Learning & Conditioning
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1 Exam 1 Frequency Distribution Exam 1 Results Mean = 48, Median = 49, Mode = Frequency Scores Learning & Conditioning Chapter 7 Is this Learning? Acquisition of language in children. A computer program generates random opening moves for its first 100 chess games and tabulates the outcomes of those games. Starting with the 101 st game, the computer uses those tabulations to influence its choice of opening moves. A previously psychotic patient is given Dr.K s patented phrenological surgery and no longer exhibits any psychotic behaviors.
2 Learning & Conditioning Learning Relatively permanent change in (potential) behavior as a result of experience or practice Conditioning Association between environmental stimuli & organism s response Learning & Conditioning Behaviorism Approach / Perspective Observable behavior Environment as a determinant of behavior Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization & Discrimination Higher-order Conditioning
3 Classical Conditioning Temporal pairing of new stimulus with old stimulus to elicit automatic response Ivan Pavlov Acquisition Meat Salivate NS Bowl + CS CR
4 Acquisition: Taste Aversion NS Jack in the Box + Shake Shake CS Jack in the Box Illness Illness CR Fear of Illness NS Car Acquisition: Advertising + Music Positive Emotion Pos. Emo. CS CR Purchase Acquisition What is the,, CS, & CR? To discourage coyotes from attacking their sheep, ranchers feed the coyotes small pieces of mutton tainted with poison that causes the coyotes to experience extreme dizziness & nausea. Later, when the coyotes are placed in the pen with the sheep, the mere smell of the sheep causes the coyotes to run frantically away from their former prey.
5 Acquisition What is the,, CS, & CR? People often become unhappy when bad weather strikes. But it is surprising that weather forecasters are consistently blamed for weather over which they obviously have no control. People mistakenly infer a causal relationship between the forecaster and subsequent foul weather patterns. Acquisition: Temporal Order Most effective: Forward Least effective: Backward Extinction Meat + CS Bowl CR Salivate CS CR Less Salivation NS
6 Spontaneous Recovery Reemergence of a previously extinguished CR Stimulus Generalization & Discrimination Generalization New NS that resembles CS elicits CR Blue plastic food bowl salivation Discrimination NS similar to CS fails to elicit CR Silver metal food bowl NO salivation Higher-Order Conditioning New NS becomes a CS through pairings with existing CS Classical Conditioning Video (shown in class only)
7 Operant Conditioning Reinforcement & Punishment Reinforcement schedules Extinction Shaping Operant Conditioning Behavior becomes more or less likely to occur depending on its consequences Pleasant consequences are reinforcing Unpleasant consequences are punishing Reinforcement Environmental stimulus occurs after a behavior & results in strengthening the behavior or increasing the probability of recurrence Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers
8 Punishment Environmental stimulus occurs after a behavior & results in weakening the behavior or reducing the probability of recurrence Primary punishers Secondary punishers Reinforcement & Punishment Positive Environmental stimulus is ADDED Pleasant when reinforcer Unpleasant when punisher Negative Environmental stimulus is REMOVED Unpleasant when reinforcer Pleasant when punisher Reinforcement & Punishment Reinforcement Punishment Positive Negative Cookies Remove Headache Chores No car use
9 Reinforcement or Punishment? Positive or Negative? Scolding a child for playing in the street. Child snaps her fingers until her parents look at her. Receiving a ice cream coupon when sign up for new phone company. A prisoner loses TV privileges for one week after a rule violation. Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Particular behavior is always reinforced Intermittent Particular behavior is sometimes, but not always, reinforced More effective than continuous Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules Ratio Reinforced every Nth response Fixed Always after Nth response Salesperson gets paid after 3 sales Variable Average is every Nth response Slot machines
10 Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules Interval Reinforced every N minutes Fixed Always after N minutes Getting paid every 2 weeks Variable Average is every N minutes Pop quizzes Response Rate Film clip shown in class only Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules
11 Which Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule? Calling a friend & getting a busy signal Collecting bottles & cans to recycle for cash Fly fishing: casting & reeling back several times before catching a fish Checking the mail, assuming the mail is delivered at the same time every day Extinction Operant Conditioning Demonstration Shaping Reinforce successive approximations of a desired response Skinner Box Operant Conditioning Video (shown in class only)
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