Personal Aerial Vehicles A world in motion

Transcription

1 Personal Aerial Vehicles A world in motion Prof. dr. Heinrich H. Bülthoff dr. ir. Joost Venrooij Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action

2 The dream of Personal Aviation Technology exists to build aircraft for individual transport many concepts have already been developed Drawbacks of current designs Need for of a pilot license Need for infrastructure (e.g., landing strip) Focus often on vehicle design instead of transport system AeroMobil 3.0 PAL-V VC200 AeroMobil PAL-V Europe N.V. e-volo GmbH 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 2

3 Challenges for Personal Aviation Designing the air vehicle is only a relative small part of overcoming the challenges The other challenges remain [EC, 2007] Accessibility to general public? Vehicle dynamics? Training? Automation? Human interaction? Safety, noise,? Integration? European Commission, Out of the box Ideas about the future of air transport, /7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 3

4 EU-project mycopter Duration: Jan 2011 Dec 2014 Project cost: 4,287,529 Project funding: 3,424,534 Max-Planck-Institut für biologische Kybernetik 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 4

5 Enabling Technologies for Personal Aviation Automation and autonomy Human-machine interfaces and training Socio-technological environment Navigation Landing place assessment Sensor-fusion for collision avoidance Control interfaces and displays Shared control Multi-sensory feedback Acceptance: noise, safety, fuel, cars in the sky Integration into current transport systems 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 5

6 Novel Approaches to Automation Goal: Develop robust novel algorithms for vision-based control and navigation Challenges Recognize obstacles and other traffic Recognize landing areas In all season and in adverse weather conditions 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 6

7 Piloting Personal Aerial Vehicles Goal: Develop response requirements for PAVs Challenges Flying a helicopter is difficult; requires lots of training Determine response type that is flyable by novice flight-naïve pilots Determine the training requirements for PAV pilots 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 7

8 The Socio-Technological Environment Goal: Generate knowledge on the demands and preferences of society towards PAVs Challenges Identifying hurdles for introducing PAVs User expectations and objections Investigating where PAVs could have an impact 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 8

9 Societal Expectations and Preferences Focus group interviews in 3 European countries to determine user perceptions and expectations 1. Discussion on mobility patterns and behaviour as well as perceived promises and actual expectations on PAV / PATS 2. Demonstration of a PAV ride in a simulator 3. Discussion on PAV-specific aspects such as design, operational environment, autonomy, usability, etc. Liverpool Tübingen Zürich 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 9

10 Human-Machine Interfaces Goal: Develop human-machine interfaces that make flying as easy as driving a car Challenges Max-Planck-Institut für biologische Kybernetik Current flight controls and displays are not intuitive Multisensory perception is not taken into account No reliable objective measurements of pilot workload 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 10

11 Intuitive Displays and Controls Highway-in-the-Sky display Haptic aid: active sidestick to feel the highway 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 11

12 Multi-sensory Human-Machine Interfaces Novel HMI: haptic shared control Combining the advantages of manual and automatic control The pilot remains in control and can overrule the automatic control system Guidance forces 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 12

13 Human-Machine Interfaces Exchange helicopter flight controls with a steering wheel and pedals 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 13

14 HMI Demonstration in DLR Simulator 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 14

15 Ongoing work: helicopter augmentation 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 15

16 Ongoing work: CableRobot Simulator CableRobot Simulator 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 16

17 Personal Aerial Vehicles Are Personal Aerial Vehicles the next big game-changer? 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 17

18 A lot of research has been done in EU /7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 18

19 US: NASA Urban VTOL Air-Taxi Study NASA Silicon Valley Urban VTOL Air-Taxi Study Authors: Kevin R. Antcliff, Ken Goodrich and Mark Moore NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA Presented: March 2016, On-Demand Mobility and Emerging Technology Joint NASA-FAA Workshop, Arlington USA Objective: Investigate the early adopters market for urban VTOL air-taxis in the Silicon Valley area 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 19

20 US: Operational Aspects of On Demand Mobility Operational Aspects of On Demand Mobility Author: Parker Vascik MIT International Center for Air Transportation Presented: September 2016, AHS Transformative Vertical Flight Concepts Workshop, Hartford USA Objective: Identify the set of constraints that may impact the implementation or operation of ODM 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 20

21 US: Thin-Haul Aviation Operations Study Thin-Haul Aviation Operations Study Author: Brian J. German Georgia Institute of Technology Presented: March 2016, On-Demand Mobility and Emerging Technology Joint NASA-FAA Workshop, Arlington USA Objective: Study the economic effect of distributed electrical propulsion aircraft concepts on thin-haul networks 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 21

22 US: Thin-haul airlines Examples of current thin-haul airlines: Scheduled operations On-Demand operations 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 22

23 Flying prototypes: Volocopter Volocopter VC200: First flight 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 23

24 Prototypes: Ehang-184 The idea is that passengers hop in, enter their destination on a 12- inch touchscreen and hit the take-off button. Gizmag.com Ehang 184 taxi drone to undergo flight testing in the US Nick Lavars June 8, 2016 The State of Nevada, will help guide EHang through the FAA regulatory process with the ultimate goal of achieving safe flight,". Tom Wilczek GOED's Aerospace and Defense Industry Specialist 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 24

25 Prototypes: Zee Aero Zee is developing a revolutionary new form of transportation According to illustrations included with the patent filings, one version of the vehicle is narrow enough to fit into a standard shopping center parking space.. Gizmag.com Zee.Aero's flying car concept would fit in a standard parking space Francis X Govers III November 21, 2013

26 New projects: Airbus Vahana Airbus Group is harnessing its experience to make the dream of all commuters and travellers come true one day: to fly over traffic jams at the push of a button it s not crazy to imagine that one day our big cities will have flying cars making their way along roads in the sky Tom Enders CEO Airbus Group

27 New projects: Uber Elevate urban air transportation will use three-dimensional airspace to alleviate transportation congestion on the ground Uber Elevate Fast-Forwarding to a Future of On-Demand Urban Air Transportation

28 Uber: Cost Breakdown Source: Uber Elevate Fast-Forwarding to a Future of On-Demand Urban Air Transportation 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 28

29 PAVs are becoming a reality PAL-V Europe N.V. Joby Aviation AgustaWestland PAL-V S2 Project Zero Terrafugia Inc. e-volo GmbH Airbus Group Terrafugia TF-X VC200 Vahana AeroMobil EHANG Inc. NASA AeroMobil 3.0 Ehang-184 X-57 11/7/16 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action 29

30 Personal Aerial Vehicles A world in motion Prof. Dr. Heinrich H. Bülthoff heinrich.buelthoff@tuebingen.mpg.de Motion Simulator Team Dr. ir. Joost Venrooij joost.venrooij@tuebingen.mpg.de Dr. ir. Frank M. Nieuwenhuizen Dr. Stefano Geluardi Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action