Genus Bicyclus Kirby, [1871]

Transcription

1 AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17 th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. Genus Bicyclus Kirby, [1871] In: Kirby, [1871], [1877]. A synonymic catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera 47 (690 pp. (1871); Suppl (1877). London). [Replacement name for Idiomorphus Doumet.] = Idiomorphus Doumet, Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliqué (2) 13: 174 ( ). Type-species: Idiomorphus hewitsonii Dourmet, by monotypy. [Invalid; junior homonym of Idiomorphus de Chaudoir, 1846.] = Monotrichtis Hampson, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 7: 179 ( ). Type-species: Mycalesis safitza Westwood, by original designation. = Dicothyris Karsch, Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 203 (1-266). Typespecies: Mycalesis sambulos Hewitson, by subsequent designation (Hemming, Stylops 4: 1 (1-3).). The genus Bicyclus belongs to the Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815; Subfamily Satyrinae Boisduval, 1833; Tribe Satyrini Boisduval, 1833; Subtribe Mycalesina Reuter, The other genera in the Subtribe Mycalesina in the Afrotropical Region are Hallelesis, Heteropsis and Brakefieldia. Bicyclus (Bush Browns) is an Afrotropical genus containing 102 species (October, 2016). Generic review by Condamin (1973). Relevant literature: Duplouy & Brattstrom, 2017 [Wolbachia in Bicyclus]. Hedenstrom et al., 2015 [Chemical analysis of pheromones in 17 Bicyclus species]. Brakefield & Joran, 2010 [Evolution of flexibility of wing patterns]. Oliver et al., 2009 [Natural and sexual selection in wing pattern evolution]. Arbesman et al., 2003 [Evolution of wing patterns]. *Bicyclus abnormis (Dudgeon, 1909) Western White-tipped Bush Brown 1

2 Western White-tipped Bush Brown (Bicyclus abnormis). Kwabina-sam, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Mycalesis abnormis Dudgeon, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1909: 52 (50-54). Type locality: Ghana: Gold Coast, Ashanti (Bompata). Distribution: Guinea (north-east), Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana (western, central). Ivory Coast Lamto (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Ashanti (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Atewa Range (Aduse-Poku & Doku-Marfo, 2007). Habitat: Forest of reasonable quality (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a) took a number on papaya-bait. The species is rarely found outside wetter forests in good condition and more are caught in traps than are handnetted (Larsen, pers. comm.). Habits: This is a scarce butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus albocincta (Rebel, 1914) Mycales [sic] albocincta Rebel, Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 260 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Randgebirgen im Nordwesten des Tanganyika-Sees. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east, Uele). *Bicyclus alboplaga (Rebel, 1914) Mycalesis alboplaga Rebel, Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 257 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Urwalde bei Ukaika. Distribution: Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Central African Republic, Uganda. Gabon Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo Ukaika (TL). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). *Bicyclus amieti Libert, 1996 Bicyclus amieti Libert, Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 101 (2): 201 ( ). 2

3 Type locality: Cameroon. The types are in the Museum National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Distribution: Cameroon. *Bicyclus analis (Aurivillius, 1895) Anal-patch Bush Brown Mycalesis analis Aurivillius, Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 113 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Camerun interior: Yaunde. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Distribution: Nigeria (east; Knoop, vide Larsen, 2005a), Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Uganda (west). Misattributed to the West African fauna west of the Dahomey Gap by Condamin (1973) (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Yaounde (TL); Korup (T. Helps, vide Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus angulosa (Butler, 1868) Startled Bush Brown Startled Bush Brown (Bicyclus angulosa) female underside. Chambishi, Zambia. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Mycalesis angulosa Butler, Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 130 (211 pp.). London. Bicyclus angulosus (Butler, 1868). Pringle et al., 1994: 51. 3

4 Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Alternative common name: Angular Bush Brown. Type locality: Sierra Leone. Diagnosis: There is a prominent white elliptical streak on the underside of the forewing (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, 2005a), Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Habitat: Dense savanna, including Brachystegia woodland (Kielland, 1990d; Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 300 to m in the eastern parts (local) and from 800 to m in western Tanzania (very common) (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Tends to be found in isolated colonies (Pringle et al., 1994). Settles in the shade cast by trees when the weather is hot (Larsen, 1991c). It tends to be more active in the late afternoon and early evening. Marshall noted specimens flying about in the tree-tops at midday (Pringle et al., 1994). Both sexes are attracted by fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: The wet-season form flies from December to May and the dry-season form from May to September (Pringle et al., 1994). Bicyclus angulosa angulosa (Butler, 1868) Mycalesis angulosa Butler, Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 4

5 130 (211 pp.). London. Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Type locality: Sierra Leone. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, 2005a), Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north and east), Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya (west). Ghana Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo Klouto (Safian et al., 2009). Cameroon Busamtere (Gaede, 1915). Democratic Republic of Congo Medje (Holland, 1920); Niangara (Holland, 1920). Ethiopia Djaoue (Baro) (Ungemach, 1932). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya South Kavirondo (Condamin, 1973). Note: Larsen (1991: 272) states that the populations in Kenya and north-western Tanzania appear to be intermediate between ssp. angulosa and ssp. selousi (Trimen, 1895). houyi Gaede, 1915 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 71 (38-40, 71-74). Cameroon: Busamtere, Neu-Kamerun. langi Holland, 1920 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 139 ( ). Democratic Republic of Congo: Medje. 5

6 chapini Holland, 1920 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 140 ( ). Democratic Republic of Congo: Niangara. orientis Ungemach, 1932 (as ssp. of Mycalesis funebris). Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 50 (1-122). Ethiopia: Djaoué (Baro). Bicyclus angulosa selousi (Trimen, 1895) Mycalesis selousi Trimen, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1895: 183 ( ). Bicyclus angulosus selousi (Trimen, 1895). Dickson & Kroon, Bicyclus angulosus selousi (Trimen, 1895). Pringle et al., 1994: 51. Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 45mm. Bomponi, Vumba, S.R H. Cookson. (Transvaal Museum TM3187). Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: Mashunaland. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (north and north-east). Democratic Republic of Congo Upemba (Overlaet, 1955). Tanzania Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); escarpment of the Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); lower slopes of Nyumbenitu Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Madibira, west of Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Tabora (Kielland, 1990d); eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika (Kielland, 1990d); Ufipa to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d). In the northwest the populations are transitional to the nominate subspecies (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Malawi Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); the Copperbelt (Heath et al., 2002); Kabwe (Heath et al., 2002); Chilanga (Heath et al., 2002); Kalomo (Heath et al., 2002); Nkamba Bay (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique Amatongas (Pennington); Mt Yao [ ] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe Sabi Valley (Pennington); Witchwood Valley, below the Vumba Mountains (Pennington); Bomponi (male illustrated above). barnsi van Son, 1955 (as f. of Mycalesis desolata selousi). Transvaal Museum Memoirs No. 8: 36 (1-166). Zimbabwe: Vumba. simulans Overlaet, 1955 (as f. of Mycalesis selousi). Exploration du Parc National de l Upemba 27: 15 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: Upemba, Katanga. 6

7 *Bicyclus anisops (Karsch, 1892) Red-ringed Bush Brown Mycalesis anisops Karsch, Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 18: 176 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Baliburg (Deutch-Westafrika). Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon (west). Nigeria Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Mambilla Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Baliburg (TL); Buea (Strand, 1913); Rumpi Hills (Helps, vide Larsen, 2005a); Mendong Buo area (6 5'26"N, 10 18'9"E; m asl) (Tropek & Konvick, 2010). Habitat: Submontane forest, above m (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: At certain times this may be a very common species (Larsen, 2005a). They fly along forest margins, with a characteristic bobbing motion (Larsen, 2005a). albopupillata Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Mycalesis anisops). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 146 ( ). Cameroon: Buea. *Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879)# Squinting Bush Brown Squinting Bush Brown (Bicyclus anynana) female upperside and male undersides. Images courtesy Allison Sharp (left) and Steve Woodhall (centre and right). Mycalesis anynana Butler, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 187 ( ). Mycalesis anynana Butler. Swanepoel, 1953a. Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879). Dickson & Kroon, Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879). Pringle et al., 1994: 52. 7

8 Bicyclus anynana anynana. Male (wet season form) (Wingspan 37 mm). Left upperside; right underside. New Agatha Forest, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 28 February J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus anynana anynana. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 39 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Mphaphuli Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 2 May J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus anynana anynana. Female (wet season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Sordwana Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 3 October W. Teare. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection. 8

9 Bicyclus anynana anynana. Female (dry season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Mpaphuli Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Comoro Islands: Johanna. General remarks: Lyytinen et al. (2004) conducted experiments which showed that the ocelli on the underside of the wings of the wet season form deflected attacks by birds, whereas the lack of eye-spots in the dry season form resulted in reduced attack by birds because of crypsis. Diagnosis: The common name refers to the asymmetric ocellus on the underside of the forewing in the dryseason form (Pringle et al., 1994). The outer hair pencil is pale fuscous brown (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, Comoro Islands, Yemen. Habitat: Savanna and open forest, including coastal forest (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from sea-level to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: In savanna habitats it flies about in the grass, usually resting in the shade of trees (Larsen, 1991c). In forest it is often found settled, low down, in sunny glades. Both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms. Wet season form in spring and summer; dry season form in autumn and winter (Woodhall, 2005). Early stages: Clark, in Pringle et al., 1994: plate 1 [as Bicyclus anynana anynana; KwaZulu-Natal]. The eggs are laid singly on blades of grass and are 1 mm in diameter and 1 mm high. They are almost a perfect sphere and are watery white with a very faint, irregular netting pattern. The larva on emergence eats the eggshell as its first meal, thereafter it feeds on the edges of blades of grass. The larva is watery white at first with a black head, but as it feeds on the grass it becomes greenish with whitish yellow ventrally. It rests on a blade of grass, with its head downwards. Larva: On emergence 2,0 mm, egg duration seven days; 1 st instar 2,0 mm to 5,5, mm in four to five days; 2 nd instar 5,5, mm to 7,5 mm in seven to 12 days; 3 rd instar 7,5 mm to 11,5 mm in five to six days; 4 th instar 11,5 mm to 18,0 mm six to seven days; 5 th instar 18,0 to 28,0 mm in nine to 13 days. Pupa 12,0 mm hatched after 10 to 11 days. The anal comb is golden brown above. The spiracles are very small. The pupa is normally as shown but some are darker while others are plain green with the outer margin of the wing-case black with white inwards, both stripes being very thin. The inner diagonal is dark grey and thin, the outer pale grey and thinner with very faint white spots. The pupa is attached by the cremaster to a silken pad spun by the larva. Egg and final instar larva (green morph) of Bicyclus anynana anynana. Images courtesy Allison Sharp. 9

10 Final instar larva (brown morph) of Bicyclus anynana anynana. Images courtesy Allison Sharp. Larval food: (Probably) Ehrharta erecta Lam. (Poaceae) [Clark, in Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 36; in captivity]. Oplismenus species (Poaceae) [Coetzer, 2006: 95]. Panicum maximum Jacq. (Poaceae) [Otto et al., 2013: 72]. Relevant literature: Bacquet et al., 2016 [Male sex pheromone differentiation as driver of reproductive isolation]. Bacquet et al., 2015 [Genetics of male sex pheromone]. Arun et al., 2015 [Genes in olfactory communication]. Holveck et al., 2015 [Artificial mating constraints]. Fischer et al., 2014 [Negative effects of simulated heat waves]. Karl et al., 2014 [Temperature and stress versus resitance traits]. Kehl et al., 2014 [Pheromone blend and old male mating advantage]. Lienard et al., 2014 [Pheromone biosynthesis conserved between anynana and moths]. Tong et al., 2014 [Over-expression of Ultrabithorx gene]. Westerman et al., 2014 [Mating behaviour and social context]. Franke et al., 2014 [Fitness costs of temperature change]. Karl & Fischer, 2013 [Old male mating advantage]. Kehl et al., 2013 [Old-male paternity advantage]. Franke & Fischer, 2013 [Inbreeding and stress effects on life history and immune function]. Dierks et al [Cold tolerance and inbreeding]. Saastamoinen et al., 2012 [Environmentall-induced dispersal]. Janowitz & Fischer, 2012 [Polyandry and sexual conflict]. Kehl & Fischer, 2012 [Effect of larval starvation on adult feeding]. Dierks et al., 2012 [Selection for cold tolerance]. Saenko et al., 2012 [Melanism in larva and adult]. Janowitz & Fischer, 2011 [Heat stress and reproductive success]. Fischer et al., 2010 [Environmental effects on temperature stress resistance]. Saastamoinen et al., 2010 [Condition-dependent impact of adult nutrition and flight]. Beldade & Saenko, 2010 [Genetics of eye spots]. Steigenga & Fischer, 2009 [Effects of developmental temperature on fitness]. Bauerfeind et al., 2009 [Environmentl effects on adult lifespan]. Beldade et al., 2009 [Microsatellite markers]. Beldade et al., 2009 [Genome]. Beldade & Saenko, 2009 [Wing patterns and wound healing]. Fischer et al., 2009 [Aspects of reproduction]. Silveira & Monteiro, 2009 [Automatic recognition of eyespot patterns]. Bauerfeind & Fischer, 2009 [Effects of diet on reproductive output]. Geister et al, 2009 [Energetics of embryonic development]. Van t Hof et al., 2008 [Genetic linkage map]. Zwaan et al., 2008 [Evolutionary genetics of protandry]. 10

11 Geister et al., 2008b [Nutrition and reproductive output, egg composition and egg hatching success]. Geister et al., 2008 [Temperature effects on hormones and phenotypic plasticity]. Marcus & Evans, 2008 [Genetic of eyespot focus determination]. Monteiro et al., 2007 [Mutations affecting colour pattern]. Bauerfeind & Fischer, 2007 [Body size and egg size]. Karl et al., 2007 [Energetics of reproduction]. Lewis & Wedell, 2007 [Nutrients and effectes on reproduction]. Van t Hof et al., 2007 [Molecular genetics; microsatellites]. Fischer et al., 2007 [Responses to artificial selection on pre-adult life-history traits]. Battaglia et al., 2006 [Molecular mechanism for seasonal phenotypes]. Beldade et al., 2006 [Evo-devo model]. Brakefield & Roskam, 2006 [Evolutionary constraints]. Ferkau & Fischer, 2006 [Reproduction costs in males]. Fischer, 2006 [Reduced mating vigor in selected lines]. Evans & Marcos, 2006 [Genetics of eye-spot determination]. Fischer et al., 2006 [Temperature-mediated plasticity in egg and body size]. Fischer et al., 2006 [Offspring size and fecundity]. Masci & Monteiro, 2005 [Visualization of embryos]. Robertson & Monteiro, 2005 [Female mate choice]. Steigenga et al., 2005 [Evolutionary genetics of egg size plasticity]. Van t Hof et al., 2005 [Microsatellite loci]. Bauerfeind & Fischer, 2005 [Stress effects on reproduction]. Frankino et al., 2005 [Evolution of allometries]. Saccheri et al., 2005 [Inbreeding effects on fertility]. Saccheri et al., 2005 [Morphological differentiation following bottlenecks]. Fischer et al., 2004 [Egg size variation]. Lyytinen et al., 2004 [Predation and eye-spot plasticity]. Marcus et al., 2004 [Germline transformation]. Molleman et al., 2004 [Male sodium and female reproduction]. Zijlstra et al., 2004 [Effect of hormones on life history and morphology]. Fischer et al., 2004 [Allocation of resources to reproduction]. Van Oosterhout et al., 2004 [Genetic variation in fragmented populations]. Breuker & Brakefield, 2003 [Selection for eyespot symmetry]. Zijlstra et al., 2003 [Selection on two fitness-related traits]. Arthur, 2003 [Developmental constraints and natural selection]. Beldade & Brakefield, 2003a [Discussion of constraints]. Beldade & Brakefield, 2003b [Evolution of wing patterns]. Brakefield, 2003 [Eyespots and evolutionary constraints]. Brakefield et al., 2003 [Genetics of evolutionary change]. Breuker & Brakefield, 2003 [Heat shock and eyespot development]. Fischer et al, 2003 [Temperature-mediated egg size plasticity]. Fischer et al., 2003 [Egg size plasticity]. Fischer et al., 2003 [Temperature and egg size]. Joron & Brakefield, 2003 [Inbreeding and male mating success]. Lyytinen et al., 2003 [Eyespots and predation]. Monteiro et al., 2003 [Mutants and eyespot patterns]. Vanhoutte et al., 2002 [Visual pigments]. Wijngaarden et al., 2002 [Genetics of eyespot size]. Zijlstra et al., 2002 [Fat dynamics in seasonal forms]. Zijlstra et al., 2002 [Protandry]. Zijlstra et al., 2002 [Life history of mutants]. Beldade & Brakefield, 2002 [Genetics of wing patterns]. Beldade et al., 2002 [Eyespot genetics]. Beldade et al., 2002a [Constraints vs flexibility in morphological evolution]. Beldade et al., 2002b [Evo-devo in butterfly wings]. Fisher et al., 2002 [Egg size vs body size]. Sacchari & Brakefield, 2002 [Inbred population genetics]. Stavenga, 2002 [Ommatidia of eyes]. 11

