Chapter 7 Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization

Transcription

1 Chapter 7 Stimulus Control: iscrimination and Generalization Chapter Outline Examples of Stimulus Control efining Stimulus Control eveloping Stimulus Control: Stimulus iscrimination raining iscrimination raining in the Laboratory eveloping Reading and Spelling with iscrimination raining Stimulus iscrimination raining and Punishment he hree erm Contingency Stimulus Control Research Generalization Examples of Generalization Chapter Summary Key erms Practice est ppendix Chapter 7, Quiz 1 Chapter 7, Quiz 2 Chapter 7, Quiz 3 Ideas for Class ctivities 1. Provide interesting, everyday examples of stimulus control, describing the antecedent, behavior and consequence in each example. Have students identify the S, the S-delta, and the reinforcer in each example. 2. Have students think about their activities in a typical day and write down five examples of different behaviors and the Cs of these behaviors. Have students identify the S and reinforcer for each behavior and describe how the behavior was developed through the process of discrimination training. nswers to Practice est Questions 1. n antecedent stimulus is a stimulus or event that precedes the occurrence of an operant response. For example, Ms. Wimer calls on Kiran when he raises his hand to answer a question in class. Kiran always provides the correct answer to Ms. Wimer s question. Kiran s raised hand is the antecedent stimulus which precedes Ms. Wimer s behavior of calling on him. Calling on Kiran is reinforced by Kiran s providing the correct answer. 2. behavior continues to occur in those situations where it has been reinforced in the past, and stops occurring in those situations where it has not been reinforced or has been punished in the past. 3. Stimulus control is defined as the increased probability that a behavior will occur only in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus or a stimulus from a specific stimulus class. 4. he following example illustrates stimulus control: Eating with his hands at the fraternity house is reinforced because John s friends laugh at this behavior. However, eating with his hands at a restaurant is punished by disapproving looks from others. s a result, John only eats with his hands when at the fraternity house. 5. n S (discriminative stimulus) is defined as the antecedent stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced. n S Δ (S-delta) is any antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior does not get reinforced. 6. he process of reinforcing a behavior only when a specific antecedent stimulus (discriminative stimulus) is present is called stimulus discrimination training. he following two steps are involved in stimulus discrimination 67

2 training: (1) When the discriminative stimulus (S ) is present, the behavior is reinforced; (2) When any other antecedent stimuli are present except the S, the behavior does not get reinforced. (ny antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior does not get reinforced in an S Δ ). he outcome of stimulus discrimination training is stimulus control - the increased probability that the behavior will occur in the presence of the S. 7. he following example demonstrates stimulus discrimination training with reinforcement: When Kelley s cousin (antecedent stimulus) is working at the ice-cream stand, Kelley gets free ice-cream (reinforcer). When anyone else is working, Kelley does not get free ice-cream (extinction). s a result, Kelley only stops at the icecream stand when her cousin is working. he following example demonstrates stimulus discrimination training with punishment: When Jenny gossips in front of her friend Rika (antecedent stimulus), Rika gives Jenny a dirty look and walks away (punishers). When Jenny gossips in front of any of her other friends, the friends pay close attention and participate in the gossip (reinforcers). s a result, Jenny is less likely to gossip when her friend Jenny is around. 8. he presence of an S does not cause a behavior to occur. Reinforcement causes a behavior to occur again. he S makes the behavior more likely because the behavior was reinforced in the presence of the S in the past.. 9. Stimulus discrimination training involves a three-term contingency in which the consequence (reinforcer or punisher) is contingent on the occurrence of the behavior only in the presence of the specific antecedent stimulus called the S. three term contingency involves a relationship between (a) an antecedent stimulus, (b) a behavior, and (c) the consequence of the behavior. For example, when Mary Ellen sees that the flag on her mailbox is up (antecedent) she walks to the mailbox and opens it (behavior), thus finding her mail (consequence). 10. he green light is the S. he rat s behavior of pressing the level will increase in the future when the green light is on. 11. Stimulus generalization takes place when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some ways to the S that was present during stimulus discrimination training. 12. he following example illustrates stimulus generalization: Ethan s parents taught him to look both ways before crossing the street in front of their house. Now Ethan looks both ways before crossing any street. 13. stimulus class consists of stimuli which share common properties. For example, requests made by a parent, teacher, or baby sitter are part of a stimulus class of requests from known adults - antecedent stimuli that share similar features. 14. Stimulus generalization would be desirable when a child who is taught to say thank you when given a gift by her parents also says thank you to others who give her gifts. Stimulus generalization would be undesirable when a child who is taught to go with her nanny after preschool will go with any adult female. 15. Generalization will be more likely to occur when a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a number of antecedent stimuli that share the same feature(s) (they are in the same stimulus class). Generalization will be less likely to occur if a behavior is reinforced in the presence of only one specific antecedent stimulus. nswers to Quizzes Quiz 1 1. discriminative stimulus or S 2. S-delta 3. stimulus control 4. through stimulus discrimination training 5. antecedent or S, response, and consequence or reinforcer 6. stimulus discrimination training 7. mom 8. dad 9. getting cookies 10. positive reinforcement 68

