Participatory. Holloway and Wheeler. Studies qualitative research. emic. thick. close. Bryman. Seeing through the eyes of... description contextualism

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1 Participatory Action Research Disability Studies qualitative research Holloway and Wheeler emic thick close Bryman Seeing through the eyes of... description contextualism

2 process flexibility lack of structure Phenomenology Holloway and Wheeler positivism socially constructed preparatory confirmation deductive emergent inductive Quantitative Qualitative Role of qualitative research preparatory means to exploration of actors' interpretations Relationship between researcher distant close and subject Researcher's stance in relation to outsider insider subject Relationship between theory / concept confirmation emergent and research Research strategy structured unstructured Scope of findings nomothetic ideographic Image of social reality static and external processual and social to actor constructed by actor Name of data hard, reliable rich, deep

3 unstructured nomothetic ideographic hard rigorous rich, deep superficial Bryman vs. Pepper objects world hypotheses world views dogmatic claims common sense scope precision maxims autonomous empty abstractions

4 similarityorganism machine action in a context the relatively adequate world views Formism Organicism Mechanism Contextualism elements complexes contexts scope precision YES NO Formism NO YES Organicism YES YES Mechanism NO NO Contextualism

5 successful working radical behaviorism; Skinner, Skinner Watson positivism Hayes and Hayes Skinner Skinner Formism Organicism Mechanism Contextualism

6 historian personal influence engineer1 2 vs. in and with

7 successful working Positive Behavioral Supports close outsider close outsider small-n or single case experimental designs; Barlow & Hersen, Large-N research or experimental designs

8 Schwartz, Staub, Gallucci, and Peck Fox, Vaughn, Dunlap, and Bucy Bucy Schwartz a b socially valid preparatory ex post facto a b a b Sample, P. L. Beginnings: Participatory action research and adults with developmental

9 disabilities. Disabilities & Society, Vol., No.,, Pp. -. Meyer, L.M., Park, H., Grenot- Scheyer, M., Schwartz, I., & Harry, B. Participatory research: New approaches to the research to practice dilemma. Journal of The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, Vol., No.,, Pp. -. Wolfensberger, W. Self-injurious behavior, behavioristic responses, and social role valorization: A reply to Mulick and Kedesdy. Mental Retardation, Vol.,, Pp. -. Baker, C., Wuest, J., & Stern, P. N. Method slurrings: The phenomenology / grounded theory example. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol.,, Pp. -. Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. Introduction: Entering the field of qualitative research, in N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research,, Pp. -. Stern, P. N. Eroding grounded theory, in J. M. Morse(Ed.), Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods,, Pp. -. Holloway, I. & Wheeler, S. Qualitative Research for Nurses,, Pp.. Bryman, A. Quantity and Quality in Social Research,, Pp. -. Ponterotto, J. G. & Grieger, I. Merging qualitative and quantitative perspectives in a research identity, in M. Kopala & L.A. Suzuki (Eds.), Using Qualitative Methods in Psychology, Pp. -. Holloway, I. & Wheeler, S. Qualitative Research for Nurses,, Pp. -. Bryman, A. Quantity and Quality in Social Research,, Pp.. Pp. Pp. Bryman, A. Pp.. Pepper, S. C. World Hypotheses,. Skinner, B. F. Recent Issues in the Analysis of Behavior,, Pp.-. Hayes, S. C. & Hayes, L. J. Some clinical implication of contextualistic behaviorism: The example of cognition, Behavior Therapy, Vol.,, Pp. -. Skinner The Behavior of Organisms,, Pp.. A Definition of Behavior It is more to the point to say that behavior the functioning of an organism which is engaged in acting upon or having commerce with the outside world (ll) By behavior, then, I mean simply the movement of an organism or of its parts in a frame of reference provided by the organism itself or by various external objects or fields of force (l-l) A Definition of Behavior Hayes, S. C. Analytic goals and the varieties of scientific contextualism, in S. C. Hayes, L. J. Hayes, H. W. Reese, & T. R. Sarbin (Eds.), Varieties of Scientific Contextualism,, Pp. -. Pp. - Pp. - Pp. - Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., & Dunlap, G. Positive

10 Behavioral Support: Including People with Difficult Behavior in the Community,. Pp. - Pp. - Barlow, D. H. & Hersen, M. Single Case Experimental Designs Strategies for Studying Behavior Change(2nd. ed.),. Pp. - Schwartz, I. S., Staub, D., Gallucci, C., & Peck, C. A. Blending qualitative and behavior analytic research methods to evaluate outcomes in inclusive schools, Journal of Behavioral Education, Vol., No.,, Pp. -. Fox, L., Vaughn, B. J., Dunlap, G., & Bucy, M. Parent-professional partnership in behavioral support: A qualitative analysis of one family's experience, Journal of The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, Vol., No.,, Pp. - reflexivity radical referential Sociology Today Pp. - Pp. - Schwartz, I. & Baer, D. M. Social validity assessments: Is current practice state of the art?, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Vol., No.,, -. Biglan, A. Changing Cultural Practices: A Contextualist Framework for Intervention Research,.

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