Module 27: Operant Conditioning
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1 Module 27: Operant Conditioning Part II Describe operant conditioning, and explain how operant behavior is reinforced and shaped. Discuss the difference between positive and negative reinforcement, and identify the basic types of reinforcers. Explain how the different reinforcement schedules affect behavior. Discuss how punishment and negative reinforcement differ, and explain how punishment affects behavior. Describe the controversy over Skinner s views of human behavior. 1
2 Operant Conditioning YouTube Video: Pigeon Operation YouTube Video: Little Monster 2
3 Operant Conditioning a type of. We associate our own actions with consequences Behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli. 3
4 Classical vs. Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning based on association of Operant conditioning is a kind of learning based on the association of 4
5 Let s travel back in time with Tardis to one of the first founders of Operant Conditioning Edward Thorndike 5
6 The Law of Effect. Edward Thorndike One of the 1st to research this kind of learning (operant): locked cats in a cage Behavior changes because of its consequences Rewards strengthen behavior If consequences are unpleasant, the stimulusreward connection will weaken Process is called instrumental learning YouTube Video: Throndike Puzzle Box YouTube Video: Thorndike Cat Puzzle 6
7 7
8 B.F. Skinner Used a Skinner Box (Operant Chamber) to prove his concepts Skinner used a method called to get his animals to do what he wants a procedure in which reinforcers such as food guides the animals actions toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. 8
9 Shaping Shaping is crucial to operant conditioning. Humans and animals rarely perform desired behaviors the first time around. Need some type of hint 9
10 Operant Chamber Inside the box, the rat presses a bar for a food reward to the behavior. any event that strengthens (increase the frequency of) a preceding response. Outside, a measuring device (not shown) records the animal s accumulated responses YouTube Video: Skinner's Box 10
11 Skinner also came up with The Air- Crib. Skinner tried to mechanize childcare through the use of this baby box, which maintained the temperature of a child s environment. Crib was humidity and temperature controlled. Skinner believed it would keep his second daughter from geang cold at night and crying. A fan pushed air from the outside through a surface, adjusdng the temp. It was a major failure and cridcs said it was cruel. Side Note
12 Discriminative Stimulus in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement. Experiment with rat: The classical music functions as a discriminative stimulus in the presence which pressing the lever will be reinforced with water. The techno music functions as a discriminative stimulus in the presence of which spinning will be reinforced with water. YouTube Video: Dancing Rat
13 Types of Reinforcers
14 Reinforcers (ways to increase behavior) reinforcer is anything that a behavior Positive Reinforcement the of something pleasant, that the response. candy for pushing a lever, Negative Reinforcement ( provides relief ) the of something unpleasant, that the response. hitting the alarm snooze, YouTube Video: Big Bang Theory
15 Primary vs Conditioned Reinforcers Primary Reinforcer an reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. food when hungry painful shock Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. learned through experience money light turning on in Skinner s Box good grades
16 Immediate and Delayed Reinforcers Unlike rats, humans do respond to delayed reinforcers paycheck at the end of the week good grades at the end of the term trophy at the end of a season Small immediate reinforcers can be more alluring to people texting while studying sex (however for many teens and young adults the immediate gratification of risky behaviors can lead to unprotected sex in passionate moments vs. delayed gratification and safe sex) YouTube Video: Marshmellow
17 Continuous vs. Intermittent Reinforcement Continuous reinforce the behavior the behavior is exhibited. Useful for strengthening newly learned behaviors or when using shaping procedures to train a behavior. Not very common in a natural environment. Examples: every time the dog rolls over he gets a treat every time a child hangs up her coat she gets praised
18 Continuous vs. Intermittent Reinforcement Partial (Intermittent) reinforce the behavior only it is exhibited. acquisition comes more slowly more resistant to extinction Examples: salespeople every third time dog rolls over he gets reinforced There are four types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement
19 Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Ratio- provides a reinforcement after a number of responses. Starbucks coffee shops reward after 12 purchased paying factory workers on a piecework basis Variable Ratio provides a reinforcement after a number of responses slot machine players
20 Fixed Interval Interval- reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a has elapsed. Behavior of showing up for work when you re scheduled is reinforced with a paycheck every two weeks Every Wednesday, you receive a 10% discount at the movie theaters Variable-Interval a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at. Rechecking for new Instagram posts Fisherman Vimeo Video: Schedules of Reinforcement
21 Practice: Ratio or Interval? 1. The "pay out" of money on the slot/poker machines. 2. Taking a snack break after reading ONE chapter in your text. 3. Tasha, is given a "credit" (equal to $1) for every 100 labels she glues to bottles in the sheltered workshop setting. 4. Every time Antonio says answers a question correctly when prompted to do so by the teacher, he is given his favorite reinforcement; a raisin. 5. A bell goes off at random times in the classroom. Tina is rewarded if she is "on task". 6. After a 75 min class, the bell rings and you are rewarded by being able to leave.
22 Punishment (ways to decrease behavior) meant to behavior Positive Punishment of something unpleasant to behavior Ex: spray water on a barking dog; give a traffic ticket Negative Punishment (omission training) of something pleasant to behavior Ex: take away teen s driving privileges; revoke a library card for nonpayment of fines
23 works well because the learner can change their behavior and get back to the positive reinforcer Ex: Time Out Key- You need to find out what is rewarding and isn t rewarding for each individual
24 Drawbacks of physically punishing children: 1. Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten. 2. Punishment teaches discrimination. Home vs. School? 3. Punishment can teach fear. Most European countries and most US states now ban physical punishment. 4. Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems.
25 Punishment tells you what not to do, reinforcement tells you what to do :).
26 Module 28: How to apply operant conditioning and operant vs. classical conditioning. Part III Operant conditioning can be applied in the school setting, in sports, at work, at home and for SELF IMPROVEMENT! Example: Build up your self control (study habits, excessive texting, video games, etc.) State your goal in measurable terms, and announce it. Monitor how often you engage in your desired behavior. Reinforce the desired behavior. 26
27 Classical vs. Operant Conditioning Basic Idea Response Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination Classical Conditioning Associates events/stimuli. Associating events; NS is paired with and eventually becomes CS. CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone. Reappearance, after a rest period of an extinguished CR. The tendency to respond to to the CS. Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli. Operant Conditioning Associates and events. Voluntary, operates on the environment. Associating response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher) Responding decreases when stops. Reappearance, after a rest period of an extinguished response. Response to similar stimuli is also reinforced. Learns that certain responses, but not others will be reinforced.
28 Videos YouTube Video: Classical vs Operant
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