3 Quiz 2 1. reinforced 2. the behavior is more likely to occur 3. stimulus control 4. S-delta 5. generalization 6. clerk out of sight 7. clerk in sight 8. an example of reinforcement 9. an example of another behavioral principle 10. generalization Quiz 3 1. not reinforced 2. the behavior is less likely to occur 3. stimulus discrimination training 4. S 5. similar 6. being at school with classmates 7. being at home with parents 8. stimulus discrimination training 9. generalization 10. any example in which a behavior is said to be more likely to occur in the presence of a specific stimulus est Questions 1. In behavior modification, the stimulus that is present when a behavior occurs is referred to as a(n): a) antecedent b) consequence c) cause d) reinforcer 2. Which of the following is NO one of the Cs of operant behavior? a) cause b) consequence c) antecedent d) behavior 3. Understanding the antecedents of operant behavior provides information on the circumstances in which the behavior was: a) reinforced b) not reinforced c) punished d) all of these 69

4 4. If the effects of reinforcement, extinction, and punishment occur in some situations but not in others, the effects are said to be: a) generalized b) situation-specific c) isolated d) intermittent 5. ill drives faster than the speed limit only when his friends are in the car with him because they tell him he is cool. ill s behavior of driving over the speed limit only when his friends are with him is said to be under control. a) situational b) operant c) isolated d) stimulus 6. group of stimuli having the same functional effect on a certain behavior are said to belong to a stimulus: a) group b) class c) category d) contingency 7. ill drives faster than the speed limit only when his friends are in the car with him because they tell him he is cool. He doesn t speed when his parents or girlfriend are in the car because they don t say it s cool. What is the S in this example? a) parents b) girlfriend c) friends d) parents and girlfriend C 8. ill drives faster than the speed limit only when his friends are in the car with him because they tell him he is cool. He doesn t speed when his parents or girlfriend are in the car because they don t say it s cool. What is the S- delta in this example? a) parents b) girlfriend c) friends d) parents and girlfriend 9. Whenever ommy has a babysitter and asks to stay up past his bedtime, the babysitter lets him. Whenever ommy asks his parents to let him stay up past his bedtime, they do not let him. s a result, ommy only asks the babysitter if he can stay up past his bedtime. he presence of the babysitter at bed time is referred to as a(n) for asking to stay up late: a) stimulus class b) S-delta c) reinforcer d) discriminative stimulus 10. Whenever ommy has a babysitter and asks to stay up past his bedtime, the babysitter lets him. Whenever ommy asks his parents to let him stay up past his bedtime, they do not let him. s a result, ommy only asks the babysitter if he can stay up past his bedtime. he presence of the parents at bed time is referred to as a(n) 70

5 for asking to stay up late: a) stimulus class b) S-delta c) reinforcer d) discriminative stimulus 11. When Mary asks her Mom to take her to the shopping mall, her Mom usually takes her. Whenever Mary asks her ad to take her to the mall he refuses. s a result, Mary only asks her Mom to take her to the mall. he process that has resulted in Mary only asking her Mom to take her to the mall is called: a) classical conditioning b) stimulus discrimination training c) respondent conditioning d) reinforcement 12. When the family dog licks the faces of the children in the family, they laugh and give the dog a treat. When the dog licks the faces of the parents, they scold the dog. s a result, the dog no longer licks the faces of the parents, but continues to lick the faces of the children. he parents faces would be an example of a(n) for the dog licking their faces: a) negative reinforcer b) S-delta c) unconditioned stimulus d) discriminative stimulus 13. When the family dog licks the faces of the children in the family, they laugh and give the dog a treat. When the dog licks the faces of the parents, they scold the dog. s a result, the dog no longer licks the faces of the parents, but continues to lick the faces of the children. he children s faces would be an example of a(n) for the dog licking their faces: a) negative reinforcer b) S-delta c) unconditioned stimulus d) discriminative stimulus 14. Which of the following is involved in stimulus discrimination training? a) when the discriminative stimulus is present the behavior is reinforced b) when the S-delta is present the behavior gets reinforced c) the discriminative stimulus controls the behavior d) all of these 71

