The Theory of Planned Behaviour and The Impact of Moral Norm

Transcription

1 Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 3, No. 2, 205, 6-70 The Theory of Planned Behaviour and The Impact of Moral Norm Nurul Adilah Hasbullah, Khairil Faizal Khairi 2, Muhammad Ridhwan Ab. Aziz 3 Abstract The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is a powerful approach to measure behavioural intention. Among the elements of this theory are attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. It has been successfully applied in various fields of studies. An additional element proposed by some studies is moral norm. However, the literature that discusses the factors influencing people to make a donation is very limited especially in corporate waqf. Corporate waqf has been chosen to study as it is a new instrument in waqf system and only few have studied it. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors influencing people s intention to contribute in corporate waqf, particularly to the employees of Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (MAIWP). A set of a questionnaire was constructed in order to measure the validity of the theory towards people s intention in contributing to corporate waqf. The result of this study found that attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control are significantly related to intention to contribute in corporate waqf among people. Attitude is recorded as the strongest factor compared to other factors. In addition, the set of variables in this study is still able to predict a significant amount of the variance in intention to contribute in corporate waqf even though moral norm is controlled. Keywords: Corporate Waqf, Intention to Contribute in Corporate Waqf, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Moral Norm. Introduction Literally, the word waqf is derived from the Arabic word waqafa that means restrain (al-habs) or prevent (al-man ) (al-sarakhsi, 986). Meanwhile, the plural of waqf is auqaafun or wuquufun (al-afriiqi, 993). Legally, fiqh scholars have given various definitions to waqf, mostly about the same thing which is transfer ownership of the property to a private entity that can provide benefits to the community. According to al-khin et al. (2005), waqf means holding an asset that can be used without less of its physical by transferring a one ownership to other person who is necessary and existent. In addition, fiqh scholars define waqf as: "تحبيس األصل وتسبيل المنفعة" This is can be defined as hold property that can be donated as waqf from its owner and let it benefits continued (Abdullah, 989). This definition was issued based on the story of Saidina Umar al-khattab (r.a.) when he waqf his land in Khaibar. "أ ن ع م ر ق ال أ ص اب ع م ر أ ر اضا ب خ ي ب ر ف أ ت ى الن ب ي صلى هللا عليه وسلم ف ق ال أ ص ب ت أ ر اضا ل م أ ص ب م الا ق ط أ ن ف س ع ن د ي ف ك ي ت أ م ر ب ه "إ ن ش ئ ت ح ب س ت أ ص ل ه ا و ت ص د ق ت ب ه ا". ف ت ص د ق ب ه ا - ع ل ى أ ن ل ت ب اع و ل ت وه ب و ل ت ور ث - ف ي ال ف ق ر اء و ال ق ر ب ى و الر ق اب و ف ي س ب يل هللا ق ال و الض ي و اب ن الس ب يل ل ج ن اح ع ل ى م ن و ل ي ه ا أ ن ي أ ك ل م ن ه ا ب ال م ع ر وف و ي ط ع م ص د يقاا غ ي ر م ت م و ل ف يه ". Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). 2 Lecturers, Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). 3 Lecturers, Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). 205 Research Academy of Social Sciences 6