12 Bicyclus anynana anynana (Butler, 1879) # Mycalesis anynana Butler, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 187 ( ). Mycalesis anynana Butler, Swanepoel, Bicyclus anynana anynana (Butler, 1879). Pringle et al., 1994: 52. Bicyclus anynana anynana. Male (wet season form) (Wingspan 37 mm). Left upperside; right underside. New Agatha Forest, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 28 February J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus anynana anynana. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 39 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Mphaphuli Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 2 May J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus anynana anynana. Female (wet season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Sordwana Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 3 October W. Teare. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection. 12

13 Bicyclus anynana anynana. Female (dry season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Mpaphuli Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Comoro Islands: Johanna. Diagnosis: The population on Pemba Island, Tanzania, differs from the mainland populations in that on the underside, which is less distinctly marked and of a warmer brown tone. There is no dry-season form on Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Ethiopia, Somalia (south), Kenya (east), Tanzania, Zambia (Zambezi and Luangwa Valleys), Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland, Comoro Islands. Kenya Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c); Kipkaren (Van Someren, vide Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Throughout, in suitable habitat, including Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); Lindi-Massasi (Thurau, 1903); Langenburg (Thurau, 1903); Lindi (Thurau, 1903); Poroto-Rungwe-Miss (Thurau, 1903); Lake Manyara N.P. (Cordeiro, 1990); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006); Mt Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015). Malawi Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia Kafue (Heath et al., 2002); Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Siavonga (Heath et al., 2002); Chirundu (Heath et al., 2002); Chiawa (Heath et al., 2002); Chinzombo (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique Dondo Forest; Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [ ] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Botswana Shakawe (Larsen, 1991l); Moremi (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane area (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama- Tenga (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Pafuri (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve ( Malta Forest ). Mpumalanga Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c). KwaZulu-Natal Durban (Pringle et al., 1994); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Swaziland Mlawula N. R. ( Comoro Islands Johanna (TL). vicaria Thurau, 1903 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 118 ( ). Tanzania: Lindi-Massasi; Langenburg; Lindi. neglecta Thurau, 1903 (as var. of Mycalesis vicaria). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 119 ( ). Tanzania: Langenburg; Poroto-Rungwe-Miss. Bicyclus anynana centralis Condamin,

14 Bicyclus anynana centralis Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire (A) 30: 603 ( ). Bicyclus anynana centralis. Male WSF. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 36mm. Zambia, Copperbelt Prov., Mufulira, 198 Lumumba Ave., 1250 m. 25.IV M.A. Newport (Newport Collection). Bicyclus anynana centralis. Female WSF. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 40mm. Female WSF. Zambia, Copperbelt Prov., 4 Sable Road, Chilalabombwe, 1250 m. 25.IV M.A. Newport (Newport Collection). Type locality: Uganda: Entebbe (Uganda). Distribution: Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (south and central), Uganda, Zambia (north). Uganda Entebbe (TL). Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); the Copperbelt (Heath et al., 2002); Nchelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Kawambwa (Heath et al., 2002); Nkamba Bay (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (male illustrated above); Chilalabombwe (female illustrated above). Bicyclus anynana socotrana (Butler, 1881) Calysisme socotrana Butler, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1881: 175 ( ). Type locality: Yemen: Socotra. Distribution: Yemen (island of Socotra). 14

15 *Bicyclus auricruda (Butler, 1868) Small Marbled Bush Brown Small Marbled Bush Brown (Bicyclus auricruda). Bunso, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Mycalesis auricruda Butler, Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 131 (211 pp.). London. Type locality: [Ghana]: Ashanti. Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus mandanes but smaller (Kielland, 1990d). The male has three hair pencils, whereas mandanes males have four, and the white band at the apex is usually more diffuse (Larsen, 1991c). Distribution: Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya (Kielland, 1978), Tanzania. Habitat: Evergreen and gallery forest (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies low down in the undergrowth of dense forest (Kielland, 1990d). Bicyclus auricruda auricruda (Butler, 1868) Mycalesis auricruda Butler, Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 131 (211 pp.). London. Type locality: [Ghana]: Ashanti. Distribution: Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo. Guinea Nimba area (Larsen, 2005a); Seredou (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Ashanti (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Atewa Range (Aduse-Poku & Doku-Marfo, 2007). Togo Klouto (Safian et al., 2009). Bicyclus auricruda fulgida Fox, 1963 Bicyclus auricruda fulgida Fox, Annals of the Carnegie Museum 36: 219 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Lolodorf, Cameroons. 15

16 Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Cameroon Lolodorf (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo Fort Beni (Grünberg, 1911). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania Northern Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe Stream National Park, north to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). parvoocellata Grünberg, 1911 (as ab. of Mycalesis auricruda). Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition (17): 510 ( ), 4 pls. Leipzig. Democratic Republic of Congo: Westl. v. Ruwenzori, Fort Beni. *Bicyclus aurivillii (Butler, 1896) Mycalesis aurivillii Butler, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895: 724 ( ). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: Ruwenzori. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Bicyclus aurivillii aurivillii (Butler, 1896) Mycalesis aurivillii Butler, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895: 724 ( ). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: Ruwenzori. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo-Uganda border, Uganda (Davenport, 1996). Bicyclus aurivillii kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1924) Mycalesis aurivillii kivuensis Joicey & Talbot, Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 542 ( ). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: Lake Kivu, north end. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east), Uganda (south-west), Rwanda, Burundi. birungae Aurivillius, 1925 (as var. of Mycalesis aurivillii). Archiv för Zoologi 17 (A) (32): 2 (20 pp.). Democratic Republic of Congo/Rwanda: Sabinio-Vulkan und Ruanda. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). *Bicyclus brakefieldi Brattstrom, 2012 Bicyclus brakefieldi Brattstrom, Tropical Lepidoptera Research 22(2): 64 (62-65). 16

17 Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: Medje, Orientale Province, 750 m.a.s.l. (02 23'27" N 27 18'07" E), iv-vi.1910 (Exp. Lang-Chapin leg., MRAC). Holotype in the MRAC, Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Democratic Republic of Congo Medje (TL); Bamanya ( N E) (Brattstrom, 2012); Eala ( N E) (Brattstrom, 2012); Elisabetha ( N E) (Brattstrom, 2012); Baliko/Basayo (0 28'N, 25 24'E); Cantine (0 31'N, 29 12'E); Kasuo (0 14'N, 29 03'E); Kilau (0 11'N, 29 06'E); Kwokoro (2 40'N, 19 44'E); Lukolela (1 03'N, 17 12'E); Maliva (0 10'N, 29 01'E); Mt Kirima (0 11'N, 29 06'E); Pateka (0 48'N, 29 18'E). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Nothing published. *Bicyclus buea (Strand, 1912) Small Black Bush Brown Mycalesis (Monotrichtis) buea Strand, Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 109 ( ). Bicyclus buea. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 7 October Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Type locality: Cameroon: Buea. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/b). Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Sankuru, Lualaba), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Nigeria Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Buea (TL); Yaounde (Gaede, 1915). Equatorial Guinea Alen (Strand, 1913). Gabon Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndougou (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Minziro forests (common) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Dense forest. Submontane forest in eastern Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Usually encountered sitting on leaves about half a metre above the ground, in the shady undergrowth of the forest. Both sexes are fond of fermented fruit (Larsen, 1991c). 17

18 benitonis Strand, 1913 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 147 ( ). Equatorial Guinea: Alen. mildbraedi Gaede, 1915 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 71 (38-40, 71-74). Cameroon: Bezirk Jaunde, Kamerun. *Bicyclus campina (Aurivillius, 1901) Chirinda Bush Brown Mycalesis campina Aurivillius, Entomologisk Tidskrift 22: 114 ( ). Bicyclus campinus (Aurivillius, 1901). Dickson & Kroon, Bicyclus campinus (Aurivillius, 1901). Pringle et al., 1994: 52. Bicyclus campina campina. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe. 21 September Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Bicyclus campina campina. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe. 21 September Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: Mashuna Land, Umtali. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Diagnosis: The inner hair pencil is fuscous brown, like the ground-colour of the wing, whereas the outer hair pencil is much darker (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015); Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. 18

19 Habitat: Dense savanna and open forest. In Tanzania the nominate subspecies is found from sea-level to m and subspecies ocelligera up to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Specimens fly close to the ground and tend to keep to the interior of tangled thickets (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with well-defined seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). Larval food: Grasses (Poaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003; Sanje, Tanzania]. Setaria palmifolia (J. König) Stapf (Poaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Sanje, Tanzania]. Bicyclus campina campina (Aurivillius, 1901) Mycalesis campina Aurivillius, Entomologisk Tidskrift 22: 114 ( ). Bicyclus campinus (Aurivillius, 1901). Dickson & Kroon, Bicyclus campinus campinus (Aurivillius, 1901). Pringle et al., 1994: 52. Bicyclus campina campina. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe. 21 September Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Bicyclus campina campina. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe. 21 September Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: Mashuna Land, Umtali. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lomami, 19

20 Lualaba), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Tanzania South-eastern, southern and western parts (Kielland, 1990d); Unena-Langenburd (Thurau, 1903); Sanje (Congdon & Bampton, 2003, unpub.); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Malawi Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique Amatongas Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Dondo Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Maronga Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Buzi River, near Gogói (Van Son); Inchope (male illustrated above); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Yao [ ] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe Mutare (Sheppard; TL); Vumba Mountains (Barnes). goetzi Thurau, 1903 (as var. of Mycalesis campina). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 120 ( ). Tanzania: Ubena-Langenburg am N.-Nyassa-See. fuelleborni Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 133 ( ). Tanzania: N. Nyassa-See (Langenburg, Wangermannshöhe). Bicyclus campina carcassoni Condamin, 1963 Bicyclus campinus carcassoni Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 25: 1164 ( ). Type locality: Kenya: Mont Kenya, North to North-East. Distribution: Kenya (central). Kenya Mount Kenya (TL); Aberdare Mountains (Larsen, 1991c); Kikuyu Escarpment (Larsen, 1991c); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Note: The population in the Teita Hills is intermediate between ocelligera and carcassoni (Larsen, 1991c). Bicyclus campina ocelligera (Strand, 1910) Mycalesis fuelleborni f. ocelligera Strand, Societas Entomologica 25: 5 (5-6). Type locality: [Tanzania]: Amani, Alkulumuzi. Diagnosis: Males differ from those of the nominate subspecies in that the forewing upperside has a pale subapical band (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast and north-eastern highlands). Kenya Sagala Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Amani, Alkulumuzi (TL); Mombo, Usambara (Aurivillius, 1910); Mount Meru (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Kilimanjaro (Kielland, 1990d); Usambaras (Kielland, 1990d); Udzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Semdoe Forest Reserve (Doggart et al., 2001); Lukani (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015); Moshi (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015). Note: There are intermediates to subspecies carcassoni in eastern and northern Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). subapicalis Aurivillius, 1910 (as var. of Mycalesis campina). In: Sjöstedt, B. Y., Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schweidischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den 20

21 umgebeden Massaisteppen Deutsch-OstAfrikas (9): 3 (56 pp.). Stockholm. Tanzania: Usambara: Mombo. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). *Bicyclus campus (Karsch, 1893) Hill Bush Brown Mycalesis campus Karsch, Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 206 (1-266). Type locality: Togo: Bismarkburg. Distribution: Guinea, Ivory Coast (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon (north), Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, Kivu), Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (east). Guinea Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a); Nimba Mountains (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast Mount Peko (Larsen, 2005a). Togo Bismarckburg (TL). Benin Atakora Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Nigeria Jos (Larsen, 2005a); Adamawa (Larsen, 1991c). Democratic Republic of Congo Rutschurru (Grünberg, 1911); Ituri (Larsen, 1991c). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya Nandi Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma District (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Habitat: Hilly terrain in forest/savanna mosaic (Larsen, 2005a). The edges of forest in mountainous country. Also in woodland (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Because of its association with hilly country the distribution is patchy even though its range is extensive. baumanni Karsch, 1894 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 230 ( ). Togo: Bismarkburg im Togolande. olivia Grünberg, 1911 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition (17): 511 ( ), 4 pls. Leipzig. Democratic Republic of Congo: Nördl. v. Kiwu-See, Rutschurru. *Bicyclus condamini van Son, 1963 Ebony Bush Brown Bicyclus condamini van Son, Novos Taxa Entomologicos (29): 6 (12 pp.). Bicyclus condamini (Van Son, 1963). Dickson & Kroon, Bicyclus condamini (Van Son, 1963). Pringle et al., 1994:

22 Bicyclus condamini. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Essex Valley, Vumba, Zimbabwe. 21 March Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Bicyclus condamini. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Essex Valley, Vumba, Zimbabwe. 21 March Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: Chirinda Forest, S. Rhodesia. Diagnosis: Upperside ground-colour darker than Bicyclus campina and the hair pencils of the male are the same colour as the wings (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Zimbabwe (eastern border). Zimbabwe Chirinda Forest (TL); Vumba Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994). Habitat: Montane forest (Pringle et al., 1994). Habits: Flies close to the ground in the semi-shade of forest and thick bush, often settling in sunny patches. It darts away quickly if flushed (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms. Commonest in August, September and December (Pringle et al., 1994). *Bicyclus cooksoni (Druce, 1905) Mycalesis cooksoni Druce, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1905: 251 ( ). 22

23 Bicyclus cooksoni. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola,Zambia. 26 April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Bicyclus cooksoni. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola,Zambia. 26 April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo], not Zambia (see Cookson, 1954): North-West Rhodesia. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Tanzania (south and west), Zambia (north), Zimbabwe (near Sinoia). Tanzania South-west and western parts, north to Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia Solwezi (Riley, 1921); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002; male illustrated above); mid-lunga River (Heath et al., 2002); 80 km west of Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); the Copperbelt (Heath et al., 2002); Danger Hill, Mpika (Heath et al., 2002); Lunzua Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland and open montane grassland-forest mosaic (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from to m; not very common (Kielland, 1990d). latior Riley, 1921 (as f. of Mycalesis cooksoni). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 239 ( ). Zambia: Solwesi. *Bicyclus cottrelli (van Son, 1952) Yellow-banded Bush Brown Mycalesis cottrelli van Son, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 22: 33 (33-35). Bicyclus cottrelli (Van Son, 1952). Dickson & Kroon, Bicyclus cottrelli (Van Son, 1952). Pringle et al., 1994:

