HEALTH BEHAVIOR HEALTH EDUCATION

Transcription

1 HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH EDUCATION Theory, Research, and Practice 4TH EDITION KAREN GLANZ BARBARA K. RIMER K. VISWANATH Editors Foreword by C. Tracy Orleans

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3 HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH EDUCATION

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5 HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH EDUCATION Theory, Research, and Practice 4TH EDITION KAREN GLANZ BARBARA K. RIMER K. VISWANATH Editors Foreword by C. Tracy Orleans

6 Copyright 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, , fax , or on the Web at Requests to the publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, , fax , or online at www. wiley.com/go/permissions. Readers should be aware that Internet Web sites offered as citations and/or sources for further information may have changed or disappeared between the time this was written and when it is read. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifi cally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Jossey-Bass books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Jossey-Bass directly call our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at , outside the U.S. at , or fax Jossey-Bass also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Health behavior and health education : theory, research, and practice / Karen Glanz, Barbara K. Rimer, and K. Viswanath, editors. 4th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Health behavior. 2. Health education. 3. Health promotion. I. Glanz, Karen. II. Rimer, Barbara K. III. Viswanath, K. (Kasisomayajula) [DNLM: 1. Health Behavior. 2. Health Education. W 85 H ] RA776.9.H dc Printed in the United States of America FOURTH EDITION HB Printing

7 CONTENTS Foreword C. Tracy Orleans Tables and Figures Preface The Editors The Contributors xiii xvii xxi xxvii xxxi PART ONE: HEALTH EDUCATION AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR: THE FOUNDATIONS 1 ONE: THE SCOPE OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH EDUCATION 3 The Editors Key Points 3 The Changing Context of Health Behavior 6 Health Education and Health Behavior in Context 9 Settings and Audiences for Health Education 12 Progress in Health Promotion and Health Behavior Research 16 Summary 18 TWO: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE IN HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH EDUCATION 23 The Editors Key Points 23 Theory, Research, and Practice: Interrelations 24 What Is Theory? 26 Paradigms for Theory and Research in Health Promotion and Education 29 Trends in Use of Health Behavior Theories and Models 31 Selection of Theories for This Book 33 Fitting a Theory or Theories to Research and Practice 35 Limitations of This Book 37 Summary 38

8 vi Contents PART TWO: MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL HEALTH BEHAVIOR 41 Barbara K. Rimer THREE: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL 45 Victoria L. Champion and Celette Sugg Skinner Key Points 45 Origins of the Model 46 Description of HBM and Key Constructs 46 Evidence for the Model s Performance 50 Measurement of HBM Constructs 51 Applications of the HBM to Mammography and AIDS-Related Behaviors 53 Comparison of HBM to Other Theories 60 Challenges in Future HBM Research 61 Summary 62 FOUR: THEORY OF REASONED ACTION, THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR, AND THE INTEGRATED BEHAVIORAL MODEL 67 Daniel E. Montaño and Danuta Kasprzyk Key Points 67 Origins and Historical Development 68 Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior 70 An Integrated Behavioral Model 77 Elicitation 82 Application of IBM to HIV Prevention in Zimbabwe 82 Summary 92 FIVE: THE TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL AND STAGES OF CHANGE 97 James O. Prochaska, Colleen A. Redding, and Kerry E. Evers Key Points 97 Core Constructs 98 Applications of the Transtheoretical Model 108 Multiple-Behavior Change Programs 114 Limitations of the Model 116 Future Research 116 Summary 117

9 Contents vii SIX: THE PRECAUTION ADOPTION PROCESS MODEL 123 Neil D. Weinstein, Peter M. Sandman, and Susan J. Blalock Key Points 123 How Stage Theories Address Explaining and Changing Behavior 124 The Precaution Adoption Process Model 126 Using the PAPM to Develop and Evaluate Behavior Change Interventions 131 How Stage Theories Can Be Tested 134 An Example Using Matched and Mismatched Treatments 134 Review of Research Using the PAPM 140 Criteria for Applying Stage-Based Interventions 143 Future Directions 145 Summary 145 SEVEN: PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH BEHAVIOR THEORIES THAT FOCUS ON INDIVIDUALS 149 Noel T. Brewer and Barbara K. Rimer Key Points 149 Why Theory Is Needed 150 How to Decide Which Theory to Use 151 A Closer Look at Individual-Level Theories 152 Commonalities and Differences Across the Theories 157 New Constructs and Theories 160 Summary 162 PART THREE: MODELS OF INTERPERSONAL HEALTH BEHAVIOR 167 EIGHT: HOW INDIVIDUALS, ENVIRONMENTS, AND HEALTH BEHAVIORS INTERACT: SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY 169 Alfred L. McAlister, Cheryl L. Perry, and Guy S. Parcel Key Points 169 Concepts of SCT 170 Applications to Health Promotion 175 Case Studies 178 New Applications 182 Limitations in Research on New SCT Applications 184 Summary 185

