Oman College of Management & Technology

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1 Oman College of Management & Technology COURSE NAME: DESIGN PSYCHOLOGY PROPOSED BY: DR.MOHAMED ALNEJEM SEMESTER: SECOND 2015/2016 CHAPTER (2): Schools of psychology 1

2 SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY: SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY = SYSTEMS OF THOUGHT SCHOOL Group of psychologists who became associated with the leader of a movement. They shared the same ideas about what psychology is and how it is to be studied.

3 Old Ages Schools in psychology 3

4 Pre Historic / Traditionally Gods and spirits were attributed the power to direct or cause such events, activities and behaviour of men. Medieval Period: St. Agustine He introduced and used the method of Introspection (the description of one s own conscious process). 4

5 Greek Influence Psychology is rooted in two different approaches to human behaviour: 1. The first is philosophy, a means of exploring and understanding the general nature of many aspects of the world. 2. The second approach is physiology, the scientific study of living organisms and of life-sustaining functions and processes, primarily through observations. 5

6 Plato (ca BC) The mind or soul has a distinct power and is God-given. The soul is composed of three parts: #Head exerts reason #Heart noble impulses #Diaphragm own passions and desires 6

7 Galen Believes that differences in behaviour is attributed to the vital fluids/juices of the body: Blood : Sanguine cheerful Phlegm: Phlegmatic sluggish / flat affect Black Bile: Melancholic sad Yellow Bile: Choleric bad temper Democritus (around 400 BC) - Believed that the human mind and body is composed of atoms which could circulate freely and which enabled it to penetrate the whole body. -According to him, atoms from our environment enter through our sense organ enabling us to perceive the world around us 7

8 Aristotle contributions to psychology: 8

9 The Early Modern Period: The French philosopher Rene Descartes continued the dialectic of theory versus data in the 17th century. Descartes agreed with Plato s rationalist belief that the introspective, reflective method is superior to empirical methods for finding the truth. In the 18th century, the debates about dualism versus monism (the belief that mind and body are one) and empiricism versus rationalism reached a peak. German philosopher Immanuel Kant began the process of dialectic synthesis for these questions. Kant believed that the quest for understanding mental processes requires both rationalism and empiricism working together. 9

10 19th Century Schools in psychology 10

11 STRUCTURALISM Taking Inventory of the Mind 11

12 Structuralism : Definition: School of Psychology that stresses the basic units of experience and combinations in which they occur. 12

13 Wilhelm Wundt Wundt founded a field of psychology known as structuralism. Structuralism focused on the basic elements of consciousness. Wundt broke down consciousness into objective sensations and subjective feelings. Objective sensations were assumed to accurately reflect the world, subjective feelings include emotional responses and mental images Structuralists believed that the human mind functioned by combining objective sensations and subjective feelings. (apple) 13

14 FUNCTIONALISM Why Do We Do What We Do 14

15 Functionalism: ( ) Definition: Theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment. Influenced by Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection in the 19 th century. 15

16 William James Experience is a continuous stream of consciousness and couldn t be broken down as structuralists believed. James was one of the founders of functionalism. Functionalism is the study of how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment. Functionalists asked, what are the purposes (functions) of behavior and mental processes? What do certain behaviors and mental processes accomplish for the person (or animal)? Proposed adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful and dropped if they aren't.

17 Psychoanalysis 17

18 Psychoanalysis: (1900 present) Psychoanalytic theory proposes that most of the mind is unconscious a seething cauldron of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes. As a theory of personality, psychoanalysis was based on the idea that much of our lives is governed by unconscious motives and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts. Many human desires are directed and complicated by unconscious motives which we are not directly aware of because they lie in the substrata of our consciousness but which are nevertheless powerful drives that may dominate our lives.

19 Sigmund Freud Freud was the most famous of the early psychologists. He developed psychoanalysis, which emphasizes unconscious motives and internal conflicts in human behavior. He developed psychodynamic thinking, which assumes that most of what exists in an individual's mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes. He theorized that the key to human behavior is satisfying desires.

20 Modern Schools in psychology 20

21 BEAHAVIORISM A Search for Rigor and Reduction 21

22 Behaviorism: ( 1913 present) Definition: School of psychology that studies only observable and measurable behavior. 22

23 John B. Watson Founded the school of behaviorism, which defined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior Holds that people can be totally conditioned by external events and that belief in individual choice is just an illusion Believed the study of Psychology must be limited to observable, measurable events behavior. B.F. Skinner ( ) Believed organisms learn to behave in certain ways because of reinforcement.

24 GESTALT the Whole is Different than the Sum of Its Parts 24

25 Gestalt Psychology: ( ) Definition: School of Psychology that studies how people perceive and experience objects as whole patterns. Approaches structuralism from a different angle. Example: When we see a tree, we see just that, a tree, not a series of branches. 25

26 Comparison of schools:

27 Today Perspectives in Psychology 27

28 Today Perspectives in Psychology: Evolutionary and Biological Perspectives: Cognitive Perspective: Humanistic-Existential Perspective: Psychodynamic Perspective: Perspectives on Learning: The Sociocultural Perspective: 28