24 Bicyclus cottrelli. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Dichwe, Zimbabwe. 12 March Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Bicyclus cottrelli. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola, Zambia. 27 April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Type locality: [Zambia]: Ipongo, Northern Rhodesia. Diagnosis: Characterized by the angled yellow subapical band on the upperside of the forewing. The inner hair pencil is pale yellow and the outer one is fulvous orange (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba, north-east), Angola, Tanzania (west Mpanda), Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe (north). Tanzania Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma District (Kielland, 1990d); Kahama District (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Malawi Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia Ipongo (TL); Lusaka (van Son, 1962; male illustrated above). Zimbabwe Sinoia (van Son, 1952); Hibernian Mine, near Chinhoyi (Stevenson). Habitat: Riparian forest (Kielland, 1990d) and grassy areas on the margins of forest (Pringle et al., 1994). Kielland (1990d) and Heath, et al. (2002) give the habitat as Brachystegia woodland, in Tanzania and Zambia, respectively. In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species (Kielland, 1990d). Its habits are similar to those of other species of the genus except that specimens have a tendency to settle on tree trunks (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). harti van Son, 1952 (as ssp. of Mycalesis cottrelli). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 22: 35 (33-35). Zimbabwe: Sinoia, Southern Rhodesia. 24

25 pluvia van Son, 1962 (as f. of Mycalesis cottrelli cottrelli). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 25: 142 ( ). Zambia: Lusaka (N. Rhodesia). *Bicyclus danckelmani (Rogenhofer, 1891) Mycalesis danckelmani Rogenhofer, In: Baumann, O., Usambara und Seine Nachbargebiete: 330 ( ). Berlin. Type locality: [Tanzania]: Mgambo, Nord-Nguru, von Sikora in Usagara. Distribution: Tanzania (east). Tanzania Amani (Strand, 1910); Bomole (Strand, 1910); Mgambo (TL); Usambaras (Kielland, 1990d); Nguu Forests (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kanga Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Ukaguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Muhulu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mulundwe Hill (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa rift (Kielland, 1990d); Lulando Forest in Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Submontane to montane forest, at altitudes from 800 to m (commonest between and m) (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is relatively fast for a species of Bicyclus, and it is more wary than most of its congeners. Specimens settle frequently, on the ground, especially along forest paths. Fermented bananas are strongly attractive for both sexes. Where it occurs it is often a very common butterfly (Kielland, 1990d). daresa Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Mycalesis danckelmani). Societas Entomologica 25: 6 (5-6). Tanzania: Amani. deannulata Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Mycalesis danckelmani). Societas Entomologica 25: 6 (5-6). Tanzania: Bomole und Amani. *Bicyclus dekeyseri (Condamin, 1958) Western Scalloped Bush Brown Mycalesis dekeyseri Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 20: 1348 ( ). Type locality: Liberia: Touzon, Libéria. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. Sierra Leone Gola Forests (Belcastro & Larsen, 2006). Liberia Touzon (TL). Ivory Coast Yapo (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Kakum National Park (A. Sourakov, vide Larsen, 2005a; single male); Atewa Range (Aduse-Poku & Doku-Marfo, 2007). Habitat: Deep, very wet forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A very scarce species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Sourakov & Emmel,

26 *Bicyclus dentata (Sharpe, 1898) Dentate Bush Brown Male Dentate Bush Brown (Bicyclus dentata). Kibale Forest, Uganda. October Image courtesy Raimund Schutte. Mycalesis dentata Sharpe, In: Neumann, A.H., Elephant hunting in East Equatorial Africa: 438 ( ). Type locality: [Kenya]: Kikuyu. Distribution: Uganda, Kenya (west, central highlands), Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Tanzania (west). Uganda Subungo Forest (Grose-Smith, 1898); Kibale Forest (R. Schutte, unpublished). Kenya western forests (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Uplands (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Mahale Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Sitebi-Ipumba Range (Kielland, 1990d); Minziro forests (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Semi-montane and montane forest. In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A locally common species (Kielland, 1990d) that flies on the edges of forest roads and forest clearings, often settling on a leaf, in the sunshine (Larsen, 1991c). Greatly attracted to fermenting fruit (Larsen, 1991c). fluviatilis Grose-Smith, 1898 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 5: 353 ( ). Uganda: Subungo Forest, Uganda Protectorate. *Bicyclus dorothea (Cramer, [1779]) Light Bush Brown 26

27 Light Bush Brown (Bicyclus dorothea). Kwabina-sam, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Papilio dorothea Cramer, [1779] in Cramer, [ ]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 71 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Bicyclus dorothea dorothea. Male (Wingspan 35 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan 35 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Sierra Leone: Sierra Leona ; Côte de Guinée. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2008), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Tchibozo et al., 2008), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome & Principe, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (Davenport, 1996). Habitat: Primarily in disturbed areas and clearings in forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is one of the commonest butterflies in the west African forest zone (Larsen, 2005a). It is often on the wing early in the morning (07:00) and will also fly in overcast conditions and even during light drizzle (Larsen, 2005a). Contesting males fly around each other in tight circles (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a:) also describes courtship behaviour in this species. Larval food: Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. var. scrobiculatum R. Br. (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast; as Paspalum polystachium]. Bicyclus dorothea dorothea (Cramer, [1779]) Papilio dorothea Cramer, [1779] in Cramer, [ ]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 71 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. 27

28 Bicyclus dorothea dorothea. Male (Wingspan 35 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan 35 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Sierra Leone: Sierra Leona ; Côte de Guinée. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2008), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Tchibozo et al., 2008), Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (extreme west), Uganda (Davenport, 1996). Ghana Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin Lokoli (Tchibozo et al., 2008); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Nigeria Old Calabar (Hewitson, 1866). Cameroon Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). melusina Fabricius, 1787 (as sp. of Papilio). Mantissa Insectorum 2: 43 (382 pp.). Hafniae. Sierra Leone: Sierra Leon Africae. miriam Fabricius, 1793 (as sp. of Papilio). Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 242 (488 pp.). [Africa]: Habitat in Indüs. [False locality.] raesaces Hewitson, 1866 in Hewitson, (as sp. of Mycalesis). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 93 (124 pp.). London. Nigeria: Old Calabar. Bicyclus dorothea concolor Condamin & Fox, 1964 Bicyclus dorothea concolor Condamin & Fox, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 26: 629 ( ). Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: Fernando Poo. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome). Equatorial Guinea Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). *Bicyclus dubia (Aurivillius, 1893) Dubious Scalloped Bush Brown Mycalesis dubia Aurivillius, Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 270 ( ). 28

29 Bicyclus dubia. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Djoum, S. Cameroon. X/1993. S. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Bicyclus dubia. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Nyong R Ebogo, Cameroon. 9/1998. S. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Cameroon: Itoki Na N Golo. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/d). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Uganda (western), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia (north-west). Recorded, in error, from Liberia by Ackery et al., 1995 (MCW) and from Ghana by D Abrera, 1980 and Carcasson, 1981 (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Itoki Na N Golo (TL); Toko, 900 m, Korup National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Rumpi Hills (T. Helps, vide Larsen, 2005a); Djoum (male illustrated above); Nyong River, Ebogo (female illustrated above). Gabon Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Tanzania Kikuru Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Swamp forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Also in riverine forest (Heath et al., 2002). Larsen (2005a) states that the habitat appears to be somewhat submontane primary and secondary forest. 29

30 Habits: Flies low down along forest paths and is attracted to fermented bananas (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Larval food: Poaceae [Larsen, 2005a]. *Bicyclus ena (Hewitson, 1877)# Grizzled Bush Brown Mycalesis ena Hewitson, Entomologist s Monthly Magazine 14: 107 ( ). Mycalesis ena Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Bicyclus ena (Hewitson, 1877). Dickson & Kroon, Bicyclus ena (Hewitson, 1877). Pringle et al., 1994: 51. Bicyclus ena. Male (Wingspan 40 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Munnik, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 19 February J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus ena. Female (Wingspan 46 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Mpaphuli N.R., Limpopo Province, South Africa. 29 April M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Type locality: Lake Nyassa. Diagnosis: The hair pencils are dark fuscous black (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya (east), Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Shaba), Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (single record), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal north), Swaziland. Rwanda Akagera (M. Loftie-Eaton, pers comm., 2015). Kenya from the coast to Athi River (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Lolkisale Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Kimboza (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 30

31 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Nguu Forests (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Chimala (Kielland, 1990d); Ruaha National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Tabora (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Malawi Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia North Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002); Kafue Gorge (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Lunzua Falls (Kasama) (Heath et al., 2002); Nkamba Bay (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [ ] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013); Mt Yao [ ] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Botswana Single male was collected in a malaise trap in Serowe by Per Forchhammer. The trap was located at the foot of an inselberg (Larsen pers. comm.). Limpopo Province Thabina (Swanepoel, 1953); Ofcolaco (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik Buffelsberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Molimo s location (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (Williams, April, 2006); Mphapuli Cycad Reserve (Coetzer, 2006); Soetdoring Farm [ ] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Blouberg (male illustrated above). Mpumalanga White River (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal Lebombo Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994); Josini (female illustrated above). Swaziland Mlawula N. R. ( Habitat: Savanna, especially rocky hillsides. Penetrates forests sparingly (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 250 to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively common species (Larsen, 1991c). Specimens often settle on rocks. Both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). Individuals patrol paths and fly relatively fast, settling relatively infrequently, when compared to Bicyclus safitza and Bicyclus anynana (Coetzer, 2006b). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms. Wet season form in spring and summer; dry season form in autumn and winter (Woodhall, 2005). Early stages: Coetzer, 2006b. [ex Mphapuli Cycad Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa] Egg: No ovipositing observations can be made since only 1 egg was produced in captivity. It was watery white in colour and changed colour only before the larva hatched. Before the larva hatched, the black head could be observed inside the egg casing. The egg was almost round with its base widened very slightly. It was about 1mm diameter X 0.9 mm high. The egg stage lasted 6 days from 5/VII/2006 to 10/VII/ st Instar: The larva ate the egg shell, starting from the top where it climbed out and then making its way down to the point where the egg was attached to the grass. The larva was 2,5 mm in length when it emerged and had a light creamy colour with scattered hairs. The head was shiny black with the top forming two small rounded horns. As the larva started eating the grass, the colour changed from creamy white to light green. Feeding was done at night and the larva returned to a silk spun mat on a grass blade. It fed higher up on the blade that it rested on. This instar lasted 6 days from 10/VII/2006 to 15/VII/2006 and reached a final length of 5.5 mm. 2 nd Instar: As the green colour of the larvae intensified, two white lateral lines became visible on each side of the larva. The main body colour ranged from a light yellow at the back, to a semitransparent green colour just behind the head. The dorsal ridge of the front segments became darker, forming a line that fades out totally about half way to the back The head was still black and the horns had not extended yet. The final segment at the back was partly forked. It reached a length of 7.5 mm in 5 days, which was between 15/VII/2006 and 19/VII/ rd Instar: The darker dorsal line stretched from the head to the final segment. The two white lateral lines were more visible and the yellow body colour at the back gradually changed to light green. The body was covered in short hairs. The horns on the head were proportionally longer than in the first two instars but were still rounded at the tips. The final segment is more clearly forked. The larva attained a length of 13.5 mm. This instar lasted 7 days from 19/VII/2006 to 25/VII/ th Instar: The body colour was light green with the dark dorsal line and the 2 white lateral lines being quite prominent. It was covered in small hairs. The horns were longer and they were becoming slightly more pointed. The head was still predominantly black but the back of both horns were white and white projections appeared on the side of the head. Just like the other instars, this instar spun a silk mat on which it rested during the day. When the larva was in its resting position, it bent its head in slightly, pointing the horns further to the front instead of to the top. It reached 21 mm in 5 days. This instar lasted from 25/VII/2006 to 29/7/ th Instar: The body colour of the 5 th instar changed from the light green of the previous two instars, to a bright green colour. The dark green dorsal line was still present while the two white lateral lines had faded to a light green colour. Another dark green line appeared on the lateral side but it was not as prominent as the dorsal one. A 31

32 small black spot also appeared on the lateral side of each segment. The final segment, which was still forked, was a darker green than the rest of the body. The head was a dark green colour with only the two pointed horns and some marks on the front that were dark brown. The back of the horns were light green in colour and 4 main and many other smaller white projections were visible on the lateral side. The body and the head was covered in small hairs. This instar, just like all the others, fed at night when it crawled to a different blade of grass to feed on than the one on which it rested. About 36 hours before pupation, the larva crawled onto a blade of grass where it stayed in a headdown position until pupation. It fastened its anal claspers to the grass after which it hung in a hook shape until it pupated. The final length of the larva was 33 mm and it lasted 13 days from 29/VII/2006 to10/viii/2006. Pupation took place on 11/VIII/2006. Pupa: The pupa was light green with several small black spots. It was suspended by its cremastral hook only. Before emerging, the colour changed to a white colour three days before emerging. It then turned brown and the forewing eyespot became visible 1 day before the specimen emerged. The pupal stage lasted 12 days from 11/VIII/2006 to 22/VIII/2006. Larval food: Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. (Poaceae) [Coetzer, 2006b: 93; in captivity]. Relevant literature: Coetzer, 2006b [Early stages and behaviours]. kigonserae Aurivillius, 1911 in Seitz, (as f. of Mycalesis ena). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 93 (614 pp.). Tanzania: German East Africa. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/e). *Bicyclus ephorus Weymer, 1892 Common Blue-banded Bush Brown Bicyclus ephorus Weymer, Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 53: 79 (79-125). Type locality: [Ghana]: Addah, Goldküste. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Gabon. Guinea Nimba Mtns (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Addah (TL); Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Kibi area (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria Okomu (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A fairly scarce butterfly that flies in the darkest parts of the forest, where it weaves around in tangled undergrowth (Larsen, 2005a). Specimens are attracted to traps baited with fermenting fruit (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus bergeri Condamin, 1965 Berger s Bush Brown Bicyclus ephorus bergeri Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1099 ( ). Bicyclus bergeri Condamin, Vande weghe, 2009b: 4 stat. nov. Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Uele: Paulis. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north). Gabon Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); 32

33 Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo Paulis, Uele (TL). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Larval food: Trachyphrynium species (Marantaceae) [Schultze, 1920; for Bicyclus ephorus]. *Bicyclus evadne (Cramer, [1779]) Small Stately Bush Brown Papilio evadne Cramer, [1779] in Cramer, [ ]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 71 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Type locality: Sierra Leone. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mayumbe, Ubangi, Mongala, Uele). Ghana Kakum (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea Boloko, Bioko (Martin, 2015); Botonos, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Keri (Vande weghe, 2010); Mikongo (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo Niari Valley (Janet, 1894). Democratic Republic of Congo Kamituga (Dufrane, 1945). Habitat: Forest. Habits: An uncommon butterfly, with localized colonies linked to swampy ground (Larsen, 2005a). Individuals keep to the darkest places in the forest (Larsen, 2005a). Courting males have a jerky, irregular flight, during which the silvery-white costa is visible, presumably because pheromones are being released (Larsen, 2005a). servatius Godart, 1824 in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Satyrus). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 471, 525 (1-328 [1819], [1824]). Paris. No locality given. elionias (Hewitson, [1866]) in Hewitson, [1862-6] (as sp. of Mycalesis). in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Type locality: Nigeria: Old Calabar. Synonymized with evadne (Cramer, [1779]) by Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 syn. nov. noblemairei Janet, 1894 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 63: 256 ( ). Congo: Congo Française (valée du Niari). subignobilis Strand, 1913 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 149 ( ). Equatorial Guinea: Span. Guinea. alberici Dufrane, 1945 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 95 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: Kamituga. *Bicyclus feae (Aurivillius, 1910) 33

