PSYC 1101 vs. PSYC 1100 Social Science vs. Natural Science. Psychology as a Social Science
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1 PSYC 1101 vs. PSYC 1100 Social Science vs. Natural Science Social Sciences: anthropology, communica>on studies, economics, history, poli>cal science, sociology, psychology, etc. Natural Sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, oceanography, psychology, etc. Psychology as a Social Science Developmental Psychology Sex & Gender Personality Health Psychology: Stress and Well- Being Abnormal Psychology: Disorders Clinical Psychology: Treatments Mo>va>on Social Psychology Industrial & Organiza>onal Psychology 1
2 Perspec>ves on Psychology biological behavioral psychodynamic humanis>c cogni>ve evolu>onary sociocultural Perspec>ves on what, though? The ABC s: emo>ons behaviors thoughts (um, wait ) 2
3 Perspec>ves on what, though? The ABC s: Affect Behavior Cogni>on Perspec>ves on what, though? emo>ons behaviors thoughts so remember these as THE ABC s: affect behavior cogni>on 3
4 Psychology as the science of mind and behavior Historical outline of psychology 1879: Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany, founds the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, separa>ng psychology from philosophy for the first >me: STRUCTURALISM (Titchener in US) looks for elements of thought 1913: John Broadus Watson declares that to be a science, psychology must only study the observable and thus must be a science of behavior, rather than of mind; this inaugurates roughly six decades of dominance of American psychology by BEHAVIORISM. 1967: an arbitrary date for the beginning of COGNITIVISM - Ulric Neisser publishes his textbook Cogni&ve Psychology, outlining the areas of study (e.g., a`en>on, memory, percep>on, language) that had begun yielding to inves>ga>on in the last decade, and presen>ng a consensus on the new informa>on processing view of the field that solidified its popularity and led to its rapid ascendance. Func>onalism (1890 s s) influenced by William James and Darwinian evolu>onary theory, which assumed mind had a func>on useful to an animal's survival opposed to structuralism: instead of understanding elements and structure of mind through introspec>on, study how mind and behavior be`er adapt an organism to its environment interested in both mind and behavior - - so methods included introspec>on, but also puzzle boxes, mazes, mental tests, etc. studied animal behavior as well as special human popula>ons (children, mentally ill) interested in prac>cal applica>ons (in self- improvement, educa>on, industry, etc.) as well as theorizing interested in mo>va>on of behavior, whereas structuralism didn't depend on mo>va>on interested in individual differences (e.g., in intelligence, mo>va>on, etc.), instead of solely focusing on universal characteris>cs of mind 4
5 Gestalt Psychology Gestalt Psychologists (Germany in 1900 s, U.S. in 1940's) re>nal image + INNATE LAWS of ORGANIZATION - - > percept (organized into set of objects) Principles of perceptual organiza>on: grouping by proximity, similarity, good con>nua>on, closure Apparent Mo>on: the phi- phenomenon: s>mulus present in two loca>ons within short >me interval is seen as one moving s>mulus; no moving s>mulus though! (i.e., no sensa>ons of movement) Percep>on is always in the direc>on of the simplest, most economical configura>on The WHOLE is different from the sum of the parts Kurt Lewin : person is an element in the whole which is society; context of the whole affects iden>ty of elements Fig
6 proximity similarity similarity good continuation closure Fig
7 Fig Fig
8 Fig Psychoanalysis Sigismund Schlomo Freud May September medical student at University of Vienna (Austria) researching neurophysiology and studying philosophy Where are the male eel's sex organs? Can't find them! doctor at Vienna General Hospital 1886 begins private prac>ce focusing on nervous disorders (medical psychopathology); ailments mental in origin? tries and eventually abandons therapeu>c hypnosis and cocaine; finally se`les on listening to pa>ent s talk 1890s concludes unconscious ideas (especially sexual ones) caused mental and physical troubles; 1899 dreams are the key to discovering these unconscious influences psychosexual development, Oedipus complex 1920s id ego superego formed through developmental stages and Oedipal conflict 8
9 Psychology as the science of experimental epistemology Outline of Epistemology for Psychology Founda>ons Modern Philosophy Modern Psychology RATIONALISM Plato d. 347 BC Descartes 1641 Kant 1781 Chomsky 1959 EMPIRICISM Aristotle d. 322 BC Locke 1690 Berkeley 1710 Hume 1748 Skinner 1957 RATIONALISM / NATIVISM EMPIRICISM / ASSOCIATIONISM What is the origin of knowledge? born with innate ideas; experience provides occasion for knowing; "na>vism born as clean slate ("tabula rasa"); experience is source of knowledge; "empiricism How is knowledge arrived at? learn by opera>on of mind manipula>on of concepts and ideas; "ra>onalism learn by connec>ng experiences in world; "associa>onism 9
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