2 و The meaning is: N. A. Hasbullah et al. From 'Umar, who said: 'I acquired some land at Khaibar. He came to the Prophet and said: I have acquired some land at Khaibar, and I have never been given any wealth that is more precious to me than it. What do you command me to do with it? He said: If you wish, you can 'freeze' it and give it in charity. So he gave it in charity on condition that it would not be sold, given away or inherited, to the poor, relatives, slaves, for the cause of Allah, guests and wayfarers. There is no sin on the one who administers it if he eats from it on a reasonable basis and feeds his friend, with no intention of becoming wealthy from it. (Reported by Bukhari and Muslim, Book 55, Hadith 35) On the other hand, corporate waqf is one of the instruments in waqf system, which is the confinement of an amount of liquid money, shares, profit, dividends by founder (s) such as individuals, companies, corporations, organizations or institutions, and the dedication of its usufruct in perpetuity to the welfare of society (Abdel Mohsin, 204). Generally, corporate waqf is the application of waqf in the context of modern business and corporate activities, whereby the benefits allocation is derived from the share investment dividend, membership fees and reinvestment dividend. In the long run, corporate waqf indirectly transforms the business and corporate activities so that it can be operated with more Islamic techniques than the existing practices. For instance, this waqf is an innovation in a contemporary style, which has never been explored and is suitable with globalisation. From the legal perspective, waqf in the form of share is permissible in shari ah since it is in line with the principles and concept of waqf in Islam (Borham, 20). According to the data provided by Yayasan Waqaf Malaysia (YWM), the fund collected from corporate waqf until 203 was RM97, 000. It was indeed a very small amount out of the total amount of waqf of RM986, 257, in which the total corporate waqf fund was based on nine companies only. If more companies jointly contribute in corporate waqf, the amount will increase. Initially, corporate waqf was implemented by corporate companies only. However, if the participation on the corporate waqf was open to public or individual also, it would increase the total collection of corporate waqf as a whole. Besides that, intention is an important element to influence one s action. If it does not exist, nothing shall take place. Islam also emphasizes the intention of doing something for anyone who intends to do good deeds and then he or she is prevented to do so by reason of an illness such as sickness or death, then surely he is rewarded with what he intended. Umar al-khattab (r.a.) narrated that the Prophet (p.b.u.h.) said: "األ ع م ال ب الن ي ة و ل ك ل ام ر ئ م ا ن و ى ف م ن ك ان ت ه ج ر ت ه إ ل ى هللا و ر س ول ه ف ه ج ر ت ه إ ل ى هللا و ر س ول ه و م ن ك ان ت ه ج ر ت ه ل د ن ي ا ي صيب ه ا أ ام ر أ ة ي ت ز و ج ه ا ف ه ج ر ت ه إ ل ى م ا ه اج ر إ ل ي ه ". The meaning is: Deeds are (a result) only of the intentions (of the actor), and an individual is (rewarded) only according to that which he intends. Therefore, whosoever has emigrated for the sake of Allah and His messenger, then his emigration was for Allah and His messenger. Whosoever emigrated for the sake of worldly gain, or a woman (whom he desires) to marry, then his emigration is for the sake of that which (moved him) to emigrate". (Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim, Book 2, Hadith 47) In the TPB, the main focus is behavioural intention as a precursor to the actual behaviour (Osman, 204). According to Osman (204), the factors that influence one s behaviour, such as attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control, work through intention to affect whether one would actually act on the intention or not. Even though the TPB is widely used in many areas of research (Ali et al., 204; Linden, 20; Simon et al., 202; Truong, 2009; Shien, 998; Lim et al., 20; Lee et al., 200; Susan and Chen, 20; Nguyen, 20; Blanchard et al., 2003; Cote et al., 202; Kurland, 995; Teo and Lee, 200; Mullan and Wong, 200; 62

