Designing for Situation Awareness -the world behind the glass- EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011 prof dr ir Max Mulder
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1 Designing for Situation Awareness -the world behind the glass- EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011 prof dr ir Max Mulder
2 today introduce the human-machine systems group cognitive systems engineering & ecological interface design example : airborne separation assurance
3 aerospace human-machine TU Delft
4 aerospace human-machine systems TU Delft Aerospace Engineering Control & Simulation
5 people in the HMS cluster Mariam Rahman Daan Pool Stijn van Dam Joost Venrooij Arjen de Leege Joost Ellerbroek Paul de Jong Jan Comans Rita Pais Olaf Stroosma Clark Borst Max Mulder & René van Paassen Mark Mulder Xander in t Veld Stefan de Groot Herman Damveld Deniz Yilmaz Bruno Gracio Frank Nieuwenhuizen Johan de Prins + approximately MSc graduate students each year
6 know-how create, integrate and validate knowledge from various domains 1) engineering sciences systems and control theory artificial intelligence real-time simulation 2) cognitive sciences (ecological) psychology cognitive systems engineering
7 cognitive systems engineering & ecological interface design
8 why do we need to study humans in the aerospace domain? >70 % of all accidents is attributed to human error
9 response options Fire the pilot Improve training Better maintenance, improve reliability Adapt procedures Add automation/warning systems (TCAS, EGPWS) Improve the interface
10 why do we need to study humans in the aerospace domain? enormous cost reductions through automation
11 why do we need to study humans in the aerospace domain? changing roles of humans
12 the evolving cockpit Yes, all information is presented to the pilot. But, in doing so, all cognition needs to be done by the human High workload, low performance Yes, most tasks are automated. But, in doing so, only a small part of the cognition needs to be done by the human Low workload, low situation awareness our approach: design systems in which cognition is a joint process
13 levels in interface design illumination, readability, colors, symbols integrated displays, configural displays, emergent features, principle of moving part?...so, what s next?
14 the flight deck is... an OPEN system (Vicente) extensive + complex interaction with the environment the airborne office... a workplace for cognitive (team)work
15 the challenge of automation Apologies to Edwards SHELL
16 ... is there a display format that helps pilots with their (cognitive) tasks?
17 human capabilities direct perception Gibson affording specifying perception-action coupling
18 ecological interface design Basic idea: make visible the invisible (Vicente & Rasmussen, 1992) Use technology to create an interface that provides meaningful information and that allows humans to directly act on the information to achieve their goal Transfer a cognitive process into a perceptual process Work Domain Analysis + Control task analysis Strategies analysis Social organization and cooperation Worker competencies analysis Interface design
19 work domain analysis Consider the path taken by an ant on the beach. It looks irregular, the ant must be a complex organism to remember & follow this path If one instead studies the beach, the path seems obvious. The ant creates that path as it feels, sees and smells the beach We did not evolve to feel, see and smell process plants and airplanes. We should analyse the beach and create an appropriate representation
20 airborne separation assurance
21
22 typical engineering approaches Calculation CPA (CPA < look-ahead time) & (CPA dist < 5 NM) = conflict
23 interface: visualise the CPA Conflict location moves when maneuvering Affordance hit is clear, affordance avoidance is not Only heading, no speed Conflicts triggered by manoeuvres
24 predictive ASAS Conflict location moves when maneuvering Affordance hit is clear, affordance avoidance is not Conflicts triggered by maneuvers Engineer s answer : p-asas (predictive ASAS)
25 predictive ASAS (2) no-go bands for track/heading vertical speed and speed
26 p-asas issues yes, we can see how to avoid aircraft, but we cannot see how to do it efficiently, and the computer-aided solution can be within a no-go heading or speed zone... so how can we check that the computer is right?? no-go bands for multiple aircraft?? Over to EID/Cognitive Systems Engineering
27 let s take another look at a conflict situation
28 ATP: airborne trajectory planning assume we have two aircraft intruder own
29 ATP...set intruder aircraft to stand still
30 ATP...then we should also change the speed of own...
31 ATP...add the protected zone...
32 ATP...create Forbidden Beam Zone...in relative space
33 ATP...calculate relative speed...here: we re safe
34 ATP...move FBZ with intruder speed...to obtain own a/c speed/heading space
35 ATP...an owncraft-centered presentation of own motion constraints
36 ATP...look at another situation
37 ATP...look at another situation own velocity
38 ATP...look at another situation velocity of the intruder aircraft own velocity
39 ATP...look at another situation relative velocity velocity of the intruder aircraft own velocity
40 ATP...add own a/c maximum speed
41 ATP...add own a/c minimum speed
42 ATP...add maximum heading changes for productivity
43 ATP...the result is the state vector envelope for 2D motion
44 demo: conflict with one aircraft
45 no reaction, development of conflict
46 ATP...heading bands??
47 ATP...heading bands?
48 ATP...heading bands!
49 ATP...a whole family of heading bands!
50 ATP...speed bands??
51 ATP...speed bands!
52 ATP...a whole family of speed bands!
53 ATP...multiple intruder aircraft??
54 ATP...multiple intruder aircraft!
55 demonstration: multiple intruders
56 ATP...optimal solution??
57 ATP...optimal solution!
58 ATP...optimal solution! smallest state change
59 ATP...implicit coordination!
60 ATP...implicit coordination!
61 flight and control safety locomotion production relative motion efficiency aircraft limits
62 ... is there a display format that helps pilots with their (cognitive) tasks?
63 closing statements The goal of EID is to transform a cognitive task into a perceptual task by providing meaningful information that humans can directly perceive and act on accordingly. make visible the invisible Distribute the cognition between humans and the automated systems through the interface. Strive for a joint cognitive system.
64 our approach to interface design...usually starts out with a lot of engineering calculations, modelling and describing the system...we have learned that picking the right representation (state variables) is crucial to the success of the interface design...we are no rocket scientists, so we go through lots of iterations!!
65 .current work Ecological ASAS (funded by EUROCONTROL + NLR) Merging terrain and traffic constraints
66 .current work.creating joint cognitive systems for air traffic control through a SOLUTION SPACE DIAGRAM approach
67 thank you for your attention
68 Designing for Situation Awareness -the world behind the glass- EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011 prof dr ir Max Mulder
69 ATP...the FBZ is a family of circles
70 ATP...that represent the intruder s 4D trajectory relative to own
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