10 viii Contents NINE: SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT 189 Catherine A. Heaney and Barbara A. Israel Key Points 189 Definitions and Terminology 189 Background of the Concepts 192 Relationship of Social Networks and Social Support to Health 193 Empirical Evidence on the Influence of Social Relationships 195 Translating Theory and Research into Practice 197 Social Network and Social Support Interventions 199 Health Education and Health Behavior Applications 203 Future Directions for Research and Practice 206 Summary 207 TEN: STRESS, COPING, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR 211 Karen Glanz and Marc D. Schwartz Key Points 211 Historical Concepts of Health, Stress, and Coping 212 The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping: Overview, Key Constructs, and Empirical Support 213 Theoretical Extensions 220 Applications to Specific Health Behavior Research Areas 226 Research Gaps and Future Directions 229 Summary 230 ELEVEN: KEY INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES: LESSONS FROM THEORY AND RESEARCH ON CLINICIAN-PATIENT COMMUNICATION 237 Richard L. Street Jr. and Ronald M. Epstein Key Points 237 Communication Between Health Care Providers and Patients: Historical Perspective 239 Pathways Between Clinician-Patient Communication and Health Outcomes 239 Key Functions of Clinician-Patient Communication 245 Moderators of Communication-Outcome Relationships 255 Clinician-Patient Communication: Application in Health Education and Health Behavior 261 Directions for Future Research Summary 263

11 Contents ix TWELVE: PERSPECTIVES ON MODELS OF INTERPERSONAL HEALTH BEHAVIOR 271 K. Viswanath Key Points 271 Some Defining Characteristics of Interpersonal Interaction 272 Theories and Models at the Interpersonal Level 273 Summary and Future Directions 279 PART FOUR: COMMUNITY AND GROUP MODELS OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE 283 Karen Glanz THIRTEEN: IMPROVING HEALTH THROUGH COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND COMMUNITY BUILDING 287 Meredith Minkler, Nina Wallerstein, and Nance Wilson Key Points 287 Historical Perspective 288 The Concept of Community 290 Models of Community Organization 291 Concepts in Community Organization and Community-Building Practice 293 Community Capacity and Social Capital 295 Issue Selection, Participation, and Relevance 296 Measurement and Evaluation Issues 298 Application of Community Organization and Community Building 300 Community Organizing and Community Building with Youth: Challenges and Considerations 307 The Challenge of Community Organization Approaches 308 Summary 309 FOURTEEN: DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS 313 Brian Oldenburg and Karen Glanz Key Points 313 Development of the Field and Related Research Traditions 314 Key Concepts 317 Important Factors in the Diffusion Process 319 The Role of Settings and Organizations in Diffusion of Health Behavior Innovations 321 The Practice of Dissemination and Diffusion of Health Behavior Interventions 322

12 x Contents Applications 323 Limitations of the Model and Challenges for the Future 328 Summary 330 FIFTEEN: MOBILIZING ORGANIZATIONS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION: THEORIES OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE 335 Frances Dunn Butterfoss, Michelle C. Kegler, and Vincent T. Francisco Key Points 335 Introduction to Theories of Organizational Change 336 Change Within Organizations 338 Organizational Development Theory 341 Change Across Organizations 345 Applications of Organizational Theory to Health Promotion 350 Future Research to Inform Organizational Change Theories 355 Summary 357 SIXTEEN: COMMUNICATION THEORY AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE: THE MEDIA STUDIES FRAMEWORK 363 John R. Finnegan Jr. and K. Viswanath Key Points 363 Organization of Communication Studies 364 Message Production and Media Effects 365 Major Models and Hypotheses at the Individual Level 367 Theories at the Macro Level 371 Planned Use of Media 379 Future Directions 382 Summary 384 SEVENTEEN: PERSPECTIVES ON GROUP, ORGANIZATION, AND COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS 389 Michelle C. Kegler and Karen Glanz Key Points 389 New Concepts and Strategies for Macro-Level Change 390 Multiple Levels of Influence and Action 391 Models for Change 392 Approaches to Defining Needs, Problems, and Aims 395 The Influence of Technology on Macro-Level Theory and Practice 396 Similarities Between Models 397 Research Issues 399 Summary 400