34 Mycalesis feae Aurivillius, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacoma Doria (3) 4: 516 ( ). Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: Moca, 1400 m. The types are in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Genoa, Italy. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (island of Bioko). Equatorial Guinea Moca, m, Bioko (TL). *Bicyclus funebris (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) Funereal Bush Brown Funereal Bush Brown (Bicyclus funebris). Wli Falls, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Satyris funebris Guérin-Méneville, Iconographie du règne animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes 488 (576 pp.). Paris. Bicyclus funebris. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 48mm. S.E. Nigeria, Cross Rivers, Buabre, 06 26'N; 09 14'E. February, Gabriel Odey (Newport Collection). 34

35 Bicyclus funebris. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 51mm. S.W. Nigeria, Oyo State, Ibadan. 11.VII K. Stiff (Newport Collection). Type locality: Senegal: les bords de la rivière Cassamance, au Senegal. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west; Condamin, 1973), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north). Senegal Basse Casamance (TL). Ivory Coast Lamto (Vuattoux, 1994); Bossematie (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo Bismarckburg (Karsch, 1893). Benin Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Nigeria Buabre (male illustrated above); Ibadan (female illustrated above). Cameroon Ekona-Bavinga (Strand, 1912). Gabon Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania North-western Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe Stream (Kielland, 1990d); Kahama (Kielland, 1990d); Bikobo (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002); Kapweshi Forest Reserve, Kawambwa (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Mainly in drier forests but extending also to wet forests and dense savanna (Larsen, 2005a). Also in heavy woodland (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is rather sedate (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a) suspects that there may be a paradoxical wet-season diapause in this species, since it appears to be much commoner during the dry season. Larval food: Digitaria atrofusca (Hack.) A. Camus (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast; as Digitaria seminuda]. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. nebulosa Felder & Felder, 1867 in Felder & Felder, (as sp. of Mycalesis). Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 502 (549 pp.). Wien. Guinea. 35

36 saga Butler, 1868 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 130 (211 pp.). London. Sierra Leone. agraphis Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 207 (1-266). Togo: Adaida, Bismarkburg. rhanidostroma Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 207 (1-266). Togo: Bismarkburg. [Also given as a synonym of Bicyclus istaris in Ackery et al., 1995: 291]. agraphides Strand, 1912 (as f. of Mycalesis (Monotrichtis) funebris). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 113 ( ). Cameroon: Ekona-Bavinga. *Bicyclus golo (Aurivillius, 1893) Golo Bush Brown Mycalesis golo Aurivillius, Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 267 ( ). Bicyclus golo. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 14 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Cameroon: Itoki Na N Golo. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/g). Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus smithi but not as dark brown (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Recorded, in error, from Liberia by Condamin, 1951 (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria Gashaka-Gumpti, Mambilla Plateau (Dowsett et al., 1989). Cameroon Itoki Na N Golo (TL); Mokundange (Strand, 1913); Korup, m (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndjole (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Mikongo (Vande weghe, 2010); Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Bangasso (Aurivillius, 1899). Democratic Republic of Congo N W Beni (Grünberg, 1911). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Kenya Suna (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Kiptiget (Larsen, 1991c); Chepalungu (Larsen, 36

37 1991c). Tanzania Minziro Forest (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Dense Forest. In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from to m (Kielland, 1990d). violascens Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, (as var. of Mycalesis golo). Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 55 (1-561). Central African Republic: Bangasso. obliterata Grünberg, 1911 (as var. of Mycalesis golo). Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral- Afrika Expedition (17): 511 ( ), 4 pls. Leipzig. Democratic Republic of Congo: Westl. v. Ruwenzori, N W Beni. goloides Strand, 1913 (as ab? of Mycalesis golo). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 146 ( ). Cameroon: Mokundange. *Bicyclus graueri (Rebel, 1914) Grauer s Bush Brown Mycalesis graueri Rebel, Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 256 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Urwalde bei Beni und Moera. Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus sebetus from which it differs on the forewing underside where the brown line crossing the cell is straight and of even thickness all the way to the costa (in sebetus this line is angled basad in the middle, and from there is widened to form a band) (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania (west). Habitat: Submontane forest (Kielland, 1990d; Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Bicyclus graueri graueri (Rebel, 1914) Mycalesis graueri Rebel, Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 256 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Urwalde bei Beni und Moera. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Democratic Republic of Congo Beni (TL); Moera (Rebel, 1914). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania Minziro Forest (Kielland, 1990d). Bicyclus graueri kota Vande weghe, 2009 Bicyclus graueri kota Vande weghe, Entomologia Africana 14 (1): 4 (1-24). Type locality: Gabon:. Distribution: Gabon. 37

38 Gabon Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). *Bicyclus choveti Libert, 1996 Chovet s Bush Brown Bicyclus graueri choveti Libert, Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 101 (2): 206 ( ). Bicylcus choveti Libert, Aduse-Poku et al., stat. rev. Type locality: Cameroon: Mt Koupé. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon (west). Nigeria Gashaka-Gumpti National Park (D. Knoop, vide Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Mount Koupe (TL). Habits: B. choveti appears to be a rare butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus hewitsoni (Doumet, 1861) Large Blue-banded Bush Brown Idiomorphus hewitsoni Doumet, Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliqué (2) 13: 175 ( ). Type locality: Gabon. Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (except Shaba). Recorded, apparently in error, from western Nigeria by Ackery et al., 1995 (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria Cross River Loop (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Yaounde (Bartel, 1905); Makak Station (Birket-Smith, 1960); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndjole (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Dense primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A scarce butterfly that occurs in small, discrete colonies (Larsen, 2005a). Flies in dark parts of the forest, especially where there is a dense undergrowth of Marantaceae and gingers. It appears to fly mainly in the late afternoon and early evening (Larsen, 2005a). Specimens are often found feeding from fallen fruit (Schultze, 1920). nanodes Grose-Smith, 1890 (as sp. of Idiomorphus). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1890: 472 ( ). Democratic Republic of Congo: the Great Forest of Central Africa. bicolor Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 130 ( ). Cameroon: Kamerun (Hinterland, Jaunde-Stat.). subocellatus Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 131 ( ). Democratic 38

39 Republic of Congo: Central-Africa (6 s. Br., ö. L. v. Gr.). owassae Schultze, 1914 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Entomologische Rundschau 31: 49 (49-50). Equatorial Guinea: o-wassa, Fernando-Poo. nyongensis Birket-Smith, 1960 (as ssp. of Mycalesis nanodes). Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 22: 550 ( , , ). Cameroon: Dense forest at the river Nyong just south of Makak station (loc. 128), French Cameroons. *Bicyclus howarthi Condamin, 1963 Bicyclus howarthi Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 25: 908 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Bitje, Cameroons. Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon. Cameroon Bitje (TL). Gabon Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). *Bicyclus hyperanthus (Bethune-Baker, 1908) Bethune-Baker s Bush Brown Mycalesis hyperanthus Bethune-Baker, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 2: 469 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Makala, Beni-Mawambe. Distribution: Ivory Coast (Condamin, 1973; requires confirmation), Nigeria (east; Knoop, vide Larsen, 2005a; requires confirmation), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west), Tanzania (north-west). Democratic Republic of Congo Makala, Beni-Mawambe (TL). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Tanzania Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Kikuru Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Munene Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Submontane forest (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus iccius (Hewitson, [1865]) Scarce Blue-banded Bush Brown Idiomorphus iccius Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 96 (124 pp.). London. Type locality: Nigeria: Old Calabar. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Nigeria Old Calabar (TL); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). 39

40 Cameroon Yaounde (Bartel, 1905). Gabon Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Extremely rare in Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Larval food: Poaceae [Ackery et al., Larsen (1999) doubts this, averring that Marantaceae is a more likely family]. transiens Bartel, 1905 (as ab. of Mycalesis iccius). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 131 ( ). Cameroon: Kamerun, Hinterland, Jaunde-Station. *Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler, 1870) Ignoble Bush Brown Ignoble Bush Brown (Bicyclus ignobilis). Yangambi, DRC. Image courtesy Bart Wursten. Mycalesis ignobilis Butler, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1870: 124 ( ). Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler, 1870). Brattstrom et al, 2015: 64 stat. rev. Type locality: [Ghana]: Gold Coast. The Holotype (female) is in the NMNH(E) # (BMNH). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Ghana Gold Coast (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon Lolodorf. Equatorial Guinea Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndougou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda Buamba Forest, Semliki Valley; Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Tanzania Kere Hill, Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Bulembe (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: This is the most common of the species in the ignobilis species-group (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Flies low down in the forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). 40

41 eurini Condamin & Fox, 1963 (as ssp. of Bicyclus ignobilis). Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 25: 1166 ( ). Cameroon: Lolodorf, Cameroons. Synonymized with Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler, 1870) by Brattstrom et al., 2015: 64 syn. nov. acutus Condamin, 1965 (as ssp. of Bicyclus ignobilis). Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1447 ( ). Uganda: Uganda Prot. Buamba Forest, Semliki Valley, ft. Synonymized with Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler, 1870) by Brattstrom et al., 2015: 64 syn. nov. *Bicyclus istaris (Plötz, 1880) Velvet Bush Brown Mycalesis istaris Plötz, Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 197 ( ). Type locality: Ghana: Aburi. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes, 1999), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya (west of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (north-west). Guinea Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Sierra Leone Loma Mountains (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast Tai (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Aburi (TL); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Togo Bismarckburg (Karsch, 1893). Kenya Kabras (part of the Kakamega complex) (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998; single female). Habitat: Wetter forest, in somewhat hilly country (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: An uncommon bush brown (Larsen, 2005a). rhanidostroma Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 207 (1-266). Togo: Bismarckburg. [Also given as a synonym of Bicyclus funebris in Ackery et al., 1995: 290]. *Bicyclus brunnea Jackson, 1951 Monotrichtis sophrosyne brunnea Jackson, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 20: 97 (91-105). Synonym of Bicyclus istarus (Plötz, 1880). Ackery et al., Bicyclus brunnea Jackson, Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 stat. rev. Type locality: Uganda: W. Uganda; W. Ankole, Kalinzu Forest. Distribution: Uganda. Uganda Kalinzu Forest (Jackson, 1951). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. 41

42 *Bicyclus italus (Hewitson, [1865]) Large Bush Brown Idiomorphus italus Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 95 (124 pp.). London. Type locality: Nigeria: Old Calabar. Distribution: Ghana (Volta region), Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mayumbe, Ubangi, Mongala). Nigeria Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon Mungo (Plötz, 1880); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Malibe (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Forest, including drier forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Occasionally this is a locally common species, strongly attracted to fallen fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Note: Populations in the west may represent a distinct subspecies (Larsen, 2005a). massalia Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Idiomorphus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 195 ( ). Cameroon: Müngo. *Bicyclus ivindo Vande weghe, 2007 Bicyclus ivindo Vande weghe, Lambillionea 107 (3) Tome II: 455 ( ). Type locality: Gabon: Ivindo National Park. The location of the holotype is unknown (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Distribution: Gabon (east). Gabon Ivindo National Park (TL); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). *Bicyclus jefferyi Fox, 1963 Jeffery s Bush Brown Bicyclus miriam jefferyi Fox, Annals of the Carnegie Museum 36: 221 ( ). Type locality: [Kenya]: Kitale, British East Africa. Diagnosis: Most closely related to Bicyclus moyses (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya (west of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north). 42

43 Democratic Republic of Congo Kamituga (Dufrane, 1945). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Rwanda no specific locality (Strand, 1909). Kenya Kitale (TL). Tanzania From Mpanda to Kigoma and thence to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d). Recorded, in error, from Mt Kilimanjaro by de Jong & Congdon, 1993 (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015). Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Samfya (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokoso (Heath et al., 2002); Kasma (Heath et al., 2002); Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Meadows or clearings inside or near semi-montane forest, where green grass is abundant (Larsen, 1991c). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is relatively weak and close to the ground. Specimens are usually found resting on blades of grass or on the ground (Larsen, 1991c). punctifera Strand, 1909 (as f. of Mycalesis miriam). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 22: 105 ( ). Rwanda: Nordest-und Mittel-Ruanda. addenda Dufrane, 1945 (as ab. of Mycalesis miriam miriam). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 97 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: Kamituga. *Bicyclus kenia (Rogenhofer, 1891) Kenyan Bush Brown Mycalesis (?) kenia Rogenhofer, Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 6: 462 ( ). Type locality: [Kenya]: Lande Kikuyu am Fusse des Kenia. Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus mandanes, from which it differs in the forewing upperside in that it has a prominent white subapical band, whereas in mandanes the band is dull yellowish (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Sudan (south), Uganda (north shore of Lake Victoria); Kenya (central highlands; southwest), Tanzania (north). Kenya Kikuyu (TL); Kitumu (Gaede, 1915); Loita Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Mau Hills (above Narok) (Larsen, 1991c); upper Meru Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Loloiondo, north of Ngorongoro (Kalumile, vide Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Montane forest. In Tanzania at altitudes above m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Specimens fly from leaf to leaf in the forest undergrowth. They appear to have quite a nervous disposition. Often seen feeding from fallen fruit, in the company of Euphaedra neophron (Larsen, 1991c). inocellata Gaede, 1915 (as var. of Mycalesis kenia). Entomologische Rundschau 32: 50 (50-52). Kenya: Kitumu, südlich von Kenia. *Bicyclus kiellandi Condamin, 1986 Bicyclus kiellandi Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire (A) 45: 181 ( ). Type locality: Tanzania: Muhulu, forest 1500 m, Ulanga District. Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus safitza but the underside is striated (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (central and south-central). 43

44 Tanzania Muhulu Forest in Ulanga District (TL); Mikumu National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Kwadiboma near Handeni (Kielland, 1990d); near Luhombero Mountain in the Mwanihana Forest Reserve (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Open grassy woodland at altitudes from 700 to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Occurs in extremely local colonies, only a few square metres in extent (Kielland, 1990d). *Bicyclus lamani (Aurivillius, 1900) Mycalesis lamani Aurivillius, Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm 57: 1040 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Mukinbungu um unteren Congo. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/l). Distribution: Gabon, Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo. Gabon Tchibanga (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo Mukinbungu (TL). *Bicyclus larseni Vande weghe, 2009 Bicyclus larseni. Kwabina-sam, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Bicyclus larseni Vande weghe, Entomologia Africana 14 (2) (Supplement): 3 (1-24). Type locality: Guinea:. Distribution: Guinea, Ghana. Guinea Ghana Kwabina-sam (Pamela Sai, unpublished). Habitat: Habits: 44

45 *Bicyclus madetes (Hewitson, 1874) Brown-spot Bush Brown Brown-spot Bush Brown (Bicyclus madetes). Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Mycalesis madetes Hewitson, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 13: 381 ( ). Type locality: Gabon: Gaboon. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest, including severely degraded forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A reasonably common bush brown, especially in western Nigeria. The distribution seems to be patchy (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva]. Larval food: Poaceae [Sourakov & Emmel, 1997]. Bicyclus madetes madetes (Hewitson, 1874) Mycalesis madetes Hewitson, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 13: 381 ( ). Type locality: Gabon: Gaboon. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south), Cameroon (west), Gabon. Liberia Piquinini (Ehrmann, 1894). Ghana Aburi (Plötz, 1880); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Nigeria Lagos area (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Victoria (Plötz, 1880); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). nuwa Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 196 ( ). Ghana: 45

