601 The Science of Attention, Willpower, and Decision Making

Transcription

1 Instructional Design Approaches for Project and Learner Success January 20 & 21, The Science of Attention, Willpower, and Decision Making Julie Dirksen, Usable Learning

2 THE SCIENCE OF ATTENTION, WILLPOWER, AND DECISION-MAKING OLF 2016 Julie Dirksen, Usable Learning

3 WHO HAS THE MOST BORING TOPIC? You get a: Prize!

4 HYPOTHESIS: One of the primary responsibilities of Instructional Design is the Ruthless Management of Cognitive Load (What do you think? Agree or disagree?)

5 COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY (SWELLER) Intrinsic Germane Extraneous 2 x 4 = 8 The online math textbook won t load and it s really annoying!

6 COGNITIVE LOAD IN ELEARNING Global Navigation Local Navigation/ Instructions In this activity, you will identify where errors occurred. Learning Learning Content Content

7 FLOODED WITH DATA

8 INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory

9 HOW ARE YOU ALL DOING? Mostly thinking about happy hour

10 WHO DROVE TODAY? Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Unusual or surprising Emotional reaction Meaningful or relevant Previous experience Interacted with Repetition

11 WHO WOULD YOU REMEMBER?

12 WE VE ALL SEEN THIS SLIDE How does it do? Unusual or surprising Emotional reaction Meaningful or relevant Previous experience Interacted with Repetition

13 ATTENTION A Resource Allocation Problem

14 WE ARE GOING TO DO A LITTLE EXPERIMENT Group A First name A through L Group B First name M through Z x x 19

15 ANYBODY WANT A SNACK? (SHIV & FEDORIKHIN)

16 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF WILLPOWER (GAILLOT & BAUMEISTER)

17 HOW LONG IS THE AVERAGE ATTENTION SPAN? Most of what you ve heard is probably wrong.

18 PROCEED WITH CAUTION (MCCABE & CASTEL) People rate articles with images of the brain as more credible than the same article with other images. Or at least we think they do. Replication studies are mixed. The part of your brain overly persuaded by pictures of the brain.

19 TYPES OF ATTENTION Voluntary (I need to read this ) Involuntary (Squirrel!) Habitual (Did you say something? Sorry, I was checking my phone )

20 VOLUNTARY ATTENTION: WHAT ARE YOU PAYING ATTENTION TO RIGHT NOW?

21 WHAT ARE THE CUES? What are the cues telling you what to pay attention to?

22 SOCIAL CUES (OKITA) The belief that they were interacting with a live person increased arousal, attention and learning.

23 CUES DEPEND ON THE AUDIENCE (VOGT & MAGNUSSEN) What the general population focuses on: What an artist focuses on:

24 CUES DEPEND ON THE AUDIENCE (VOGT & MAGNUSSEN) What the general population focuses on: What an artist focuses on:

25 LET S COMPARE Intrinsically motivated attention Extrinsically motivated attention

26 HYPERBOLIC DISCOUNTING (KAHNEMAN AND TVERSKY) Question 1: Would you rather have $10 today or $11 tomorrow? Question 2: Would you rather have $10 today or $11 in a year? Question 3: Would you rather have $10 today or $1000 in a year?

27 WE CAN FORCE OURSELVES TO PAY ATTENTION, BUT

28 NEUROENERGETIC THEORY (KILLEEN) Lack of control is often due to fatigue of the relevant processing units in the brain caused by insufficient resupply of the neuron's preferred fuel, lactate, from nearby astrocytes.