3 Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities Xiao and Wu, 2006), its validity has yet to be proven in the area of corporate waqf as to whether attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are possible determinants in predicting the behavioural intention of people to contribute in corporate waqf. Osman (204) conducted a study regarding cash waqf participation among young intellectuals. However, due to the nature of his data, the model he applied was not generalized to corporate waqf. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of these theories in the context of corporate waqf and whether such theory can be used as factors that can affect the intention of people to contribute to corporate waqf. The researchers are interested to study the TPB in the area of corporate waqf when looking at the excellence of the Johor Corporation Berhad (JCorp) in managing their corporate waqf property where RM3.5 million of 3,765 million of shares are waqf by their subsidiaries was allocated for Fisabilillah activities in year 203 (Annual Report WANCorp, 204). At the same time, there are very few works written on the recent creation of corporate waqf. This study was conducted in Malaysia as JCorp is the pioneer of corporate waqf which is known today. Malaysia has many experts in this field, which makes it easier for the researchers to refer to. At the same time, the role of corporate waqf was admitted by government as an instrument of socioeconomic development with reference to the Budget Planning 203 (Mahmood, 203). The government itself has recognized corporate waqf since they entrusted Yayasan Wakaf Malaysia (YWM) under the Jabatan Wakaf, Zakat dan Haji (JAWHAR) to draw up a master plan for corporate waqf with a study on legal structure of each Majlis Agama Islam Negeri (MAIN). Since this study is the first study that proves the validity of the TPB in the area of corporate waqf, it will definitely provide some contributions for the many parties. Among them is that the study could add to the literature in this field because it uses regression analysis in investigating the factors influencing Muslim's intention to contribute to corporate waqf. Besides that, this study could also help the government in diversifying the existing efforts by making corporate waqf as a tool to achieve an economic balance between the races that will lead to the restructuring of community in Malaysia. Based on the research findings, the government will be able to find a solution in the form of a policy that could be implemented in order to improve people s intention to contribute to corporate waqf. Indirectly, it can also make a contribution towards corporate waqf industry. 2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development TPB attempts to explain what predicts behavioural intention, which in turn, predicts the actual behaviour (Lim et al., 20). TPB was proposed by Ajzen (99) as an extension of Ajzen and Fishbein s theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 975). Moreover, TPB postulates three conceptually independent determinants of intention, which are attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (Ajzen, 99). Fishbein & Ajzen (975) define intention as a subjective probability to carry out behaviour. If people have stronger intention to engage in the behaviour, then they are more likely to perform it. In order to test this theory in the area of corporate waqf, the first hypothesis is formulated: H: Intention to contribute in corporate waqf is well-predicted by the three measures of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. However, each factor gives different contributions towards intention. This is due to the study that was conducted by Ali et al. (204), Sommer (20) and Fen and Sabaruddin (2008) that mentioned that attitude is one of the most influential factors in determining behavioural intention. Meanwhile, Mukhtar and Butt (202) and Tolma et al. (2006) demonstrated that subjective norm appears to be the strongest of all the predictors of intention. However, Truong (2009) and Armitage and Conner (200) reported that perceived behavioural control is the strongest factor. On the other hand, Lim et al. (20) stated that attitude and perceived social influences play an important role in the formation of intention, whereas Susan and Chen (20) and Teo and Lee (200) reported that attitude and subjective norm have strong influence on behavioural intentions. When observing the effectiveness of attitude factor in predicting the behavioural intention in most studies, the second hypothesis is highlighted: 63

4 N. A. Hasbullah et al. H2: Attitude is the best predictor of intention to contribute in corporate waqf. Some studies proposed moral norm as another factor which is able to predict behavioural intention. This is reported by Linden (20), Simon et al. (202), Cote et al. (202) and Kurland (995). According to Kurland (995), TPB, which includes a measure of moral obligation, best explains agents' ethical intentions. Due to the importance of the moral norm factor as proven by some studies, this study wants to see how far it can affect the determinants of the theory in the case of corporate waqf. Thus, the third hypothesis is as below: H3: The set of variables (attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control) is still able to predict a significant amount of the variance in intention to contribute in corporate waqf after moral norm is controlled. 3. Research Methodology This study was conducted at MAIWP as they are one of the institutions that practice corporate waqf system. Their employees were found suitable to answer the research questions of this study as all of them already are aware and familiar with the corporate waqf practice, therefore they will become potential founders for the corporate waqf s contribution. Indirectly, they have the answer on what the factors that influence them to contribute in corporate waqf are. The data for this study were collected through questionnaire from 285 respondents. The questionnaires were distributed by Corporate Unit of MAIWP by adopting a simple random sampling. The questionnaire using Likert s scales (from = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) was adapted from various relevant studies such as Ramayah et al. (2009), Gopi and Ramayah (2007), Shih and Fang (2004) and Snip (20). The time horizon used was one-shot or crosssectional studies which data gathered just once. This method has the least bias and offers the most generalizability (Sekaran, 2003). The researchers used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 in order to conduct frequency analysis, descriptive analysis and regression analysis. Frequency analysis is used to extract the percentage of the profiles of respondents in terms of gender, age, education and salary. Mean and standard deviation are computed for descriptive analysis. The regression analysis is particularly used to test the hypotheses proposed earlier. 4. Result Table : Respondents Profile Group N Percent Gender Male Female Age years 3-40 years 4-50 years 5-60 years 6-70 years Education Salary Secondary school and below Diploma/ Certificate Undergraduate Master PhD RM2,000 RM3,000 RM3,00 RM4,000 RM4,00 - RM5,000 RM5,00 RM6,000 RM6,00 and above