46 Aburi ; Cameroon: Victoria. erysichton Ehrmann, 1894 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 2: 77 (77-78). Liberia: Piquinini Sess, Liberia. Bicyclus madetes carola d Abrera, 1980 Bicyclus madetes carola d Abrera, Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 174, 175 (593 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Cameroon: Port Victoria, Cameroons. Distribution: Cameroon (west of the mountains), Democratic Republic of Congo (the Kasai). Cameroon Port Victoria (TL). *Bicyclus maesseni Condamin, 1971 Maessen s Ignoble Bush Brown Bicyclus maesseni Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire (A) 32: 1071 ( ). Type locality: Ghana: Likpe Mate (Volta Region), Ghana. Type material in the MNHN, Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Liberia (Brattstrom, 2012), Sierra Leone (Brattstrom et al, 2015), Ivory Coast (east), Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (Brattstrom, 2012). Ivory Coast Tiassale (Larsen, 2005a); Lamto (Larsen, 2005a); Abengourou (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Likpe (TL); Atewa Range (ABRI, vide Larsen, 2005a); Boti Falls (Larsen, 2005a); Begoro (Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria Okumo (Brattstrom et al, 2015). Habitat: Primary and secondary forest with closed canopy, usually with tangled undergrowth (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: The flight is weak and low down (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus mesogenina (Grünberg, 1911) Mycalesis mesogenina Grünberg, Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition (17): 509 ( ), 4 pls. Leipzig. Synonym of B. mesogena mesogena (Karsch, 1894). Ackery et al., Bicyclus mesogenina Grünberg, Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 stat. rev. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: Westl. v. Ruwenzori, N.W. Beni, Urwald. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (Aduse-Poku et al., 2016), Tanzania (south-west). Democratic Republic of Congo Beni (TL of mesogenina). Tanzania Kasoge forest, below the Mahale Mountains, Kigoma (TL of mahale). Habitat: Dense forest at altitudes of 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d; as Bicyclus mesogenus). Habits: Flies slowly, in the shade, close to the ground. Attracted to fermenting bananas (Congdon & Collins, 1998). 46

47 mahale Congdon, Kielland & Collins 1998 (as sp. of Bicyclus). In: Supplement to Kielland s butterflies of Tanzania: 38 (143 pp.). ABRI and Lambillionea. Type locality: Tanzania: Kigoma, Kasoge, 900m, 19.i.1967 J. Kielland. Holotype to be deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Synonymized with B. mesogenina (Grünberg, 1911) by Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 syn. nov. *Bicyclus collinsi Aduse-Poku et al, 2016 Large Marbled Bush Brown Male Large Marbled Bush Brown (Bicyclus collinsi). Kibale Forest, Uganda. October Image courtesy Raimund Schutte. Bicyclus mandanes Hewitson, Entomologist s Monthly Magazine 10: 58 (57-58). Bicyclus collinsi Aduse-Poku et al., [Replacement name for Bicyclus mandanes]. Bicyclus collinsi. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 46mm. Kinda, Katanga, Congo Belge. April R. Badham. (Transvaal Museum TM3195). 47

48 Bicyclus collinsi. Female (Wingspan 43 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan 43 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Gabon: Gaboon. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Bacelar, 1949), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Zambia. Ghana Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo Bismarkburg (Karsch, 1893). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo Kinda (male illustrated above). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); Kibale Forest (R. Schutte, unpublished). Kenya Kitale (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Biharamulo District (Kielland, 1990d); Kahama District (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest, both wet and dry. Also in riverine forest (Heath et al., 2002). In West Africa it seems to prefer drier forest, where this merges with the Guinea savanna (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A rather scarce species (Larsen, 2005a) that keeps to the shady forest floor, only coming into the open to feed from fallen fruit (Larsen, 1991c). It has also been seen feeding from carnivore scats (Larsen, 1991c). When resting on the ground it is very well camouflaged (Larsen, 2005a). mandanes Hewitson, 1873 (as sp. of Bicyclus). Entomologist s Monthly Magazine 10: 58 (57-58). Gabon: Gaboon. Replacement name Bicyclus collinsi Aduse Poku et al., Systematics and Biodiversity, graphidhabra Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Dichothyris). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 203 (1-266). Togo: Bismarkburg. *Bicyclus matuta (Karsch, 1894) 48

49 Male Bicyclus matuta matuta. Kibale Forest, Uganda. October Image courtesy Raimund Schutte. Mycalesis matuta Karsch, Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 228 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: westlichen Abnange des Runssóroro. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Bicyclus matuta matuta (Karsch, 1894) Mycalesis matuta Karsch, Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 228 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: westlichen Abnange des Runssóroro. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east Kivu), Uganda (south-west Kigezi), Rwanda, Burundi. Democratic Republic of Congo Runssororo (TL). Uganda Kibale Forest (R. Schutte, unpublished). eleutheria Rebel, 1911 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 24: 412 ( ). Democratic Republic of Congo: Nordwestafer des Tanganyika-Sees. Bicyclus matuta idjwiensis Condamin, 1965 Bicyclus matuta idjwiensis Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1440 ( ). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: Kwidgwi I., L. Kivu. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kwidgwi Island, Lake Kivu). Democratic Republic of Congo Kwidgwi Island, Lake Kivu (TL). *Bicyclus medontias (Hewitson, 1873) White-line Bush Brown Mycalesis medontias Hewitson, Entomologist s Monthly Magazine 10: 57 (57-58). 49

50 Type locality: Gabon. Distribution: Nigeria (Niger Delta, east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Cameroon Agova (Plötz, 1880); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo Ukaika (Rebel, 1914); Medje (Holland, 1920). Habitat: Forest, including somewhat degraded forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: In Nigeria it is commoner than Bicyclus hewitsoni (Larsen, 2005a). Flies in the shady, dense undergrowth of the forest, but may be attracted by fallen fruit in more open habitats (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Aurivillius, 1893 [larva and pupa]. Condamin, 1973 [larva and pupa]. vala Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Idiomorphus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 196 ( ). Cameroon: Agova. micropthalma Rebel, 1914 (as f. of Mycalesis medontias). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 256 ( ). Democratic Republic of Congo: Moera bis Ukaika. obsoletus Holland, 1920 (as var. of Bicyclus medontias). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 132 ( ). Democratic Republic of Congo: Medje. *Bicyclus mesogena (Karsch, 1894) Mycalesis mesogena Karsch, Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 236 ( ). Bicyclus mesogena mesogena. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 49mm. Lisombo, Mwinilunga dist., Zambia. 01/v/2001. A.J. Gardiner (Gardiner Collection). 50

51 Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Centralafrika (6 S Br., östl. L. von Greenw.). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Misattributed to the West African fauna (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Also in riverine forest (Heath et al., 2002). Habits: Flies low above the ground. Attracted by fermenting fruit (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Bicyclus mesogena mesogena (Karsch, 1894) Mycalesis mesogena Karsch, Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 236 ( ). Bicyclus mesogena mesogena. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 49mm. Lisombo, Mwinilunga dist., Zambia. 01/v/2001. A.J. Gardiner (Gardiner Collection). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Centralafrika (6 S Br., östl. L. von Greenw.). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya (west), Zambia. Gabon Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo N.W. Beni (Grünberg, 1911); Mohanga (Dufrane, 1945). Kenya northern Nandi Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Lisombo (male illustrated above). mohangensis Dufrane, 1945 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 94 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: Mohanga. Bicyclus mesogena ugandae (Riley, 1926) Mycalesis mesogena ugandae Riley, Entomologist 59: 234 (234). 51

52 Type locality: [Uganda]: Daro Forest, Toro. Distribution: Uganda (west), Tanzania (Kigoma district and north-west). Uganda Daro Forest, Toro district (TL); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania Kasoge Forest (Ackery et al., 1995); Munene Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Kikuru (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Note: Larsen (1991: 266) is of the opinion that Kenyan populations (all from the Nandi Hills) are closest to topotypical material. He believes that the Ugandan population from Toro may represent an isolated relic population. *Bicyclus milyas (Hewitson, [1864]) Lesser Rock Bush Brown Mycalesis milyas Hewitson, [1864] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 89 (124 pp.). London. Type locality: Sudan: White Nile. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Bacelar, 1949), Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone (north), Ivory Coast (north), Ghana (north), Togo (north), Benin (north), Nigeria (north), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Democratic Republic of Congo (north), Sudan, Uganda (north), Ethiopia (south-west), Kenya (north-west; South Kavirondo; latter requires confirmation see Larsen, 1991c: 273). Ivory Coast Lamto (Vuattoux, 1994). Togo Bismarckburg (Karsch, 1893). Benin Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Nigeria Kaduna area (St. Leger, vide Larsen, 2005a); Jos (St. Leger, vide Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea Rebola, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Habitat: Dry savanna. Habits: A common but localized butterfly that has habits that are very similar to those of Bicyclus pavonis, with which it is often sympatric (Larsen, 2005a). Larval food: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. desolata Butler, 1876 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18: 480 ( ). Ethiopia: Abyssinia. leptoglena Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 208 (1-266). Togo: Station Bismarkburg. *Bicyclus mollitia (Karsch, 1895) Mycalesis mollitia Karsch, Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 21: 281 ( ). 52

53 Bicyclus mollitia. Male (Wingspan 50 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan 50 mm. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 13 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Uganda. Distribution: Cameroon (south), Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (south and east), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Misattributed to the Nigerian butterfly fauna (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda Entebbe (Sharpe, 1896); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Bulembe (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Flies in the undergrowth of forest. It is often seen feeding from fallen fruit, usually in the company of species of Euphaedra and Cymothoe (Larsen, 1991c). Molleman (2004) captured this species in baited traps high in the forest canopy. ansorgei Sharpe, 1896 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 18: 158 ( ). Uganda: Mtebe, East Africa. *Bicyclus moyses Condamin & Fox, 1964 Bicyclus moyses Condamin & Fox, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 26: 629 ( ). 53

54 Bicyclus moyses. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 19 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus moyses. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 38mm. Ikelenge, N.W. Province, Zambia. 20.IV.78. A. Heath. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Cameroon: Akom II, près Kribi. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015), Zambia. Recorded, in error, from Nigeria by Berger, 1981 (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Akom II, Kribi (TL). Gabon Practically throughout (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo Koubotchi (male A, illustrated above). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Zambia Shiwa (male B, illustrated above); Ikelenge (female illustrated above). *Bicyclus nachtetis Condamin, 1965 Bicyclus nachtetis Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1104 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Congo belge, prov. de Kivu. Distribution: Cameroon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Equateur, May-Ndombe, Lualaba), Uganda?, Tanzania (north-west). Democratic Republic of Congo Kivu (TL). Tanzania Kikuru (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Swamp forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habits: Highly attracted to fermenting bananas (Congdon & Collins, 1998). *Bicyclus neustetteri (Rebel, 1914) 54

55 Mycalesis neustetteri Rebel, Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 257 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Im Urwalde hinter den Randebirgen im Nordwesten des Tanganyiks-Sees. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) (Martin, 215), Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Maniema), Uganda (south-west Kigezi). Equatorial Guinea Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). *Bicyclus nobilis (Aurivillius, 1893) Noble Bush Brown Mycalesis nobilis Aurivillius, Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 269 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Itoki, Kitta, Ekundu. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/n). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo. Guinea Nimba Mountains (Larsen, 2005a). Sierra Leone Loma Mountains (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia Sapo (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast Bossematie (Larsen, 2005a); Tai (Larsen, 2005a); Yapo (Larsen, 2005a); Alepe (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Ankasa (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria Okomu (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Itoki, Korup N.P. (TL); Kitta (Aurivillius, 1893); Ekundu (Aurivillius, 1893). Gabon Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Wetter forests of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a scarce bush brown, that tends to fly in dense undergrowth. The flight is slow, as it weaves its way through the understorey (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Sourakov & Emmel, *Bicyclus ottossoni Brattström, 2015 Bicyclus ottossoni Brattström, Zootaxa 4018 (1): 71 ( ). Type locality: Nigeria: Edo State, Ologbo Forest (06 01N, '05 33'E), 1.iv.2009, O. Brattström leg.. Holotype (male) in the Oskar Brattström s Research Collection, Cambridge, United Kingdom (OB-IND- 1072). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon (south). 55

56 Nigeria Ologbo Forest (06 01'N, 05 33'E) (TL). Cameroon Dja (03 09'N, 13 00'E); Djeng nr Nfoud (03 25'N, 12 23'E); Ebogo (03 23'N, 11 28'E); Kiosi (s. Cameroon, nr Eq. Guinea border); Londji (02 57'N, 09 57'E); Maan (02 22'N, 10 37'E); Mt Mille (03 17'N, 10 50'E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Ulf Ottosson, who encouraged the author to undertake work in Africa. Habitat: Swampy rainforest (Brattstron et al., 2015). Habits: Flies close to the ground in shady areas (Brattstron et al., 2015). *Bicyclus pavonis (Butler, 1876) Rock Bush Brown Mycalesis pavonis Butler, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18: 481 ( ). Type locality: [Ethiopia]: Abyssinia. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (north), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan (south), Uganda (north), Ethiopia (south), Kenya (north-west). Ivory Coast Lamto (Vuattoux, 1994). Ghana Mole National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Nakpanduri (Larsen, 2005a); Accra Plains (Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a). Kenya Suk (Larsen, 1991c); Turkana (Larsen, 1991c); Kacheliba district (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Rocky outcrops in arid savanna (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Apparently skulks in rock crevices (Larsen, 1991c). During the heat of the day it may assemble in small clusters in rock crevices or in Ceiba pentandra buttresses (Larsen, 2005a). It may be seasonally abundant, specimens often flying higher above ground level than most congenerics (Larsen, 2005a). Larval food: Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv. (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. *Bicyclus pareensis Collins & Kielland, 2008 Bicyclus pareensis Collins & Kielland, Metamorphosis 19: 78 (42-113). Bicyclus pareensis male holotype upperside Bicyclus pareensis male holotype upperside 56

57 Bicyclus pareensis female upperside Bicyclus pareensis female underside Type locality: Tanzania: South Pare Mts. (03 45'S 37 52'E), 14.iv.1978 (Jan Kielland leg., coll. Kielland in ABRI). Etymology: Named after the South Pare Mountains, to which it appears to be endemic. Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). Tanzania South Pare Mountains (TL). Habitat: Rarely found below to m (Collins & Larsen, 2008). Habits: Widespread and locally common in the South Pare Mountains (Collins & Larsen, 2008). *Bicyclus persimilis (Joicey & Talbot, 1921) Mycalesis persimilis Joicey & Talbot, Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 76 (40-166). Bicyclus persimilis. Male (Wingspan 37 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan 37 mm. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 13 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Ruwenzori, western slopes. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo-Uganda border, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda. Democratic Republic of Congo Ruwenzori (TL). Uganda Mpanga Forest (male illustrated above). 57

58 *Bicyclus procora (Karsch, 1893) Cinnamon Bush Brown Cinnamon Bush Brown (Bicyclus procora). Kwabina-sam, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Mycalesis procora Karsch, Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 210 (1-266). Type locality: Togo: Bismarkburg. The lacation of the type is unknown (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Bivar de Sousa et al., 2008), Guinea (Nimbas), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west Bwamba Valley). Ghana Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Togo Bismarckburg (TL). Cameroon Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea Makomo (Strand, 1913). Gabon Lope (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo Beni (Grünberg, 1911). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Habitat: Deep forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A fairly common species, which is somewhat localized (Larsen, 2005a). benina Grünberg, 1911 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition (17): 508 ( ), 4 pls. Leipzig. Democratic Republic of Congo: West. v. Ruwenzori, N.W. Beni, Urwald. Synonymized with procora (Karsch, 1893) by Condamine, makomensis Strand, 1913 (as var. of Mycalesis procora). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 144 ( ). Equatorial Guinea: Span. Guinea: Makomo. Synonymized with procora (Karsch, 1893) by Condamine, *Bicyclus makomensis (Strand, 1913) Mycalesis procora var. makomensis Strand, Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 144 ( ). Synonym of procora (Karsch, 1893). Condamine, Bicyclus makomensis (Strand, 1913). Brattstrom et al.,