6 15. s a result of stimulus discrimination training, the presence of the discriminative stimulus: a) signals that the behavior will be reinforced b) signals that the behavior will not be reinforced c) causes an alternative behavior to occur d) and C 16. Which of the following is developed through discrimination training? a) reading b) spelling c) obeying traffic signals d) all of these 17. When Mark swears around his friends they laugh, but when he swears around his parents they ground him. s a result, Mark is less likely to swear when his parents are around. Mark s behavior of not swearing around his parents is a result of: a) discrimination training b) generalization c) reinforcement d) and C 18. In behavior modification, a three-term contingency involves a(n): a) antecedent- behavior-consequence b) all behavioral consequences c) antecedent- behavior -contingency d) all of these 19. Stimulus discrimination training can occur as a result of: a) reinforcement b) punishment c) extinction d) all of these 20. Which of the following shows the correct sequence in a three-term contingency? a) discriminative stimulus, response, consequence b) consequence, response, discriminative stimulus c) response, consequence, discriminative stimulus d) discriminative stimulus, consequence, response 21. In behavior modification, when a certain behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the discriminative stimulus during stimulus discrimination training, has occurred. a) expansion b) refinement c) discrimination d) generalization 22. behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of stimuli that are more similar to the discriminative stimulus than it is in the presence of stimuli that are less similar to the discriminative stimulus. his is called a: a) stimulus class 72

7 b) generalization gradient c) cause-effect relationship d) discrimination gradient 23. Generalization is associated with stimulus control. a) strong b) unique c) broad d) specific C 24. arin cheers at a football game when his hometown team scores, and his ad gives him a high five. arin later begins cheering with his ad at basketball, baseball, and hockey games when his hometown teams score. his is an example of arin s cheering behavior to other situations. a) discriminating b) generalizing c) narrowing d) expanding 25. When you tell jokes and your friends laugh, you are more likely to tell jokes to your friends. Your friends are for telling jokes. a) discriminative stimuli b) S-deltas c) punishers d) conditioned stimuli 26. he relationship between an antecedent, behavior, and consequence is referred to as a(n): a) three term contract b) three term contingency c) stimulus control d) three way interaction 27. takes place when a behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the discriminative stimulus. a) reinforcement b) generalization c) discrimination training d) discrimination 73

8 28. develops as a result of stimulus discrimination training. a) reinforcement b) punishment c) stimulus control d) expectancy C 29. Stimulus control develops as a result of a) classical conditioning b) stimulus discrimination training c) stimulus differentiation d) conditioned stimulus training 30. What happens when a discriminative stimulus is present? a) it has no influence over the behavior b) it makes the behavior less likely to occur c) it inhibits the behavior d) it makes the behavior more likely to occur 1. stimulus that precedes a behavior is referred to as a(n). antecedent 2. When a behavior is more likely to occur only when a specific antecedent stimulus is present, the behavior is under. stimulus control 3. When the stop light turns green, you go and when it is red, you don t go. he red light acts as a(n) for going and the green light acts as a(n) for going. S-delta; S or S 4. three-term-contingency involves a relationship between,, and. antecedent, behavior, consequence 5. occurs when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the S. generalization 6. When a(n) is present the behavior is more likely to occur. S, S 7. When a(n) is present the behavior is less likely to occur. S-delta 8. (n) is the stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced. S, S 74

9 9. (n) is the stimulus that is present when the behavior is not reinforced. S-delta 10. is the process in which the behavior is reinforced in the presence of the S and not reinforced in the presence of the S-delta. Stimulus discrimination training 1. F he effects of reinforcement, extinction and punishment are relatively situation specific. 2. F ehaviors usually occur at random and are rarely under stimulus control. F 3. F Stimulus control is developed by stimulus discrimination training. 4. F he presence of a discriminative stimulus causes a behavior to occur. F 5. F Stimulus discrimination training may also occur with punishment. 6. F behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of the S. F 7. F behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the S. 8. F behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of the S-delta. 9. F behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the S-delta. F 10. F Generalization is associated with broad stimulus control. 1. What is a discriminative stimulus? iscriminative stimulus is the antecedent stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced. 2. What are the 2 steps involved in stimulus discrimination training? he following two steps are involved in stimulus discrimination training: a) When the discriminative stimulus (S ) is present, the behavior is reinforced; and b) When any other antecedent stimuli are present except S, the behavior does not get reinforced. 3. What is an S-delta? ny antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior does not get reinforced is an S-delta. 75

10 4. How is stimulus control developed? hrough stimulus discrimination training. Stimulus control is the increased probability that the behavior will occur in the presence of the S. 5. Provide an example of stimulus discrimination training. Identify the S and the S-delta. When Kelley s cousin (S ) is working at the ice cream stand, Kelley gets free ice cream (reinforcer). When anyone else (S-delta) is working, Kelley does not get free ice cream (extinction). s a result, Kelley only stops at the ice cream stand when her cousin is working. 76