5 Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities A total of 285 questionnaires were completed in this study. As presented in Table, most respondents are female, which represent 63 percent while male represents only 37 percent. Out of 285 respondents, 44 percent represent age from 20 to 30 years and only percent represents age from 5 to 60 years. Based on education, 35 percent of the respondents graduated from secondary school and below, while only percent of the respondents are PhD holders. Moreover, most of the respondents earned RM2,000 to RM3,000 monthly salary with 67 percent, while 2 percent of the respondents earned RM5,00 to RM6,000 and RM6,00 and above. Table 2 shows the summary of the descriptive analysis for all variables including the correlation matrix. The variable means range from to 4.059, while the standard deviations for the variables range from to The value of mean and standard deviation for intention to contribute factor are 4.00 and respectively. This means that the responses for this factor are distributed approximately in the range of and it shows that the data distributed is among scores of until The value of mean and standard deviation for attitude factor are and respectively. This means that the responses for this factor are distributed approximately in the range of and it shows that the data is distributed among scores of until Next, the value of mean and standard deviation for subjective norm factor are and 0.77 respectively. This means that the response for this factor is distributed approximately in the range of and it shows that the data is distributed among scores of until While for the perceived behavioral control factor, its mean and standard deviation are and Thus, it means that the response for this factor is distributed approximately in the range of and it indicates that the data is distributed among scores of until Lastly is moral norm factor, whose the mean and standard deviation are and respectively. This means that the response for this factor is distributed approximately in the range of and it demonstrates that the data is distributed among scores of 3.23 until The same table also indicates that all the correlations between the constructs are positive. The values of the correlation range from to All of the variables demonstrated a high statistically significant positive correlation with intention to contribute, which are attitude (0.630, p < 0.00), subjective norm (0.672, p < 0.00), perceived behavioural control (0.632, p < 0.00) and moral norm (0.747, p < 0.00). All correlations were less than 0.90, suggesting less probability of multicollinearity (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). Table 2: Summary of Descriptive Analysis and Correlation of All Variables Variable Mean Std Dev. Int Att Sub Per Mor Int Att *.000 Sub * Per * Mor * Notes: Std Dev. = Standard Deviation, Int = Intention to Contribute, Att = Attitude, Sub =Subjective Norm, Per = Perceived behavioural control, Mor = Moral Norm. *p < Source: Developed for current study In order to test whether the hypotheses are supported or not, regression analysis is conducted. For the first and second hypotheses, standard regression is used. H: Intention to contribute in corporate waqf is well-predicted by the three measures of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. 65

6 N. A. Hasbullah et al. Table 3 shows the R Square and significant values of the model. The value of R Square tells how much of the variance in the dependent variable (intention to contribute in corporate waqf) is explained by the model (which includes the variables of the total attitude, total subjective norm and total perceived behavioural control) (Pallant, 2007). The value of R Square in this model summary is 0.576, which means 57.6% of the variance in the dependent variable has been significantly explained by the independent variables. For this model, it reaches statistical significance (Sig. = 0.000) which really means p < Therefore, the first hypothesis is supported. Table 3: R Square and Significant Values Model R Square Sig H2: Attitude is the best predictor of intention to contribute in corporate waqf. Table 4 shows which of the variables included in the model contributed to the prediction of the dependent variable. The column labelled Beta (β) under Standardized Coefficients tells how much of each variable contributed to the dependent variable. The largest value means the largest contribution of the independent variable towards dependent variable. In this case, the largest β coefficient is 0.33, which is for total attitude. This means that this variable makes the strongest unique contribution to explain the dependent variable, when the variance explained by all other variables in the model is controlled for. Each variable makes a statistically significant unique contribution to the equation when reporting Sig. value is less than Therefore, the second hypothesis is supported. The research model is shown in Figure. Table 4: Coefficients Model Standardized Coefficients Sig. Beta (Constant).000 t.attitude t.subjective t.perceived Figure : The Research Model Attitude Subjective norm 0. 26* 0.33* Intention to contribute in corporate waqf Perceived behavioural control *Significant at * Multiple regression analysis is conducted to test the third hypothesis. H3: The set of variables (attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control) is still able to predict a significant amount of the variance in intention to contribute in corporate waqf after moral norm is controlled. 66

