Observational Studies Week #2. Dr. Michelle Edwards October 24, 2018
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1 Observational Studies Week #2 Dr. Michelle Edwards October 24, 2018
2 Paper review Dimensions? Levels of behaviour studied? Measures they chose? How they recorded their measures? Medium used?
3 3 Dimensions of Ethology
4 Levels of Behaviour Species: Seasonal timing of migration Behavioural type: Feeding Population: Migration Behavioural act: Biting grass blades Family Group: Flying to food source Dyad: Agonistic encounter between individuals Body parts: Leg Muscles: Gastrocnemius Individual: Walking to food patch Neurons: Tibial nerve
5 Sampling and Recording Rules
6 Where do we start? Curiosity leads you to a Research Question Examples of Research Questions
7 Where do we start? Now that we have a Research Question, we can decide on what measures to take, and how to take them. Next step is to start developing our Experimental Design
8 STOP! Before continuing to design your experiment you should: Determine How good your measures really are
9 Two aspects to review Validity Reliability
10 Hypothesis The height or broadness of your forehead is a measure of your intelligence.
11 Exercise: 1. Find a partner and take a measuring tape 2. Measure your partner s forehead from the bridge of the nose to the hairline 3. Write the measurement on the front board with no Identifiers just the measurement in cm
12 Exercise Discussion: Was your measurement RELIABLE? Do you think forehead height a VALID measure of intelligence? Popular press article scroll down to Forehead Thoughts?
13 Validity and Reliability Right measure = Valid measure Good measure = Reliable measure
14 Validity and Reliability Right measure = Valid measure Good measure = Reliable measure
15 Validity Are the measurements you are taking actually measure what you think they re measuring? Forehead height = Measure of intelligence # times an animal stands then sits = Level of anxiety Other examples?
16 Validity Are your measures valid measures? 1. Accuracy unbiased, true measure 2. Specificity does it describe one thing or more? 3. Scientific validity does your measure reflect what you are testing?
17 Validity Assessing the amount of milk a young mammal receives from its mother measure a behaviour: duration of suckling, to measure this. Challenges? May not be the right measure although it is a good measure Reference: Martin and Bateson, 2007
18 Validity and Reliability Right measure = Valid measure Good measure = Reliable measure
19 Reliability Are your measures repeatable and consistent? Can you take the same measurement over and over? Measures with a ruler Two observers taking the same measure Other examples?
20 Reliability Are your measures Reliable? 1. Precision NOT accuracy!! 2. Sensitivity 3. Resolution what is the smallest change? 4. Consistency repeated measures = same results
21 Precision vs Accuracy Accuracy how close your measure is to the true value of the measure Precision how close the measures are to each other repeated measures
22 Precision vs Accuracy Reference: Martin and Bateson, 2007
23 Validity and Reliability Right measure = Valid measure Good measure = Reliable measure
24 Why should we be concerned? Validity Reliability
25 Can we assess Validity of our Measures?
26 Reliability Sources: Within-observer reliability (intra-observer) Between-observer reliability (inter-observer)
27 Within-Observer Reliability Intra-observer Reliability One observer Several measures Assess whether the observer can replicate his/her own measures Should test on two or more separate occasions
28 Between-Observer Reliability Inter-observer reliability Two or more observers are getting the same results Are they measuring the same thing? Should verify at the beginning of a study and check on occasion as well
29 Between-Observer Reliability Differences may occur due to: Error of apprehending Observer error Observer bias Error of recording How do you overcome these differences and challenges??
30 Would you always want to measure Intra- on Inter-observer Reliability? Observing behaviours and working side by side? Constant contact with the Primary Investigator?
31 Measuring Reliability Correlations Calculate a correlation coefficient between the 2 measures these could be 2 measures from one observer taken at 2 different times OR measures taken by 2 observers Correlation coefficients range from -1 to +1 Measures the strength of the relationship between the 2 measures
32 Measuring Reliability Kappa Statistic developed by Cohen (1960) Percentage agreement between 2 measures, corrected for chance agreements Kappa ranges from -1 to +1, but values less than 0 are not likely since you are measuring agreement
33 Measuring Reliability Kendall s coefficient of concordance Developed by Kendall (1948) Measures the correlation between ranked or ordinal data Kendall s coefficient of concordance ranges from 0 (no agreement) to 1 (complete agreement)
34 Interpretation of Reliability Statistics There s NO magic number!!! 0.70 has traditionally been used as a guideline Remember your p-value! If it s NOT significant then your reliability statistic is essentially 0 no agreement between observers
35 Interpretation of Reliability Statistics The higher the value of the statistic the better Remember these statistics show how much your 2 measures agree! Looking at how GOOD your measures are! We want them GOOD and RELIABLE
36 What affects Reliability? Practice and Experience Frequency of occurrence of the behaviour Observer fatigue Definition of the behaviour measure
37 What happens when. You have an unreliable measure? Redefine the measure When?? In the middle of a trial? Combine two measures to create a new, more reliable, composite measure Challenges?
38 Uh-oh Statistical Assumptions! Independent measures Observations are from a random sample Measures/Data are statistically independent of each other One or both of these assumptions are VIOLATED when collecting behavioural data
39 Paper Review Let s review: Reliability Validity A great overview paper on this topic is: depassillé, A.M. and Rushen, J Can we measure humananimal interactions in on-farm animal welfare assessment? Some unresolved issues. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 92:
40 Paper Review Please select one of the following papers to read and review: 1. Paroz, C., Gebhardt-Henrich, S.G., and Steiger, A Reliability and validity of behaviour tests in Hovawart dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 115: Windschnurer, I., Schmied, C., Boivin, X., and Waiblinger, S Reliability and inter-test relationship of test for on-farm assessment of dairy cows relationship to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 114: 37-53
41 Next Week This week we took a closer look at: How good your behavioural measures are How to assess reliability Next week, we will look at: Experimental designs, replication, measures across time Types of behavioural tests
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