59 Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: Span. Guinea: Makomo. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni). Cameroon Ebogo (Libert, 1996). Equatorial Guinea Makomo (TL). Gabon Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. ewondo Libert, 1996 (as sp. of Bicyclus). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 101 (2): 204 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon. The types are in the Museum National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Female first described by Vande weghe, 2009b. *Bicyclus heathi Brattström, 2015 Bicyclus heathi Brattström, Systematic Entomology (2015), DOI: /syen Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: 110 km NW Bukawu, Irangi forest, (01 50 S, E), 12.iv.1978 (Alan Heath) (ABRI), specimen ID: OB-ABRI Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu). Democratic Republic of Congo Irangi Forest (TL); Bucha (00 57 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Mamove (00 49 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Upper Maiko, Lubilinga Watershed, N. E. Lubutu, 2800 ft. (00 40 S, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Irangi (01 54 S, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Alan Heath who collected the holotype and a paratype during a visit to the Irangi Forest in Habitat: Medium-altitude rainforest (Brattstron et al., 2015). Habits: Nothing published. *Bicyclus elishiae Brattström, 2015 Bicyclus elishiae Brattström, Systematic Entomology (2015), DOI: /syen Type locality: Gabon: Ivindo NP, Ipassa (0 27 N, E), 17.xii.2004 (Gaël Vande weghe) (ABRI), specimen ID: OB-ABRI-0046/BC-GVW0002. Distribution: Cameroon (south-east), Gabon, Congo (south-west). Cameroon Dja Reserve (3 11 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Mintom (2 42 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Moloundou (2 03 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Gabon Ipassa (TL); Ivindo NP, Koungou (0 20 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Waka NP, Oghoubi (1 07 S, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Ivindo NP, Langoue (0 12 S, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). 59

60 Congo Zanaga District, Loungou (2 30 S, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Oskar Brattstom s partner Elishia Harji. Habitat: Lowland rainforest (Brattstron et al., 2015). Habits: This appears to be a rare species (Brattstron et al., 2015). *Bicyclus sigiussidorum Brattström, 2015 Bicyclus sigiussidorum Brattström, Systematic Entomology (2015), DOI: /syen Type locality: Cameroon: Mt Mille (Lolodorf) (3 17 N, E), v.2011 (N.A.) (ABRI), specimen ID: OB-ABRI Distribution: Cameroon (south), Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni), Gabon (north-west). Cameroon Mt Mille (TL); Dja Forest (3 09 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Lolodorf (3 17 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Maan (2 22 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Campo (2 22 N, 9 50 E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Equatorial Guinea Balengue, Rio Muni (1 20 N, 9 30 E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Gabon Monts de Cristal NP, Mbei Tchimbele Valley (0 42 N, E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Ziggy Stardust, one of the many faces of David Bowie, because of its glammy appearance (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. *Bicyclus subtilisurae Brattström, 2015 Bicyclus subtilisurae Brattström, Systematic Entomology (2015), DOI: /syen Type locality: Tanzania: Minziro Forest (1 03 S, E), 23.vi.1991 (Jan Kielland) (ABRI), specimen ID: OB-ABRI Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania (north-west). Democratic Republic of Congo Orientale, Mont Hoyo (1 13 N, E); Kivu, Kithokolo-Lubero (0 10 S, E); Kithokolo-Lubero (0 10 S, E); Maliva (0 10 N, E); Kivu, Kasuo, (00 14 S, E). Tanzania Minziro Forest (TL). Etymology: The valves of the male genitalia somewhat resemble a stylistic depiction of a woman s legs and feet, therefore the Latin name is formed from the feminine form of the words slender legs (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Habitat: Submontane rainforest above m (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Habits: Localized and rare. *Bicyclus rhacotis (Hewitson, [1866]) Rhacotis Bush Brown 60

61 Mycalesis rhacotis Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 93 (124 pp.). London. Type locality: Nigeria: Old Calabar. Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Tshopo, Kinshasa, Sankuru), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Nigeria Old Calabar (TL); Abak (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Batake Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Tanzania Kikuru Forest (rare) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Deep forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This appears to be a very scarce butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus rileyi Condamin, 1961 Bicyclus rileyi Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 23: 792 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Bitje, Ja River (3 09'N, 13 00'E), G.L. Bates leg.. The Holotype (male) is in the BMNH(E) (#997642). The Neallotype (female) was described from the same locality as the Holotype (iv-vi 1910, G.L. Bates leg.) by Condamin (1965) and is also in the BMNH(E) (#997643). Diagnosis: Larger than the other species in the ignobilis species-group (male fw 27 mm versus about 20 in the other species). Dorsal anal area of hindwing with thick covering of shiny dark hair-like scales. Base of vein 1 of dorsum of forewing with a comb of dark hairs. In the female the pale areas on the dorsal wing surfaces are larger than in other members of the species-group (Brattstrom et al, 2015). Distribution: Cameroon (south), Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Cameroon Bitje, Ja River (3 09'N, 13 00'E) (TL); Dja River (3 09'N, 13 00'E); Ebogo (3 23'N, 11 28'E); Maan (2 22'N, 10 37'E); Membele (2 27'N, 11 08'E); Mevele (Membele?); Mintom (2 42'N, 13 17'E); Moloundou (3 09'N, 13 00'E) (Brattstrom et al, 2015). Democratic Republic of Congo Lukolela (1 03'N, 17 12'E) (Brattstrom et al, 2015). *Bicyclus safitza (Westwood, [1850])# Common Bush Brown 61

62 Common Bush Brown (Bicyclus safitza). Left male upperside; right female upperside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Common Bush Brown (Bicyclus safitza) male undersides. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Satyrus denina Godart, nomen oblitum. Mycalesis safitza Westwood, [1850] in Doubleday & Westwood, [ ]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: pl. 66 [1850], 394 [1851] (1: pp.; 2: pp.). London. Mycalesis evenus Hopffer. Trimen, 1866a. [Synonym of Bicyclus safitza] Mycalesis safitza Hewitson, Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. [misattribution of authorship] Mycalesis safitza Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. [misattribution of authorship] Bicyclus safitza (Hewitson, 1851). Dickson & Kroon, [misattribution of authorship] Bicyclus safitza (Hewitson, 1851). Pringle et al., 1994: 51. [misattribution of authorship] Bicyclus denina (Godart, 1824). Lamas, 2010: 198. nomen oblitum Bicyclus safitza (Westwood, 1850). Larsen & Vane-Wright, Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (wet season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 8 December M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 43 mm). Left upperside; right underside. 62

63 Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 3 September M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 43 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Umtamvuna River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 28 April J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female (wet season form) (Wingspan 45 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Umdoni Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 12 February S. Henning. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection. 63

64 Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female (dry season form) (Wingspan 46 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Manguzi Forest, Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. 16 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola, Zambia. 27April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Alternative common name: Common Savanna Bush Brown. Type locality: Africa. Diagnosis: The outer hair pencil in the male is dark fuscous black (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Savanna and forest. In West Africa it is a mainly Guinea savanna insect (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania it is found from sea-level to altitudes up to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies in the semi-shade of forest and thick bush. Males establish territories at ground level in sunny spots in clearings and along paths. The flight is slow, low down and bobbing and specimens settle frequently on leaves, low down. Especially fond of fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). In West Africa it has been observed that dry-season individuals often aggregate in caves and under overhanging cliffs, apparently semi-aestivating (Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms. Wet season form mainly October to December (peak abundance November) and dry season form January to May (peak April) (Woodhall, 2005). Cottrell (cited by Pringle et al., 1994) doubts that there is seasonal variation in the populations in the Knysna Forests, at the southern limit of the species distribution. Early stages: Clark, in Van Son, 1955: 32 [as Mycalesis (Monotrichtis) safitza]. Egg laid singly on blade or stalk of grass; watery white; black head of larva becomes visible as it develops; shape semiglobular, 1,1 mm diameter and 0,9 mm high; covered with fine netting tracery; egg stage 5-8 days but longer in adverse weather. First instar larva eats way out near top of egg and consumes shell, except for base; 3 64

65 mm long; watery white with black head; on feeding becomes progressively greener; later white spots appear all over body and last three segments become light brown; as spots become more distinct they form a lateral line; three rows of golden brown hairs mounted on white moles on each side above spiracle and on lateral ridge each segment has two spines except first three and last two, which have only one; two spines on prolegs; head pitch black with golden yellow setae; head above shaped into two rough horns, tops of which are slightly sunken; moults on silk mat spun by larva, attached by clapsers; grows to 6-6,5 mm in 4 days (spring, summer) to 8 days (autumn). Second instar larva green with faint subdorsal line and light brown dorsal line, broadening considerably from segment 9 to centre of forked final segment; head black or dark brown, except for dull green patch behind each horn ; horns are pointed projections, blackening to tips; surface of head studded with setae and indentations; main setae on body still present, being brown-black tipped, though relatively smaller than in 1 st instar; on each of white patches of previous instar a small seta on a white mole; larvae spin small mats on which they rest when not feeding; feed from edge of grass blade but return to silk mat when finished; grow to 8-10 mm in 4-7 days. Third instar larva slightly darker green with green dorsal stripe, shading to light brown from segment 9; on first two segments a subdorsal black stripe, flanked on inside by white, this line exending over head to horns (this is all that remains of subdorsal line of previous instar); head green, shading to brown on horns as in 2 nd instar, surface of head studded with small setae and indentations; main setae still present but relatively smaller and darker; number of secondary setae increased; grows to 12-13,5 mm (one specimen 16 mm) in 4-7 days. Fourth instar larva ground-colour pale dull yellow, fairly liberally mottled with green; a broad green dorsal line, shading to light brown from segment 9; subdorsal line reappears but is illdefined, wavy, and punctuated at joints with dark, except on leading segments where it is straight and well defined in dark brown and, as in previous instar, extends to projections of head; below spiracles a thin green line; lateral ridge white, below this green and fairly liberally studded with small watery white setae on small moles; main setae very small and nearly same size as lesser setae; head pale yellowish green touched with brown, projections brown; grows to mm in 4-6 days. Fifth (final) instar larva dull yellow mottled with brown; a brown dorsal line, shading to black at each extremity, and split on first three segments; subdorsal line consists of series of curved brown markings thinning to front and punctuated to rear with a dark brown patch; on anterior segments subdorsal line becomes firm and continues to head; a broken, brown lateral line; on segments 4-10 a brown diagonal line extends anteroventrally from lateral line; lateral ridge white, flanked on both sides with brown; below this body shades to green and mottling disappears ventrally; head yellow-brown; cephalic projections modified and blunt; setae and indentations on head more numerous; grows to mm in 8-14 days; excreta ejected by means of anal comb consisting of two groups of four strong spines; larvae usually spin mats to rest on, crawling away to feed; to pupate larva spins a mat and attaches anal claspers to this. Pupa suspended by cremastral hooks; brown with purple-brown wing cases streaked with white, or green with brown markings; pupal stage days, pupa turns pitch black before eclosing. A rotation of broods spring and summer broods take about 40 days (egg to imago) but larval duration lengthens towards autumn and approaches diapause in winter. Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva and pupa]. Bicyclus safitza early stages. Left egg; centre 1 st instar larva; right 5 th instar larva. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. 65

66 Bicyclus safitza early stages. Left 5 th instar larva; centre & right pupae. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Larval food: Ehrharta erecta Lam. (Poaceae) [Clark, in Van Son, 1955: 33; in captivity]. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) [Nichols, vide Botha & Botha, 2006: 182]. Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Schizachyrium platyphyllum (Franch.) Stapf (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Relevant literature: Nokelainen et al., 2016 [Preference for C4 grasses and reproductive performance] De Vries, 2002 [Differential wing toughness]. Bicyclus safitza safitza (Westwood, [1850])# Satyrus denina Godart, nomen oblitum. Mycalesis safitza Westwood, [1850] in Doubleday & Westwood, [ ]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: pl. 66 [1850], 394 [1851] (1: pp.; 2: pp.). London. Mycalesis evenus Hopffer. Trimen, 1866a. [Synonym of Bicyclus safitza] Mycalesis safitza Hewitson, Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. [misattribution of authorship] Mycalesis safitza Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. [misattribution of authorship] Bicyclus safitza (Hewitson, 1851). Dickson & Kroon, [misattribution of authorship] Bicyclus safitza (Hewitson, 1851). Pringle et al., 1994: 51. [misattribution of authorship] Bicyclus denina (Godart, 1824). Lamas, 2010: 198. nomen oblitum Bicyclus safitza (Westwood, [1850]). Larsen & Vane-Wright, Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (wet season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 8 December M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. 66

67 Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 43 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 3 September M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 43 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Umtamvuna River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 28 April J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. 67

68 Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female (wet season form) (Wingspan 45 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Umdoni Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 12 February S. Henning. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection. Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female (dry season form) (Wingspan 46 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Manguzi Forest, Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. 16 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Chingola, Zambia. 27April Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection. Type locality: Africa. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania (including Pemba and Mafia islands), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Ivory Coast Lamto (Vuattoux, 1994); Abidjan (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Lokoli (Tchibozo et al., 2008). Nigeria Lagos (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania Throughout (common) (Kielland, 1990d); Bombole (Strand, 1910); Sigi (Strand, 1910); Mkulumunzi (Strand, 1910); Amani (Strand, 1910); Semdoe Forest Reserve (Doggart et al., 2001); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006); Moshi (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015); Kilimanjaro 68

69 (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015); Taveta (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015); Lake Manyara (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015). Malawi Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); mid-lunga River (Heath et al., 2002); the Copperbelt (Heath et al., 2002); Samfya (Heath et al., 2002); Kalombo Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt. Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [ ] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe Burmah Road (male illustrated above). Limpopo Province Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve ( Malta Forest ) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Duivelskloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Matlapetsi River (Swanepoel, 1953); Groot Spelonken (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Entabeni Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Buzzard Mountain Retreat [ ] (Williams, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province Van Stadens (Swanepoel, 1953); Zuurberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); King William s Town (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Stutterheim (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Cintsa East (female illustrated above). Western Cape Province Knysna (Swanepoel, 1953); Plettenberg Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Mossel Bay (Pringle et al., 1994); George (Pringle et al., 1994). Swaziland Mlawula N. R. ( delila Fabricius, 1793 (as sp. of Papilio). Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 234 (488 pp.). Guinea. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Papilio delila Fabricius, 1775 [Nymphalidae; Heliconinae] [extralimital]]. denina Godart, Regarded as a nomen oblitum by Larsen & Vane-Wright, eusirus Hopffer, 1855 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 641 ( ). Mozambique: Mossambique. evenus Hopffer, 1855 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 641 ( ). Mozambique: Mossambique. injusta Wallengren, 1857 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 33 (55 pp.). South Africa: Caffraria. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/i). caffra Wallengren, 1857 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 34 (55 pp.). South Africa: Caffraria. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). semicoeca Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Mycalesis safitza). Societas Entomologica 25: 6 (5-6). Bombole, Sigi, Mkulumunzi, Amani. Tanzania: 69