29 DOODLING TO REDUCE ATTENTION DRIFT (ANDRADE)

30 or DECISION MAKING Allocation of attention

31 SOMATIC MARKERS (DAMASIO) Rational Decision Making (is probably a myth )

32 IOWA GAMBLING TASK (BECHARA ET AL) Blue Deck / Red Deck 50 cards = hunch there was an issue 80 cards = figured out the strategy 10 cards = physical stress response and a shift in behavior

33 SOMATIC MARKERS (DUTTON & ARON) We apparently listen to our physical response to determine how we feel. Photo by Mike Taylor

34 DECISION MAKING GRANTING PAROLE (DANZIGER ET AL) Food breaks

35 THE POWER OF DEFAULTS (JOHNSON & GOLDSTEIN)

36 DECISION FATIGUE Choices for a flight DC - 3 airports - 5 travel sites - Direct or connecting - +/- 2days

37 WHO WANTS SOME JAM? (IYENGAR & LEPPER) VS.

38 SO WHAT DO WE DO WITH THIS? A few suggestions

39 RUTHLESSLY REDUCE EXTRANEOUS LOAD Extraneous In this activity, you will identify where errors occurred. Intrinsic

40 IMPROVE READABILITY High text density A company has recently implemented a self-appraisal system for its annual performance evaluations. All employees are required to attend a classroom learning event that is designed to help them learn about the new system and the tools they should use to conduct and submit the selfappraisals. Lower text density / direct speech: Our company just added a self-appraisal system to help with annual performance reviews. You will attend a class to learn how to use it.

41 USER TEST

42 USER TEST

43 MAKE CHOICES A BIT EASIER (OR HARDER) in seven weeks, New York Googlers consumed 3.1 million fewer calories from M&Ms Source

44 Sugary drinks at the bottom behind the frosted glass: Source

45 LET PEOPLE CHOOSE Course: Introduction to Dealing with Back Pain Where would you like to start? Overview & Facts Symptoms & Types Diagnosis & Tests Treatment & Care Living & Managing Support & Tools

46 MAKE IT AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE (BUT NOT SHORTER)

47 CREATE A SENSE OF IMMEDIACY

48 DON T STRIP OUT THE EMOTION Something Important about Insurance

49 TIE TO THEIR OWN EXPERIENCE Working Memory Long-term Memory

50 KEEP DECISIONS SHORT AND RELEVANT Are you a: Do you primarily: (choose one) Doctor Nurse Practitioner RN LPN Health Aid Take care of patients Make health suggestions Oversee patient care Follow up with patients

51 QUESTIONS Twitter: usablelearning Slides and references at:

52 REFERENCES Andrade, Jackie. What Does Doodling Do? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Appl. Cognit. Psychol. (2009) Published online in Wiley InterScience Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1-3), doi: / (94) Chang, Juju and Marsh, Mary Jan. 25, 2013 The Google Diet: Search Giant Overhauled Its Eating Options to 'Nudge' Healthy Choices Danziger, Shai, Jonathan Levav and Lior Avnaim-Pesso, Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions, PNAS Vol 108 No 17, 2011 Dimassio, Antonio. Descartes Error. Penguin Books; Reprint edition (September 27, 2005) Dutton, Donald G and Arthur P Aron, Some Evidence for Heightened Sexual Attraction Under Conditions of High Anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 30 No Gaillot, Matthew T. & Roy F. Baumeister, The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Glucose to Self-Control. Personality and Social Psychology Review, Iyengar, Sheena and Mark Lepper, When Choice is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Johnson, Eric J & Daniel Goldstein, Do Defaults Save Lives? Science November Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (1979). "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk" (PDF). Econometrica 47 (2): 263. doi: / ISSN Killeen, Peter R. Absent Without Leave: A Neuroenergetic Theory of Mind. McCabe DP1, Castel AD. Seeing is believing: the effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning. Cognition Apr;107(1): Epub 2007 Sep 4. Okita, S.Y., J. Bailenson, and D.L. Schwartz Mere Belief of Social Action Improves Complex Learning. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference for the Learning Sciences. Shiv, B. and A. Fedorikhin Heart and Mind in Conflict: Interplay of Affect and Cognition in Consumer Decision Making. Journal of Consumer Research 26 (December): Sweller, John. Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning. Cognitive Science 12, Vogt, S. & Magnussen, S. (2007). Expertise in pictorial perception: Eye-movement patterns and visual memory in artists and laymen. Perception, 36,