7 Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities Table 5 shows the R Square and significant values of Block (after total moral norm has been entered) and Block 2 (after total attitude, total subjective norm and total perceived behavioural control have been entered). Block shows that the overall model explains 55.8% of the variance, while Block 2 represents the model as a whole explains 65.8%. To find out how much of this overall variance is explained by attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control after the effects of moral norm responding is removed, we need to look into the column labelled R Square change. In the output presented below, it can be seen on the line marked Model 2 that the R square change value is This means that attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control explain an additional 0% of the variance in intention to contribute in corporate waqf, even when the effect of moral norm response is statistically controlled for. This is a statistically significant contribution, as indicated by the Sig. F change value for this line (0.000). Table 5: Model Summary Model R Square Change Statistics R Square Change Sig. F Change To find out how well each of the variables contributes to the final equation, we need to look in the Coefficients table in the Model 2 row in Table 6. This summarizes the results, with all the variables entered into the equation. Scanning the Sig. column, all of the variables make a statistically significant contribution (less than 0.05). In order of importance, they are: attitude (β = 0.86), subjective norm (β = 0.50) and perceived behavioural control (β = 0.204). Therefore, it can be concluded that the set of variables is still able to predict a significant amount of the variance in intention to contribute in corporate waqf after moral norm is controlled. Thus, a third hypothesis is supported. The final research model after the factor of moral norm controlled is shown in Figure 2. Table 6: Coefficients Model Standardized Coefficients Sig. Beta (Constant).000 t.moral (Constant).000 t.moral t.attitude t.subjective t.perceived Figure 2: The Final Research Model Attitude Subjective norm Perceived behavioural control 0. 50* 0.86* * Intention to contribute in corporate waqf *Significant at

8 5. Conclusion and Discussion N. A. Hasbullah et al. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing people s intention to contribute in corporate waqf, particularly the employees of MAIWP. This study has empirically tested three factors, which are attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, and another additional factor is also proposed; moral norm is also tested. This study showed that intention to contribute in corporate waqf is wellpredicted by the three measures of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Attitude is recorded as the best predictor compared to other factors. In addition, the set of variables in this study is still able to predict a significant amount of the variance in intention to contribute in corporate waqf even though moral norm is controlled. Indirectly, this study provides some theoretical contributions in the area of corporate waqf, where it develops a new research model in investigating the factors influencing intention to contribute to corporate waqf. This study also has limitations; among them are that the sample is the employees of MAIWP and it was not a longitudinal study. Thus, future research is encouraged to be conducted in every region of Malaysia in order to ensure the results obtained can be generalized to other Malaysians and carried out in longitudinal nature to determine the predictive role of intentions in actual corporate waqf contribution. Acknowledgements First of all, praise be to Allah SWT and His Messenger Muhammad SAW for giving us this opportunity to pursue this research and prepare this paper. All the authors would like to convey a million thanks to all parties involved in preparing this paper especially Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (MAIWP) for giving us the permission to conduct the research within their institution. Last but not least, for the encouragement and spiritual support, we would like to say a million thanks from the bottom of our heart to our family. They are our source of strength and the only reason for all our accomplishments. May Allah the Almighty bless you and I will be grateful forever for your love. References Abdel Mohsin, M. I., 204. Corporate Waqf from Principle to Practice. Kuala Lumpur: Pearson. Ajzen, I., 99. The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Process 50(2): al-afriiqi, I. M Lisanul Arab. Beirut: Darul Soodir. Ali, S., Md Zani, R. and K. Kasim, 204. Intention Behaviour Relations: A Conceptual and Literature Review. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting 5(9). al-khin, M et al al-fiqh al-manhaji, vol. 5. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Salam. al-sarakhsi, S. D al-mabsut, vol. 2. Beirut: Dar al-ma rifah. Annual Report WANCorp 204 < 204-Published.compressed.pdf>. Armitage, C. and Conner, M Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Meta-Analytic Review. British Journal of Social Psychology. Vol. 40: p Abdullah, A. M Syarah az-zarkasyi ala Mukhtasar al-khiroqi. Blanchard, C. M., Courneya, K. S, Rodgers, W. M., Fraser, S. N., Murray, T. C., Daub, B. and B. Black, Is the Theory of Planned Behaviour a Useful Framework for Understanding Exercise Adherence During Phase II Cardiac Rehabilitation?. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 23: Book 2, Hadith 47 < 68