70 Bicyclus safitza aethiops (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905) Mycalesis safitza aethiops Rothschild & Jordan, Novitates Zoologicae 12: 175 ( ). Bicyclus denina aethiops (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905). Lamas, 2010: 198. Bicyclus safitza aethiops (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905). Larsen & Vane-Wright, Type locality: [Ethiopia]: Lake Abassi. Distribution: Ethiopia. Ethiopia Lake Abassi (TL); Youbdo (Ungemach, 1932). velutina Ungemach, 1932 (as f. of Mycalesis aethiops). Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 49 (1-122). Ethiopia: Youbdo. *Bicyclus sambulos (Hewitson, [1877]) Tailed Bush Brown Mycalesis sambulos Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson, [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 59 (127 pp.). London. Type locality: Gabon: Gaboon. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Habitat: Dense primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies is found at altitudes from 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A generally scarce species, especially west of the Dahomey Gap, that is usually found in ones and twos (Larsen, 2005a). Specimens are attracted to fermented bananas and sap oozing from trees (Kielland, 1990d). Many more appear to be taken in traps than are seen on the wing, suggesting that they are reclusive in the deeper parts of the forest (Larsen, 2005a). Bicyclus sambulos sambulos (Hewitson, [1877]) Mycalesis sambulos Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson, [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 59 (127 pp.). London. Type locality: Gabon: Gaboon. Diagnosis: Forewing upperside band only a little paler than the ground colour (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania (west). Nigeria Lokoja on the Niger R. (Larsen, 2005a; transitional); near Ikom (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Tanzania Kigoma District and bordering areas of Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d). Bicyclus sambulos cyaneus Condamin, 1961 Bicyclus sambulos cyaneus Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 23: 783 ( ). Spelt as cyaneaus by Larsen, 2005a: 294). 70

71 Type locality: Uganda: Katera Sango Bay, Masaka. Diagnosis: Larger than the other subspecies; forewing upperside with a wide blue band (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Uganda Katera Sango Bay, Masaka (TL); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania Minziro Forest (single female) (Kielland, 1990d). Bicyclus sambulos unicolor Condamin, 1971 Bicyclus sambulos unicolor Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire (A) 32: 1068 ( ). Type locality: Ivory Coast: Abidjan, Côte d Ivoire. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria. Sierra Leone Tiwai Island (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia Wanau Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast Abidjan (TL); Lamto (Larsen, 2005a); Bossematie (Larsen, 2005a); Yeale (Larsen, 2005a); Tai (Larsen, 2005a); Bereby (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria Kagoro (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus martius (Fabricius, 1793) Black Bush Brown Black Bush Brown (Bicyclus martius). Ankasa, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Papilio martius Fabricius, Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 219 (488 pp.). 71

72 Bicyclus martius. Female (Wingspan 38 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan 38 mm. Bobiri Forest, Ghana. 22 November J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone. Type locality and male Neotype designated by Larsen (2003a) and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo. Sierra Leone Sierra Leone (TL; Larsen, 2003a). Ivory Coast High Sassandra (Condamin, 1961); Abidjan (Condamin, 1965). Ghana Bia National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng- Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Habitat: Lowland primary forest and secondary growth (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a common species (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a) noted that on one occasion dry-season females were much commoner than males and he speculated that these females may have been in partial diapause. Males fly in sunshine along forest paths, where they fight other males and court females. A courtship ritual is described by Larsen (2005a). Early stages: Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva and pupa; as Bicyclus sanaos]. Larval food: Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; for Bicyclus sanaos]. Relevant literature: Larsen, 2003a [Taxonomy]. viettei Condamin, 1961 (as f. of Bicyclus martius). Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 23: 786 ( ). Ivory Coast: Haute Sassandra, Côte d Ivoire. melas Condamin, 1965 (as ssp. of Bicyclus sanaos). Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1442 ( ). Ivory Coast: Abidjan, Côte d Ivoire. [Synonymized with Bicyclus martius martius (Fabricius, 1793) by Larsen (2003a) (Entomologists Record and Journal of Variation 115: 95-96). ] *Bicyclus sanaos (Hewitson, [1866]) Mycalesis sanaos Hewitson, [1866]. In: Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 94 (124 pp.). London. Bicyclus martius sanaos (Hewitson, 1866). Larsen, 2003: 95, syn. nov., stat. rev. Bicyclus sanaos (Hewitson, 1866). Aduse-Poku et al., stat. rev. Type locality: Nigeria: Old Calabar. Male holotype in the Natural History Museum, London. Diagnosis: Males of this subspecies can be separated from those of Bicyclus martius by the inner 72

73 androconial hair pencil, which is beige in martius and black in sanaos. The female of martius is uniform dark brown above, whereas the female of sanaos has a clear white subapical band. Specimens from between the Niger River and the Cross River loop, in eastern Nigeria, are intermediate (Larsen, 2003a). Distribution: Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda (west Bwamba Valley). Nigeria Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon Museke (Strand, 1912); Bibundi (Strand, 1913); Bezirk, Yaounde (Gaede, 1915). Gabon Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndougou (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). hintzi Strand, 1912 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 110 ( ). Cameroon: Museke. bibundensis Strand, 1913 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 148 ( ). Cameroon: Bibundi in Kamerun. completa Gaede, 1915 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 71 (38-40, 71-74). Cameroon: Bezirk, Jaunde, Kamerun. *Bicyclus sandace (Hewitson, [1877]) Dark Vulgar Bush Brown Dark Vulgar Bush Brown (Bicyclus sandace). Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Mycalesis sandace Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 59 (127 pp.). London. 73

74 Bicyclus sandace. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 39mm. Mutundu S, Mufulira, Zambia. 13:IV:75. A. Heath. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Bicyclus sandace. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Mutundu S, Mufulira, Zambia. 26:V:74. A. Heath. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: Fernando Poo. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau (Bivar de Sousa et al., 2008), Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north-west and Copperbelt). Senegal floodplains between dunes near Dakar (Condamin, 1973). Ivory Coast Bossematie (H. Fermon, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Lokoli (Tchibozo et al., 2008); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Cameroon Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea Fernando Poo (= Bioko) (TL). Gabon Probably throughout (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Nandi Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania From Mpanda and Kigoma to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d). 74

75 Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mutundu South (male and female illustrated above). Habitat: Lowland and submontane forest (Kielland, 1990d). Also in secondary growth, agricultural lands, riverine vegetation and even dense savanna (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common forest-floor dweller, like most of the genus (Larsen, 1991c). Comes to traps baited with fermented fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva and pupa]. Larval food: Poaceae [Sourakov & Emmel, 1997]. *Bicyclus sangmelinae Condamin, 1963 Condamin s Bush Brown Condamin s Bush Brown (Bicyclus sangmelinae). Ankasa, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Bicyclus sangmelinae Condamin, Mémoires de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (66): 435 ( ). Type locality: Guinea: Mont Nimba N.-E. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana,?Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic. Guinea Nimba Mountains (TL); Labe (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon Korup (Larsen, 2005a); Sangmelina (Larsen, 2005a). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Not a very common bush brown (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus saussurei (Dewitz, 1879) White-banded Bush Brown Mycalesis saussurei Dewitz, Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4 75

76 (2): 189 ( ). Alternative common name: Saussure s Bush Brown. Type locality: [Angola]: in Guinea aus dem 10 S.B., zwischen dem O.L. von Greenw.. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Dense submontane forest. In Tanzania in swampy forest and grassy riversides at submontane altitudes (Kielland, 1990d). Larsen (2005a) states that the habitat is forest edges and secondary growth. Habits: Similar to those of Bicyclus dentata (Larsen, 1991c). May be quite common in suitable localities (Larsen, 2005a). Larval food: Poaceae [Larsen, 2005a]. Bicyclus saussurei saussurei (Dewitz, 1879) Mycalesis saussurei Dewitz, Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4 (2): 189 ( ). Type locality: [Angola]: in Guinea aus dem 10 S.B., zwischen dem O.L. von Greenw.. Distribution: Angola (highlands), Democratic Republic of Congo (south, central and Kivu), Sudan (south), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia. Democratic Republic of Congo Costermansville (TL of angustus). Kenya Chepalungu (Larsen, 1991c); Kisii (Larsen, 1991c); Marakwet (Larsen, 1991c); Cherangani Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Elgon (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Near Kibondo (Kielland, 1990d); Ngara District (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia Hillwood Farm, Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002). angustus Condamin, 1970 (as ssp. of Bicyclus saussurei). Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire (A) 32: 1073 ( ). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: Costermansville. Synonymized with saussurei (Dewitz, 1879) by Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 syn. nov. Bicyclus saussurei camerunia (Strand, 1914) Mycalesis saussurei var. camerunia Strand, Archiv für Naturgeschichte 80 (A.2.): 152 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Dschang. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon. Nigeria Mambilla Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Dschang (TL). *Bicyclus sciathis (Hewitson, [1866]) Sciathic Bush Brown Mycalesis sciathis Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 94 (124 pp.). London. 76

77 Type locality: Nigeria: Old Calabar. Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (central). Misattributed to the Liberia fauna according to Fox (1965), and to the Ghana fauna by Condamin (1973) (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria Old Calabar (TL); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Korup (Lees, 1989). Equatorial Guinea Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Lowland forest (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus sebetus (Hewitson, [1877]) Idomorphus sebetus Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 60 (127 pp.). London. Bicyclus sebetus. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 54mm. Kinda, Katanga, Congo Belge. April R. Badham. (Transvaal Museum TM3195). Type locality: Gabon: Gaboon. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania (west), Zambia. Cameroon Agoncho (Plötz, 1880). Gabon Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010); Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo Kinda (male illustrated above). Uganda Sesse Islands (Grünberg, 1910); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania North-western Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma District (Kielland, 1990d); Kasoge Forest (very common) (Kielland, 1990d); Kemfu Forest (very common) (Kielland, 1990d). 77

78 Zambia Lisombu River (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi Source (Heath et al., 2002); Nchelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Kawambwa (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Dense lowland forest. In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to m, but seldom above m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Greatly attracted to fermenting bananas (Kielland, 1990d). una Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Idiomorphus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 195 ( ). Cameroon: Agoncho. kochi Grünberg, 1910 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1910: 148 ( ). Uganda: Sesse Inseln. *Bicyclus sealeae Collins & Larsen, 2008 Bicyclus sealeae Collins & Larsen, Metamorphosis 19: 75 (42-113). Bicyclus sealeae male holotype upperside Bicyclus sealeae male holotype underside Bicyclus sealeae female upperside Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: Bioko, nr Moka, 1,700 m (03 33'N 08 67'E), 8-13.iii.2007 (S.C. Collins leg., coll. ABRI). Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). 78

79 Equatorial Guinea near Moka, Bioko (TL). Etymology: Named for Jennifer Seale, who has contributed much to conservation efforts on Bioko Island. Habitat: Submontane forest (Collins & Larsen, 2008). Habits: Nothing published. *Bicyclus similis Condamin, 1963 Bicyclus similis Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 25: 902 ( ). Type locality: [Tanzania]: Mt Kungwe, Western Province, Tanganyika. Distribution: Tanzania (west ). Tanzania Mount Kungwe (TL); Mahale Mountains only (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Montane forest (1 600 to m), in areas with stands of bamboo and open undergrowth (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Both sexes are often found sunning themselves on the forest floor (Kielland, 1990d). Larval food: Possibly bamboo (Poaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 82]. *Bicyclus simulacris Kielland, 1990 Bicyclus simulacris Kielland, Butterflies of Tanzania 82 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Bicyclus simulacris simulacris. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Nyika Mtn, Malawi, 7200 ft. 2/1993. S.C. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Tanzania: [ Mufindi, Luisenga, 1800m ]. Description: Closely related to danckelmani Rogenhofer, but the underside transverse line of the h.w. is straighter, basal part of the wings darker. Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique. Habitat: Montane forest. In Tanzania both subspecies occur at altitudes from to m (descending to m in the Uzungwa Rift) (Kielland, 1990d). 79

80 Larval food: Grasses (Poaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Mufindi, Tanzania]. Bicyclus simulacris simulacris Kielland, 1990 Bicyclus simulacris Kielland, Butterflies of Tanzania 82 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Bicyclus simulacris simulacris. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Nyika Mtn, Malawi, 7200 ft. 2/1993. S.C. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Tanzania: [ Mufindi, Luisenga, 1800m ]. Distribution: Tanzania (east and south), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique. Tanzania Mufindi, Luisenga, m (TL); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mafwemiro Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mangaliza Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Rungwe (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi Nyika Mountain (male illustrated above). Zambia Nyika (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Bicyclus simulacris septentrionalis Kielland, 1990 Bicyclus simulacris septentrionalis Kielland, Butterflies of Tanzania 82 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: [ W. Usambara Mts., Mazumbai ]. Description: Upperside of the wings paler than in the nominate race; f.w. distal area paler than the inner section; the border between the two sections more clearly indicated than in the other race; distal portion of the underside of both wings generally paler. Population A, occurring in the W. Usambaras, differs from population B from Kanga Mt. and Nguru Mts. in a paler underside and also upperside in the male, and with smaller underside eye-spots. Diagnosis: Compared to the nominate subspecies the upperside is paler; forewing distal area paler than inner section; border between the two sections clearer; on underside distal portion of wings paler (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). 80

81 Tanzania Mazumbai, West Usambara Mountains (TL); Kanga Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). *Bicyclus smithi (Aurivillius, [1899]) Smith s Bush Brown Mycalesis smithi Aurivillius, [1899] in Aurivillius [1898-9]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 57 (1-561). Type locality: [Kenya]: Patscho, Nandi country. Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Lowland forest. Habits: Flies in the semi-shade of the forest floor, perching on leaves in rays of sunshine (Larsen, 1991c). Comes to fermenting bananas in the shade (Kielland, 1990d). Bicyclus smithi smithi (Aurivillius, [1899]) Mycalesis smithi Aurivillius, [1899] in Aurivillius [1898-9]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 57 (1-561). Type locality: [Kenya]: Patscho, Nandi country. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Cameroon Mimbia (Strand, 1912); Buea (Strand, 1912). Gabon Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo Mukinbungu, Beni-Bendi (Aurivillius, 1901). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya Patscho, Nandi country (TL); Suna (Larsen, 1991c); Sotik (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Chepalungu (Larsen, 1991c); Nandi Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Kasoge Forest on the west side of Mount Mahale (Kielland, 1990d). Recorded, in error, from Mt Kilimanjaro by Condamin, 1973 (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015). ansorgei Grose-Smith, 1898 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 5: 352 ( ). Kenya: Patscho, Nandi country. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Mycalesis ansorgei Sharpe, 1896 [Satyrinae].] nandina Ansorge, 1899 (as replacement name for Mycalesis ansorgei Grose-Smith). Under the African sun 316 (355 pp.). obscura Aurivillius, 1901 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Entomologisk Tidskrift 22: 114 ( ). Democratic Republic of Congo: Congogebiete; Beni-Bendi, Mukinbungu. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/o). campides Strand, 1912 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 110 ( ). Cameroon: Mimbia, Buea. 81

82 Bicyclus smithi eurypterus Condamin, 1965 Bicyclus smithi eurypterus Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1445 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Kwidgwi I., L. Kiwu. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east Island of Kwidgwi in Lake Kivu). Democratic Republic of Congo Kwidgwi Island in Lake Kivu (TL). Bicyclus smithi fernandina (Schultze, 1914) Mycalesis fernandina Schultze, Entomologische Rundschau 31: 49 (49-50). Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: San Carlos im Süden der Insel Fernando Poo. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (island of Bioko). Equatorial Guinea San Carlos, Bioko Island (TL); Moka (Condamin, 1963). poensis Condamin, 1963 (as ssp. of Bicyclus smithi). Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 25: 906 ( ). Equatorial Guinea: Moka, Fernando Poo. *Bicyclus sophrosyne (Plötz, 1880) Large Velvet Bush Brown Mycalesis sophrosyne Plötz, Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 196 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Victoria und Bonjongo. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Submontane forest in Nigeria, but not, apparently elsewhere in its range (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Often found settled on low vegetation along forest paths (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Bicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne (Plötz, 1880) Mycalesis sophrosyne Plötz, Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 196 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Victoria und Bonjongo. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Nigeria Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Gashaka-Gumpti (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Victoria (TL); Bonjongo (Plötz, 1880); Johan-Albrechtshohe (Bartel, 1905); Nyong River, south of Makak Station (Birket-Smith, 1960). Gabon Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). 82

