal of Psychology: Understand principles that govern formation and maintenance of new skills and memories! Empiricism and Associationism (Aristotle and Locke) Memory depends on: 1. Strengthening of reflex pathways 2. Associational Links Two Types of Memories Primary memory vs. Secondary memory Watterson.html 2 October
18 Two Darwins: Erasmus (Evolution) and grandson Charles (Natural Selection) Evolutionary Psychology Greater capacity for learning and memory 2 October
19 Fechner s Law and JNDs for Perception (Psychophysics) Mathematical and Statistical Analysis Later, Clark Hull Sole Participant & Familiarity (CVCs) Memory & Forgetting Retention Curves, Savings 2 October
20 Experimental Rigor Independent and Dependent Variables Delay Length, List Length, Memory Retention Subject & Experimenter Bias Blind Designs Placebo 2 October
21 Interaction of nervous system and bodily function (digestion) Like cutting edge technology: Telephones! Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1904) How powerful is Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning? Psychic Secretion and Classical Conditioning US, UR, CS, CR Extinction, Generalization 2 October
22 2 October
23 Student of William James Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning Law of Effect The effects of actions affect future actions. Adaptive behaviors should evolve. Reward & Punishment 2 October
24 2 October
25 Purely objective experimental branch of natural science (1913) Rats can run a maze without their senses Everything is S-R Little Albert Little Douglas (born died 1925) (Beck, Levinson, & Irons, 2009) Behaviorism and mental events Give me a dozen health infants (1924) The Burning Question How is Albert today? 2 October
26 Operant Conditioning Walden Two (1948) Serendipity and Variable Reinforcement Radical Behaviorist Chomsky & Language 2 October
27 Edward Tolman (1948/51): Neo-Behaviorist Cognitive Maps: Behavior reeks of purpose (1932) Latent Learning 2 October
28 2 October
29 Cognitive Prediction Behaviorist prediction Striatum vs. Hippocampus (Packard & McGaugh, 1996) Habit vs. Explicit Memory Implications: Lowering the dosage for infant Tylenol 2 October
30 Clark Hull One equation to control them all! W. K. Estes Stimulus Sampling Theory Perturbation Model 2 October
31 Learning by Insight Aha (single trial learning) Aggregate Data Combination Lock Game Mood and Memory Multicomponent Theory of the Memory Trace 2 October
32 Claude Bell Labs Information Theory Chris, a student in your class, is male Prior knowledge and bits of information. George Miller Context and jamming German radios Help, I m Drowning vs Man on Street Total Capacity and Short-term Memory Digit Span and Magic Number 7 ± 2 2 October
33 Connectionist Models (Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986) Nodes and Connections Distributed Representations Pick s Disease 2 October
34 1. How do sensations or ideas become linked in the mind? Contiguity, Frequency, Similarity (Aristotle), Pavlov, Thorndike, Hull, Skinner, etc. 2. How are memories built from the components of experience? Associationism (Locke), James, Estes, Rumelhart, etc. 3. To what extent are behaviors and abilities determined by biological inheritance (nature) and to what extent by life experiences (nurture)? Empiricism (Aristotle & Locke & Behaviorism) vs. Nativism (Descartes & Kant) 4. In what ways are human learning and memory similar to learning and memory in other animals, and in what ways do they differ? Evolution (Darwins), Computer Models, Continuum of Cognition (Rumelhart & McClelland), etc. 5. Can the psychological study of the mind be rigorously scientific, uncovering universal principles of learning and memory that can be described by mathematical equations and considered fundamental laws? Ebbinghaus, Watson, Hull, Skinner, Estes, and nearly everyone who followed. 2 October
9/21/2017. Life Without Memory (Clive Wearing) Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D.
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