9 Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities Book 55, Hadith 35 < Borham, A. S., 20. Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Wakaf Korporat Johor Corporation Berhad (JCorp): Satu Tinjauan. (Proposal). International Conference on Humanities 20. Cote, F., Gagnon, J., Houme, P. K., Abdeljelil, A. B. and M. P. Gagnon, 202. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Predict Nurses Intention to Integrate Research Evidence into Clinical Decision- Making. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(0): Fen, Y. S and N. A. Sabaruddin, An Extended Model of Theory of Planned Behaviour in Predicting Exercise Intention. International Business Research (4): Fishbein, M. and I. Ajzen, 975. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Gopi, M. and T. Ramayah, Applicability of Theory of Planned Behaviour in Predicting Intention to Trade Online: Some Evidence from a Developing Country. International Journal of Emerging Markets 2(4): Kurland, N. B., 995. Ethical Intentions and the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25(4): Lee, J., Cerreto, F. A. and J. Lee, 200. Theory of Planned Behavior and Teachers' Decisions Regarding Use of Educational Technology. Educational Technology & Society 3(): Lim, Y. M., Yap, C. S. and T. H. Lee, 20. Intention to Shop Online: A study of Malaysian Baby Boomers. African Journal of Business Management 5(5): Linden, S. V. D., 20. Charitable Intent: A Moral or Social Construct? A Revised Theory of Planned Behaviour Model. Curr Psychol 30: Mahmood, N. A., 203. Potensi Waqaf Korporat dalam Pemilikan Ekuiti Muslim di Malaysia: Kajian di Waqaf An-Nur Corporation. (Master Thesis). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. pp. 7. Mukhtar, A and M. M. Butt, 20. Intention to Choose Halal Products: The Role of Religiosity. Journal of Islamic Marketing 3(2): Mullan, B. and C. Wong, 200. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Design a Food Hygiene Intervention. Food Control 2(): Nguyen, P. N., 20. Inter-Firm Cooperation Under the View of Theory of Planned Behavior: the Case of Vietnam. (Proposal). International Conference on Applied Economics 20. N.d. Osman, A. F., 204. An Analysis of Cash Waqf Participation among Young Intellectuals. (Proposal). 9th International Academic Conference. Istanbul. 3 April. Pallant, J SPSS Survival Manual: A Step By Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows (Version 5). London, United Kingdom: Open University Press. Ramayah, T., Roubah, K., Gopi, M. and G. J. Rangel, A Decomposed Theory of Reasoned Action to Explain Intention to Use Internet Stock Trading among Malaysian Investors. Computers in Human Behaviour 25(6): Sekaran, U., Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Shien, J. C., 998. The Effects of Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioural Control on Consumers Purchase Intentions: The Moderating Effects of Product Knowledge and Attention to Social Comparison Information. 9(2):

10 N. A. Hasbullah et al. Shih, Y. Y. and K. Fang, The Use of a Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour to Study Internet Banking in Taiwan. Internet Research 4(3): Simon R. K., Melissa K. H. and M. W. Katherine, 202. Predictors of Young People s Intentions to Donate Money: An Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour Perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 42(9): Snip, B. 20. Factors Influencing the Intention to Donate to Charity Organizations: Importance of Trust. (Master Thesis). University of Twente. p Sommer, L., 20. The Theory of Planned Behaviour and The Impact of Past Behaviour. International Business & Economics Research Journal 0(): 9 0. Susan, L. C. H. and C. F. Chen, 20. Application of Theory of Planned Behavior on the Study of Workplace Dishonesty. (Proposal). 200 International Conference on Economics, Business and Management. Manila. N. d. Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S Using multivariate statistics. 5 th ed. Pearson, Boston, MA. Teo, T. and C. B. Lee, 200. Examining the Efficiency of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to Understamd Pre-Service Teachers Intention to Use Technology. In C.H. Steel, M.J. Keppell, P. Gerbic & S. Housego (Eds.), Curriculum, Technology & Transformation for an Unknown Future. Proceeding Ascilite Sydney 200: Tolma, E. L, Reininger, B. M, Evans, A and J. Ureda, Examining the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Construct of Self-Efficacy to Predict Mammography Intention. Health Education & Behavior 33(2): Truong, Y., An Evaluation of the Theory of Planned Behaviour in Consumer Acceptance of Online Video and Television Services. Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation 2(2): Xiao, J. J. and J. Wu, Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Retain Credit Counseling Clients. (Proposal). Take Charge America Institute for Consumer Financial Education & Research. 70