83 Tanzania Minziro forests, especially Bulembe (rare) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). ploetzi Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 132 ( ). Cameroon: N. Kamerun, Johan-Albrechtshöhe. decemoculi Birket-Smith, 1960 (as ab. of Mycalesis sophrosyne). Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 22: 553 ( , , ). Cameroon: River Nyong south of Makak Station, French Cameroons. Bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti Condamin, 1965 Bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1103 ( ). Bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Lisombo, Mwinilunga dist., Zambia. 30/iv/2001. A.J. Gardiner. (Gardiner Collection). Bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Lisombo, Mwinilunga dist., Zambia. 30/iv/2001. A.J. Gardiner. (Gardiner Collection). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Kafakumba. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east), Zambia. Democratic Republic of Congo Kafakumba (TL). 83

84 Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi Source (Heath et al., 2002); Lisombo, Mwinilunga district (Gardiner; male and female illustrated above). *Bicyclus suffusa (Riley, 1921) Mycalesis saussurei suffusa Riley, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 240 ( ). Bicyclus suffusa suffusa. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Zambezi R. near Hillwood Farm, Zambia. 3.IV.77. A. Heath. (Gardiner Collection). Bicyclus suffusa suffusa. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Zambesi stream, Hillwood Farm, N.W. Prov., Zambia. 25 March, A.J. & M.W. Gardiner (Gardiner Collection). Type locality: [Zambia]: N.W. Rhodesia, Solwezi. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia. Habitat: Nothing published. Bicyclus suffusa suffusa (Riley, 1921) Mycalesis saussurei suffusa Riley, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 240 ( ). 84

85 Bicyclus suffusa suffusa. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Zambezi R. near Hillwood Farm, Zambia. 3.IV.77. A. Heath. (Gardiner Collection). Bicyclus suffusa suffusa. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Zambesi stream, Hillwood Farm, N.W. Prov., Zambia. 25 March, A.J. & M.W. Gardiner (Gardiner Collection). Type locality: [Zambia]: N.W. Rhodesia, Solwezi. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lomami, Lualaba), Zambia (north-west). Zambia Solwezi (TL); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); 43 km north of Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); west of Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi stream, Hillwood Farm (male and female illustrated above). Bicyclus suffusa ituriensis Condamin, 1970 Bicyclus suffusus ituriensis Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire (A) 32: 1076 ( ). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Kibali-Ituri: Nioka. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east Ituri). Democratic Republic of Congo Nioka, Ituri, Kivu (TL). 85

86 *Bicyclus sweadneri Fox, 1963 Fox s Blue-banded Bush Brown Bicyclus sweadneri Fox, Annals of the Carnegie Museum 36: 215 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Efulen, Cameroons. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Misattributed to the Ivory Coast fauna by Carcasson (1981) and Ackery et al., 1995 (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Efulen (TL). Gabon Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). *Bicyclus sylvicolus Condamin, 1965 White-tipped Bush Brown Bicyclus abnormis f. sylvicolus Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 23: 788 ( ). Bicyclus sylvicolus Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1444 ( ). Type locality: Cameroon: Mamfé, Cameroon ex-britannique. Distribution: Ghana (Volta Region), Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon (west). Ghana Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a; Aduse-Poku & Doku-Marfo, 2007); Kukurantumi (Larsen, 2005a; requires confirmation). The Ghana records have been confirmed (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007). Cameroon Mamfe (TL). Habitat: Wetter forest (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007). Habits: An uncommon bush brown, throughout its range. Most specimens known have been taken in fruitbaied traps (Larsen, 2005a). sylvicolus Condamin, 1961 (as f. of Bicyclus abnormis). Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 23: 788 ( ). Cameroon: Mamfé, Cameroun ex-britannique. *Bicyclus taenias (Hewitson, [1877]) Grey Bush Brown Mycalesis taenias Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 59 (127 pp.). London. Type locality: Gabon: Gaboon. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Becelar, 1949), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mayumbe, Uele,?Kasai). Senegal Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Guinea Macenta (Condamin, 1961). 86

87 Ghana Aburi (Plötz, 1880); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria Jos, possibly Kagoro Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Lope (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Dense forest, especially of the drier type (Larsen, 2005a). It keeps to the shade, rarely venturing into sunny spots (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A reasonably common species, more so in the west of its range (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Sourakov & Emmel, gerda Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 198 ( ). Ghana: Aburi. pujoli Condamin, 1961 (as f. of Bicyclus taenias). Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 23: 798 ( ). Guinea: Macenta, Guinée. *Bicyclus tanzanicus Condamin, 1986 Bicyclus tanzanicus Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire (A) 45: 173 ( ). Type locality: Tanzania: Lukandamira, 1600 m, Kigoma. Distribution: Tanzania (west ). Tanzania Lukandamira at Mahale Mountain (TL); Sisaga Mountain on Mahale (Kielland, 1990d); Kampisa River (Kielland, 1990d); Sitebi Mountain (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Montane forest-grassland mosaic at altitudes from to m (Kielland, 1990d). *Bicyclus technatis (Hewitson, [1877]) Technatis Bush Brown Mycalesis technatis Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 60 (127 pp.). London. Type locality: Gabon: Gaboon. Distribution: Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola (north). Recorded, erroneously, from Liberia by Buttikofer (1890) (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria Calabar (Larsen, 2005a); Agege (Larsen, 2005a); Okomu (Larsen, 2005a); Omo (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Korup area (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). 87

88 Habitat: Deep forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A scarce bush brown (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus trilophus (Rebel, 1914) Tufted Bush Brown Mycalesis trilophus Rebel, Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 257 ( ). Bicyclus trilophus. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 41mm. Hillwood Farm, Mwinilunga, Zambia. April/May 00. TCEC/IB/MR/PW. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Urwalde bei Moera. Distribution: Cameroon (east of mountains), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015), Zambia. Gabon Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo Moera Forest (TL); Lupweshi River (Overlaet, 1954). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Zambia Zambezi Source (Heath et al., 2002); Hillwood Farm, Mwinilunga (male illustrated above). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A rare butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). schoutedeni Overlaet, 1954 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (N.S.) 1: 491 ( ). Democratic Republic of Congo: Riv. Lupweshi, Katanga. *Bicyclus jacksoni Condamin, 1961 Bicyclus trilophus jacksoni Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 23: 796 ( ). Bicyclus jacksoni Condamin, Aduse-Poku et al., Type locality: Cameroon: Mamfé, Cameroun britannique. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon 88

89 (west). Sierra Leone Tiwai Island (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast Danane (Larsen, 2005a); Lamto (Larsen, 2005a; single specimen). Ghana Ankasa (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon Mamfe (TL). *Bicyclus uniformis (Bethune-Baker, 1908) Uniform Bush Brown Mycalesis uniformis Bethune-Baker, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 2: 470 ( ). Bicyclus uniformis. Male (Wingspan 40 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan 40 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus uniformis. Female (Wingspan 44 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan 40 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Makala-Beni. Brattstrom et al., 2015 state that: The currently recognized type of B. uniformis is almost certainly not the correct specimen and no obvious candidate for lectotype designation is available. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria?, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Apparently misattributed to the Togo fauna by Condamin (1952) (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast Tai (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Konongo (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). 89

90 Nigeria Agege near Lagos? (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo Makala-Beni (TL). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania Minziro forests, especially Bulembe (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest in good condition (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A relatively uncommon species which appears to be patchily distributed (Larsen, 2005a). Flies about in the short undergrowth of tall forest. Attracted to fermenting fruit (Congdon & Collins, 1998). ribbei Neustetter, 1916 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 97 (95-108). Cameroon: Kamerun. Synonymized with uniformis (Bethune-Baker, 1908) by Condamine, *Bicyclus uzungwensis Kielland, 1990 Bicyclus uzungwensis Kielland, Butterflies of Tanzania 83 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: forests of Mt. Nyumbenitu and Mt. Luhombero in the Uzungwa Range, flying at very high altitude ( m.). Description: Related to simulacris and danckelmani, but with a large, bright orange squarish area around the ocellar spot in space 2 of the f.w. Distribution: Tanzania. Habitat: Montane forest. Larval food: Grasses (Poaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Luala, Tanzania]. Bicyclus uzungwensis uzungwensis Kielland, 1990 Bicyclus uzungwensis Kielland, Butterflies of Tanzania 83 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: forests of Mt. Nyumbenitu and Mt. Luhombero in the Uzungwa Range, flying at very high altitude ( m.). Distribution: Tanzania (central Uzungwa Mountains). Tanzania Mount Nyumbenitu (TL); Mount Luhombero (Kielland, 1990d). Bicyclus uzungwensis granti Kielland, 1990 Bicyclus uzungwensis granti Kielland, Butterflies of Tanzania 83 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: montane forest Mafwemiro in the Rubeho Mts to 2150 m. Description: F.w. orange area larger than in the nominate race. Diagnosis: Forewing upperside orange area larger than in the nominate subspecies (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (central Rubeho Mountains). 90

91 Tanzania Mafwemiro Forest in the Rubeho Mountains (TL). Known only from the type locality. *Bicyclus vandeweghei Brattström, 2015 Bicyclus vandeweghei Brattström, Zootaxa 4018 (1): 72 ( ). Type locality: Gabon: Bakouaka (00 08'N, 13 39'E), 16.xii.2007, G. Vande weghe leg.. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi (OB-ABRI-0068). Distribution: Gabon (east), Congo (west) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Gabon Bakouaka (00 08'N, 13 39'E) (TL). Congo Kelle ( ) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Gaël Ruboneka Vande weghe, who collected the holotype during field work in Gabon (Brattstron et al., 2015). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. *Bicyclus vansoni Condamin, 1965 Bicyclus vansoni Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1101 ( ). Bicyclus vansoni. Male. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 39mm. Mutundu 2, Mufulira, Zambia. 19/vi/2001. (Gardiner Collection). 91

92 Bicyclus vansoni. Female DSF. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 45mm. Female DSF. South Mutundu River, Mufulira, Copperbelt Prov., Zambia m. 10-IV M.A. Newport (Newport Collection). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Katanga: Tsibobe. Diagnosis: On the underside of the hindwing the median line is less sharply angled than in Bicyclus tanzanicus and Bicyclus campus. Also close to Bicyclus campina but forewing underside transverse line more sharply angled (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south Lomami, Lualaba, Shaba), Burundi, Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia (north), Mozambique (Timberlake et al., 2007). Democratic Republic of Congo Tsibobe (TL). Tanzania Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi (Heath et al., 2002); Lunzua Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Mutundu River, Mufulira (male and female illustrated above). Mozambique Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland and forest margins (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d). *Bicyclus vulgaris (Butler, 1868) Vulgar Bush Brown Vulgar Bush Brown (Bicyclus vulgaris). Bobiri, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. 92

93 Mycalesis vulgaris Butler, Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 130 (211 pp.). London. Bicyclus vulgaris. Male (Wingspan 37 mm). Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan 37 mm. Bobiri Forest, Ghana. 22 November J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Bicyclus vulgaris. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Wingspan: 43mm. N.W. Nigeria, Sokoto State, Yelwa. 12-XI K. Stiff. (Newport Collection). Type locality: Sierra Leone. Diagnosis: Differs from Bicyclus sandace in that it is smaller, the wings are more rounded, and there is no eye-spot on the upperside (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west Kigoma district), Zambia (north-west). Ghana Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Nigeria Yelwa (male and female illustrated above). Cameroon Abo (Plötz, 1880); Aburi (Plötz, 1880); Victoria (Plötz, 1880); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Malibe (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). 93

94 Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya Suna (Larsen, 1991c); Sotik (Larsen, 1991c); Ebua River (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Ngara District (Kielland, 1990d); Bukoba (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Zambia Lake Mweru (Dening) (Heath et al., 2002); Nchelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi Rapids (Ikelenge) (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest, including pre-forest and riparian forest. Also in dense savanna (Larsen, 2005a) and on the edges of farmland, in woodland and in marshy spots (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 800 to m (Kielland, 1990d). It is almost absent from primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is one of the commonest and most widespread butterflies in western and central Africa (Larsen, 2005a). Flies on the forest floor, like most of its congeners (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Darlow, 1949b Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva and pupa]. Larval food: Poaceae [Sourakov & Emmel, 1997]. tolosa Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 197 ( ). Cameroon: Abo, Aburi und Victoria. *Bicyclus wakaensis Vande weghe, 2009 Bicyclus wakaensis Vande weghe, Entomologia Africana 14 (2) (Supplement): 2 (1-24). Type locality: Gabon:. Distribution: Gabon, Congo. Gabon Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo Kelle (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Habits: *Bicyclus xeneas (Hewitson, [1866]) Stately Bush Brown 94

95 Stately Bush Brown (Bicyclus xeneas). Bunso, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Mycalesis xeneas Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 92, 93 (124 pp.). London. Type locality: Nigeria: Old Calabar. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest. Habits: Relatively common but never numerous (Larsen, 2005a). Readily enters banana-baited traps; some have even been taken in traps 25 m above the ground (H. Fermon, vide Larsen, 2005a). Females appear to be more active than males, often moving considerable distances through the forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Sourakov & Emmel, Bicyclus xeneas xeneas (Hewitson, [1866]) Mycalesis xeneas Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 92, 93 (124 pp.). London. Type locality: Nigeria: Old Calabar. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mayumbe, Equateur, Tshuapa, Sankuru). Nigeria Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea Alen, Makomo (Strand, 1913). Gabon Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). phalanthus Staudinger, 1887 in Staudinger & Schatz, (as sp. of Mycalesis). Exotischer Schmetterlinge 1: 229 (333 pp.). Bayern. Gabon: Gabun ; Democratic Republic of Congo: unteren Congo. phalanthoides Strand, 1913 (as var. of Mycalesis phalanthus). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 143 ( ). Equatorial Guinea: Alen, Makomo. Bicyclus xeneas occidentalis Condamin, 1965 Bicyclus xeneas occidentalis Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1108 ( ). Type locality: Ivory Coast: Forêt du Banco près d Abidjan, Côte d Ivoire. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria (west and south). Ivory Coast Banco, Abidjan (TL); Bossematie (H. Fermon, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et 95

96 al., 2009). *Bicyclus xeneoides Condamin, 1961 Toothed Stately Bush Brown Bicyclus xeneoides Condamin, Bulletin de l Institut Français d Afrique Noire (A) 23: 791 ( ). Bicyclus xeneoides. Female. Left upperside; right underside. Ipassa, Gabon. 19 June J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection. Type locality: Gabon: Tchibanga, Gabon. Diagnosis: Very similar, on the upperside, to Bicyclus ignobilis acutus but much larger. Underside pattern also similar to that of ignobilis but ocellar spots smaller and those on the hindwing are more regularly placed (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Nigeria Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a); Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a; single male). Gabon Tchibanga (TL); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Tanzania Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A scarce species, with the same habits as Bicyclus xeneas (Larsen, 2005a). *Bicyclus zinebi (Butler, 1869) Western Large Bush Brown Idiomorphus zinebi Butler, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 3: 19 (17-21). Type locality: [Ghana]: Gold Coast. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, 2005a), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory 96