13 Contents xi PART FIVE: USING THEORY IN RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 405 EIGHTEEN: USING THE PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL TO APPLY HEALTH BEHAVIOR THEORIES 407 Andrea Carson Gielen, Eileen M. McDonald, Tiffany L. Gary, and Lee R. Bone Key Points 408 Overview of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model 408 Issues to Consider in Using PRECEDE-PROCEED 417 Case Study: The SAFE Home Project 418 Case Study: Project Sugar Summary 429 NINETEEN: SOCIAL MARKETING 435 J. Douglas Storey, Gary B. Saffitz, and Jose G. Rimón Key Points 435 Definition of Social Marketing 436 Basic Principles of Social Marketing 439 The Role of Social Marketing Within a Strategic Communication Framework 444 The Role of Theory and Research in Social Marketing 448 International and Domestic (U.S.) Social Marketing Experiences 452 Summary 461 TWENTY: ECOLOGICAL MODELS OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR 465 James F. Sallis, Neville Owen, and Edwin B. Fisher Key Points 465 Background, History, and Principles of Ecological Models 466 Application of Ecological Models to Health Behavior 470 Critical Examination of Ecological Models of Health Behavior 479 Summary 482 TWENTY-ONE: EVALUATION OF THEORY-BASED INTERVENTIONS 487 Russell E. Glasgow and Laura A. Linnan Key Points 487 Benefits and Challenges of Evaluating Theory-Based Interventions 487 Types of Evaluation 489 Phases of Research 490

14 xii Contents Types of Validity 492 Intervention Contexts and Intermediate Outcomes 493 Evaluation Models 495 The RE-AIM Framework 496 Evaluation Methods and Analytical Strategies for Theory-Based Interventions 498 Cost Issues 499 Examples of Evaluating Theory-Based Interventions 499 Challenges to Conducting and Evaluating Theory-Based Health Behavior Research in Applied Settings 503 Summary 505 TWENTY-TWO: PERSPECTIVES ON USING THEORY: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 509 Karen Glanz and Barbara K. Rimer Key Points 509 Cross-Cutting Propositions About Using Theory 510 The PRECEDE-PROCEED Planning Model 512 Social Marketing 513 Ecological Models 514 Evaluation of Theory-Based Health Behavior Interventions 515 Moving Forward 516 Name Index 519 Subject Index 533

15 FOREWORD C. Tracy Orleans, Ph.D. Health behavior change is our greatest hope for reducing the burden of preventable disease and death around the world. Tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, and alcohol use together account for almost one million deaths each year in the United States alone. Smoking prevalence in the United States has dropped by half since the first Surgeon General s Report on Smoking and Health was published in 1964, but tobacco use still causes over 400,000 premature deaths each year. The World Health Organization has warned that the worldwide spread of the tobacco epidemic could claim one billion lives by the end of this century. The rising prevalence of childhood obesity could place the United States at risk of raising the first generation of children to live sicker and die younger than their parents, and the spreading epidemic of obesity among children and adults threatens staggering global health and economic tolls. The four leading behavioral risks factors and a great many others (for example, nonadherence to prescribed medical screening and prevention and disease management practices, risky sexual practices, drug use, family and gun violence, worksite and motor vehicle injuries) take disproportionate tolls in low-income and disadvantaged racial and ethnic populations, as well as in low-resource communities across the world. Addressing these behavioral risks and disparities, and the behaviors related to global health threats, such as flu pandemics, water shortages, increasingly harmful sun exposure, and the need to protect the health of the planet itself, will be critical to world health in the twenty-first century. In the past two decades since the publication of the first edition of Health Education and Health Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practice in 1990, there has been extraordinary growth in our knowledge about interventions needed to change health behaviors at both individual and population levels. This progress can be measured in the proliferation of science-based recommendations issued by authoritative evidence review panels, including the U.S. Clinical Preventive Services Task Force, the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control Task Force on Community Preventive Services, and the international Cochrane Collaboration. Today, there are evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for most major behavioral health risks, including tobacco use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, risky drinking, and diabetes management. And there are parallel research-based guidelines for the health care system changes and policies needed to assure their delivery and use. New community practice guidelines offer additional evidence-based recommendations for a wide array of population-level school-, worksite-, and community-based programs and public policies to improve vaccination rates and physical activity levels for children and adults, improve diabetes self-management, reduce harmful sun exposure, reduce secondhand